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Pharmacognosy Research
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Primary Lineweaver–Burk plot and secondary plot (inset, slope of Lineweaver–Burk plot vs. inhibitor concentration) for the inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C8‑mediated amodiaquine N‑desethylation by quercetin. Reactions were performed in the presence of amodiaquine at 3 different concentrations (1.5 μM, 4.5 μM, and 7.5 μM) at 0 μM (♦), 5 μM (■), and 10 μM (▲) of quercetin in the presence of cytochrome P450 2C8 recombinant protein (3 pmol/ml) and NADPH system in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at a final vol
PTLC separation of phytochemicals from K.pinnatum
Mass spectrum showing presence of quercetin (2) in Carissa congesta extract
Anti‑Advanced Glycation End‑product and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Plants from the Yucatecan Flora
Histogram of total phenolic compound contents in different extracts of bark and leaves from Hymenaea martiana
Titration of rabies virus challenge virus standard was performed in Vero cell line and virus 50% tissue culture infective dose was calculated by Reed–Muench method. The figure log virus titer with R2 value – 0.8555 using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 software
Ferric reducing power of fruit extracts. Butylated hydroxyl toluene was used as a standard. Results represent means ± standard deviation of three experiments. Bars for each plant extract with no superscript letters are significantly different from each other at P ≤ 0.01. Bars for each plant extract with * are significantly different from each other at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s test)
Representative high‑performance liquid chromatography profile of Araticum (Annona coriacea Mart.) hydroethanolic extract. Gallic acid (peak 1), catechin (peak 2), chlorogenic acid (peak 3), caffeic acid (peak 4), coumarin (peak 5), epicatechin (peak 6), rutin (peak 7), quercitrin (peak 8), quercetin (peak 9), and luteolin (peak 10)
Effect of Musa sapientum stem extract on the duration of immobility on forced swim test. **P < 0.001 as compared to control group
Chemical structure of kayeassamin A
Chemical structure of: (a) rosmarinic acid, (b) 3’‑hydroxy‑5,6,7,4’‑tetramethoxyflavon, (c) sinensitin, and (d) eupatorin found in Orthosiphon stamineus extracts
Effect of various concentrations (0.079–5 mg/ml) of aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf and flower extracts on viability of rat derived primary fibroblast cells using 3‑(4,5‑Dimethylthiazole‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The percent viability values at various concentrations of extracts were calculated by comparing with control group. 163% increase in cell viability was observed at 5 mg/ml Moringa oleifera flower extract. *, **, and *** stars indicate significance <0.1, <0.05 and <0.01 respectively
Total phenolic content
Effects of G. glauca stem methanol extract (GGSME) on sodium pentobarbital induced sleeping time. (a) Effect of GGSME on the latency of sodium pentobarbital induced sleep; (b) Effect of GGSME on the time of sleep induced by sodium pentobarbital
Homeopathy in Dentistry: Is There a Role?
Dose‑dependent neutralization of edema‑inducing activity of secretory phospholipase A2 (VRV‑PL‑VIIIa) activities by ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata. The reaction mixture 30 μl containing VRV‑PL‑VIIIa (5 μg) was incubated for 30 min with increasing concentration of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (100 μg/ml) of Mangifera indica. Saline (20 μl) injected into the mouse foot‑pad served as control. Data represent ± standard error of the mean for n = 3
Cytotoxic activity of ethanolic gall extracts of Terminalia chebula on buffalo rat liver 3A, MCF‑7, and A 549 cell lines. Extracts were incubated with 105 viable cells at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 μg/ml for 48 h. Cell viability was determined by the MTT method
Hepatoprotective and Cytotoxic Activities of Abietic Acid from Isodon wightii (Bentham) H. Hara
Antidiarrheal effect of the CH-EtOH extract in the castor oilinduced diarrhea model in mice (n = 6). (a) Percentage of defecation frequency and (b) percentage of liquid stool. Columns and vertical bars represent the percentage of the mean and standard error of the mean, respectively. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, **P < 0.001 (saline vs. loperamide/extract)
Brine shrimp lethality test of Terminalia chebula leaf gall extracts
Infrared studies of curculigo samples in vitro 1‑Zenk + 4 ppm of nickel (4‑week‑old) 2‑ Zenk +; 3 ppm chromium (6 weeks); 3‑Zenk + tyrosine 5 mg/100 ml; 4‑ standard of curculigoside. Graphs showing the similar pattern of peaks in all samples and comparable to standard compound of Curculigo orchioides
UP1306, a Botanical Composition with Analgesic and Anti‑inflammatory Effect
Analgesic and Antioxidant Activities of Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of Petersianthus macrocarpus
Effects of Five Bangladeshi Plant Extracts on In vitro Thrombolysis and Cytotoxicity
Evaluation of Efficacy of Herbal Intrauterine Infusion Uterofix Liquid in Treatment of Various Reproductive Disorders in Cows: A Field Study
Assessment of Effectiveness of Barleria prionitis on Oral Health
Evaluation of Skin Anti‑aging Potential of Citrus reticulata Blanco Peel
Efficacy of Oral Curcuminoid Fraction from Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Curcuminoid Cider in High‑cholesterol Fed Rats
Qurse Tabasheer
Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae)
Preparation of lactoferrin from camel milk. (a) Elution profile of lactoferrin from camel milk on cation exchange SP‑Sepharose column. The flow rate was 5 ml/min and the volume of the fractions was 3 ml. (b) Sodium dodecyl sulfate‑polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pool of peck fractions (shown in circle in Figure 1a). M stands for molecular weight markers. L stands for isolated lactoferrin
Map of Togo showing the Maritime Region
Total phenolic content of both Soxhlet and cold extracts of datura (fruit and seed) and durva were calculated by using a standard curve of gallic acid (y = 0.004×, R2 = 0.996) and the absorbance is read at 750 nm
Cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells by fractions from C. vulgaris. Cells were incubated with various concentration of fractions (16, 32, 64, 125, 250, 500, 1000 µg/ml). Values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation for three independent experiments performed in triplicate
Effect of UP1304 on the glycosaminoglycan releasing assay. Cartilage explants were incubated for 24 h in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium with 1% heat‑inactivated fetal bovine serum and 10 mM hydroxyethyl piperazineethanesulfonic acid. GAG releasing into the medium was significantly decreased by UP1304 treatment in a dose‑dependent manner. UP1304 at concentration 200 µg/mL brought down the recombinant human interleukin‑1alpha induced proteoglycan degradation to a normal level
Thin layer chromatography of the extracts
Celosia argentea plant
Effects of CFCN on the activities of serum AST and ALT in rats treated with cisplatin. *Significantly different from control (P < 0.05). **Significantly different from control (P < 0.05). CFCN = Chloroform fraction of methanal extract of Cocos nucifera husk fiber, QUE = Quercetin, Cis = Cisplatin
Body weight changes and food intake of diabetic rats administered aqueous preparation of Kalanchoe pinnata. Means ± standard error of the mean, values were not significantly different among the groups (P > 0.05)
Jatropha gossypiifolia ameliorate aspirin plus pylorus ligated induced ulcer model: Photomicrograph of rat stomach mucosa section was showing (a) normal mucosal epithelium in control group; (b) ulcerated mucosa with discontinue of the lining of mucosal epithelium in aspirin treated animal; (c) normal mucosal epithelium with hyperplasia in methanol extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia 100 mg/kg treated animal; (d) normal mucosal epithelium with mild hyperplasia in methanol extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia 200
Adhesion of Sporothrix schenckii to epthelial cells (a). Influence of extracts of Flammulina velutipes on the process of adhesion of Sporothrix schenckii yeast cells (c) to epithelial cells (b), shown the inhibition of adhesion at 1 h. The inhibition of adhesion indicates the efficacy of both extracts of Flammulina velutipes. All experiments were performed independently at least 3 times for triplicate. Significance was analyzed using Mann‑Whitney test. Difference was considered significant *p < 0.05
Effects of 24 h incubation of vascular smooth muscle cell with kolaviron (25–100 μg/mL) on cell growth
Chromatographic profile of the standard rutin; (b) chromatographic profile of the standard quercetin; (c) overlay chromatogram Goji berry extract, (d) overlay chromatogram Blueberry extract, (e) overlay chromatogram cranberry extract
Isolated compounds from the fruits of M. dendron: Betulinic acid (a) and ursolic acid (b)
Orofacial antinociceptive effect of ILEX. (a and b) Represent the acute experiment where animals were treated with doses of 262.0–778.0 mg/kg of infusion, p.o. (c and d) Represent the chronic experiment, in which mice received the same doses, twice a day, for 15 days. In both cases, 1 h after last treatment, 20 μl of formalin 2.5% was injected into the right upper lip, and the evaluation of nociceptive behavior was performed in the first phase (a and c) and in second phase (b and d). Mean ± standard error o
Photomicrograph of liver sections of rats treated with ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides and sodium arsenite for 7 days (Mag X400). (I) Control showing no visible lesion. (II) EEAC only (100mg/kg body weight) showing no visible lesion. (III) Sodium arsenite (2.5mg/kg body weight) showing diffused vacuolation of hepatocytes, congestion and cellular infiltration by mononuclear cells. (IV) EEAC + SA (100mg/Kg and 2.5mg/Kg body weight) showing very mild vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes
Thin layer chromatography photo documentation of alcoholic extract of Kutaja choorna. Track 1 - alcoholic extract of Kutaja choorna 4 μl; 2–8 μl; 3–12 μl. Solvent system - 9:1 (toluene:ethyl Acetate)
High‑performance thin layer chromatography fingerprint of Woodfordia fruticosa samples and ellagic acid standard with solvent system A. (a) At ultraviolet 254 nm; (b) at ultraviolet 366 nm; (c) after spraying with 5% methanolic FeCl3 reagent. 1: Hyderabad, Telangana, sample of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers; 2: Bangalore, Karnataka, sample of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers; 3: Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, sample of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers; 4: Standard ellagic acid

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Morphological and anatomical features of Cajanus scarabaeoides leaf. (a) Habit of the Cajanus scarabaeoides showing pinnately compound leaves. (b) Transverse section of the leaf showing internal anatomy including epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundles, and glandular trichomes. (c) Vein islet and veinlet termination pattern observed in a cleared leaf preparation. (d) Surface view of the lower epidermis showing paracytic stomata. (e) Microscopic view showing a unicellular trichome emerging from the epidermal
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Pharmacognosy Research (Pharmacogn Res.)

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Tags

(+)-Catechin
(-)-Epicatechin
1
1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil); Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging assay
10‑di‑epi‑Cubenol
12-didehydroandrographolide
12‑epilycodoline N‑oxide
14-deoxy-11
14-deoxyandrographolide
15-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity
16S ribosomal RNA
16S rRNA
18S Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
1H‑NMR
1‑chloro‑2
1‑Diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl
1‑diphenyl‑2‑picrylhydrazyl
1‑Diphenyl‑2‑picrylhydrazyl
1‑diphenyl‑2‑trinitrophenylhydrazine scavenger
2
2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester
2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylDPPH
25‑dien‑3‑ol.
2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl
2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl radical
2’ azino bis (ethylbenzthiazolene‑6‑sulfonic acid) radical cation assay
2’‑azino‑bis (3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulfonic acid)
2’‑Diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl
3
3 (4
3 β-taraxerol.
3(4
3-(4
3-dimethyl
3CLPRO
3T3-L1
3T3‑L1
3T3‑L1 cell lines
3‑(4
3‑(S)‑hexahydroxydiphenoyl‑D‑glucose
3’
3’‑hydroxy‑5
4
4-caffeoylquinic acid
4NQO
4‑dinitrobenzene
4‑hydroxyacetophenone
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