@article {318, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification, Chlorogenic Acid Content, and In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Lonicera japonica Flowering Bud}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {128-132}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Background: Lonicera japonica Thunb. or Japanese Honeysuckle has been widely used in traditional medicine for antipyretic. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostic specification of L. japonica flowering bud in Thailand and to determine its chlorogenic acid content and in vitro antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: Dried L. japonica flowering bud from 15 various herbal drugstores throughout Thailand were investigated for pharmacognostic specification. Their chlorogenic acid contents were quantitatively analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometry with winCATS software. The mobile phase for TLC development consisted of ethyl acetate: formic acid: acetic acid: water (10:1.1:1.1:2.6). Antioxidant activities were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Results: Qualified L. japonica flowering bud in Thailand was presented that the contents of loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water should not be \>10.11\%, 6.59\%, 1.14\%, and 10.82\% by weight, respectively. The ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be \<16.46\% and 28.88\% by weight, respectively. Chlorogenic acid content in L. japonica flowering bud was found to be 2.24 {\textpm} 0.50 g/100 g of crude drug. L. japonica flowering bud showed DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging activities as well as reducing power property. Conclusion: This pharmacognostic specification with special reference to the chlorogenic acid content can be used for quality control of L. japonica flowering bud in Thailand. The potential antioxidant of this crude drug was demonstrated in vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Chlorogenic acid, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Pharmacognostic specification, Quantitative analysis, Thin layer chromatography-densitometry}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_117_16}, author = {Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {704, title = {Caffeoylquinic Acids in Leaves of Selected Apocynaceae Species: Their Isolation and Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {December,2013}, pages = {: 67-72}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Background: Three compounds isolated from the methanol (MeOH) leaf extract of Vallaris glabra (Apocynaceae) were those of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). This prompted a quantitative analysis of their contents in leaves of V. glabra in comparison with those of five other Apocynaceae species (Alstonia angustiloba, Dyera costulata, Kopsia fruticosa, Nerium oleander, and Plumeria obtusa), including flowers of Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), the commercial source of chlorogenic acid (CGA). Materials and Methods: Compound were isolated by column chromatography, and identified by NMR and MS analyses. CQA content of leaf extracts was determined using reversed-phase HPLC. Results: From the MeOH leaf extract of V. glabra, 3-CQA, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA or CGA were isolated. Content of 5-CQA of V. glabra was two times higher than flowers of L. japonica, while 3-CQA and 4-CQA content was 16 times higher. Conclusion: With much higher CQA content than the commercial source, leaves of V. glabra can serve as a promising alternative source.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Caffeoylquinic acids, Chlorogenic acid, Vallaris glabra}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.122921}, author = {Siu Kuin Wong and Yau Yan Lim and Sui Kiong Ling and Eric Wei Chiang Chan} } @article {624, title = {A Validated UV-HPLC Method for Determination of Chlorogenic Acid in Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching, Polypodiaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {July,2012}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Background: Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching (L. drymoglossoides), a member of the Polypodiaceae family, was used in the treatment of numerous diseases. However, none of the potential ingredients and the quality control methods concerning this plant medicine was pronounced. Objective: To identify chlorogenic acid (CGA) from L. drymoglossoides and develop a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay of CGA. Materials and Methods: UV, TLC, and HPLC were utilized to identify the phytochemicals of L. drymoglossoides and determine the CGA content, respectively. The HPLC conditions were as following: a Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) (250 {\texttimes} 4.6 mm i.d.; 5 μm particle size; 100 {\r A} pore size) column; the mobile phase of the mixture of acetonitrile and 0.5\% aqueous phosphoric acid (11.5:88.5 v/v); the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and determination wavelength of 327 nm. Results: The proposed HPLC method has been developed and validated. The calibration curve was y = 28328x + 16610 (R2 = 0.9997). The intra-day and inter-day precision and intermediate precision were validated with the RSD less than 5\%. The mean recovery rate of the method ranged from 95\% to 104\%, with the RSD less than 5\%. The LOD and LQD values were 0.049 and 0.132 mg/L, respectively. The content of CGA in L. drymoglossoides approximately reached 0.24\% (v/v) by the proposed extraction and determination methods. Conclusion: The assay method was simple, convenient, and accurate to the quantification of CGA and can be used for the quality control of the herb.

}, keywords = {Chlorogenic acid, High performance liquid chromatography, Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching, Polypodiaceae, TLC}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.99076}, author = {Jiagen Wen and Liqun Kang and Huan Liu and Yiyun Xiao and Xiuzhen Zhang and Yuxiang Chen} } @article {616, title = {A validated UV-HPLC Method for Determination of Chlorogenic Acid in Lepidogrammitis Drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching, Polypodiaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {July,2012}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Background: Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching (L. drymoglossoides), a member of the Polypodiaceae family, was used in the treatment of numerous diseases. However, none of the potential ingredients and the quality control methods concerning this plant medicine was pronounced. Objective: To identify chlorogenic acid (CGA) from L. drymoglossoides and develop a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay of CGA. Materials and Methods: UV, TLC, and HPLC were utilized to identify the phytochemicals of L. drymoglossoides and determine the CGA content, respectively. The HPLC conditions were as following: a Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) (250 {\texttimes} 4.6 mm i.d.; 5 μm particle size; 100 {\r A} pore size) column; the mobile phase of the mixture of acetonitrile and 0.5\% aqueous phosphoric acid (11.5:88.5 v/v); the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and determination wavelength of 327 nm. Results: The proposed HPLC method has been developed and validated. The calibration curve was y = 28328x + 16610 (R2 = 0.9997). The intra-day and inter-day precision and intermediate precision were validated with the RSD less than 5\%. The mean recovery rate of the method ranged from 95\% to 104\%, with the RSD less than 5\%. The LOD and LQD values were 0.049 and 0.132 mg/L, respectively. The content of CGA in L. drymoglossoides approximately reached 0.24\% (v/v) by the proposed extraction and determination methods. Conclusion: The assay method was simple, convenient, and accurate to the quantification of CGA and can be used for the quality control of the herb.

}, keywords = {Chlorogenic acid, High performance liquid chromatography, Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching, Polypodiaceae, TLC.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.99076}, author = {Jiagen Wen and Liqun Kang and Huan Liu and Yiyun Xiao and Xiuzhen Zhang and Yuxiang Chen} } @article {919, title = {Standardised herbal extract of chlorogenic acid from leaves of Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {September 2011}, pages = {178-184}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Background: Chlorogenic acid (CGA) or 5-caffeoylquinic acid, was found to be the dominant phenolic compound in leaves of Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae). The CGA content of E. elatior leaves was significantly higher than flowers of Lonicera japonica (honeysuckle), the commercial source. In this study, a protocol to produce a standardised herbal CGA extract from leaves of E. elatior using column chromatography was developed. Materials and Methods: Freeze-dried leaves of E. elatior were extracted with 30\% ethanol, and sequentially fractionated using Diaion HP-20 and Sephadex LH-20. Results: The CGA fractions, which yielded extracts of 10\% and 40\% w/w purity, possessed antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibition, and antibacterial properties. The entire fractionation process took only 6.5 hours, using gravity flow. From 50 g of leaves, the final yield of CGA extract was 0.2 g (0.4\%). The CGA content of the standardised herbal extract from leaves of E. elatior (40\%) is 1.6 times that of commercial extracts from honeysuckle flowers (25\%). Conclusion: With high CGA content, the standardised herbal extract has a great potential to be developed into functional food and other health products. Leaves of E. elatior, which currently have no economic value, could serve as an alternative source of CGA. Leaves are large, available in abundance, and harvesting is non-destructive to the plants.

}, keywords = {Chlorogenic acid, Column chromatography, Fractionation, standardised extract}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.85003}, author = {Eric W.C Chan and Yau Yan Lim and Shiau Pin Tan} }