@article {1395, title = {Bioactive Constituents of Curcuma amada Roxb. Rhizome and its Antimicrobial Activity against Food Spoilage Microorganisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {581-587}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

Background: Curcuma amada Roxb. is popularly known as mango ginger due to its morphological similarity to ginger but has raw mango characteristics. It is well known for its several medicinal and pharmacological activities. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of different extracts of Curcuma amada Roxb. rhizome and its phytochemical screening using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity of different C. amada rhizome extracts (acetone, hexane, ethanol and aqueous) were screened against spoilage bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion method. The spoilage bacteria included Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter mori, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus inaquosorum, while the spoilage fungi included Penicillium citrinum, Alternaria alstroemeriae, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus aflatoxiformans. Results: C. amada rhizome ethanolic extract showed significant inhibitory activity against spoilage microorganisms at 10 mg/mL. MIC values for spoilage bacteria ranged from 0.5 to 5 mg/mL, whereas for spoilage fungi were 0.75 to 10 mg/mL. GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract identified seven compounds viz. Linoleic acid ethyl ester, (E)-9-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Dotriacontane, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol and Octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester. Conclusion: The rhizome of Curcuma amada is a rich source of phytochemicals and has an antagonistic effect on food spoilage bacteria and fungi. The chemical constituents present in C. amada rhizome extract indicated antimicrobial potency against spoilage microorganisms that can be utilized in food preservation.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Curcuma amada, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Rhizome extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252063}, author = {Rashmi Shahi and Suvarna V. Chavannavar and Veena S. Anil and Bharath Kumar N} } @article {1375, title = {Preliminary Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Taraxacum officinale Leaf Extract: An in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {277-282}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {277}, abstract = {

Background: Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is known for its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Oral inflammatory lesions, such as oral lichen planus and aphthous stomatitis, are associated with microbial imbalance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This study evaluates the potential of T. officinale leaf extract as a natural alternative for treating these lesions. Objectives: To assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of T. officinale leaf extract, and to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent for oral inflammatory lesions. Materials and Methods: Ethanol was used to extract bioactive compounds from dried T. officinale leaves. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using agar diffusion. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by measuring protein denaturation inhibition. Cytotoxicity was tested using zebrafish embryos, with survival rates and developmental changes monitored. Results: The leaf extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, inhibiting both S. aureus and E. coli, especially at higher concentrations. Antioxidant activity was notable, with near-complete free radical scavenging at higher doses. Anti-inflammatory effects were concentration-dependent, with maximum inhibition of protein denaturation at 100 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity studies revealed dose-dependent toxicity, with reduced survival in zebrafish embryos at 40 μL/mL and higher concentrations. Conclusion: T. officinale leaf extract demonstrates strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its potential as a treatment for oral inflammatory lesions. However, its dose-dependent toxicity highlights the need for further research to determine safe and effective therapeutic doses.

}, keywords = {anti-inflammatory activity, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, Dandelion, Natural therapeutics, Oral inflammatory lesions, Taraxacum officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252021}, author = {Namira Fateen and Abilasha Ramasubramanian and Pratibha Ramani} } @article {1069, title = {Fatty Acid Profile and Antimicrobial Activity of Oils Extracted from Seeds of Oleaginous Plant Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {321-327}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Background: The in vitro antimicrobial effect of lipids has been studied and antimicrobial action of these lipids has been observed in various microbial groups. Objectives: The research studied the fatty acid profile and antimicrobial action of seed oil Acrocomia emensis, Attalea burretiana and Carpotroche brasiliensis against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: The analyzes were extracted and then hydrolysis and methylation were performed for later by Gas Chromatography coupled to a Mass Spectrometer. The determination of the antimicrobial action was determined by the agar diffusion method. Results: In species Acrocomia emensis and Attalea burretiana lauric acid was the most abundant fatty followed by myristic acid. In the oil of Carpotroche brasiliensis the hidnocarpic, chaumoogric and gorlic acids were in a greater concentration. The antimicrobial activity was observed in inhibition zones between 8-14 mm, so these oils can be made possible used as pharmaceutical adjuvants in antibiotic preparations.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Fatty acids, Oil plants}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.47}, author = {Sarah C C Batista and Ver{\^o}nica de M Sacramento and Vany P Ferraz and Dario A de Oliveira and Afr{\^a}nio F de Melo J{\'u}nior and Elytania V Menezes and Maria das D M Veloso and Vanessa de A Royo} } @article {200, title = {Anatomical Description and in vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze (Aristolochiaceae) Extract on Oral Micro-organisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {424-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Background: Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze (Aristolochiaceae) is a plant present in the Brazilian flora, with few studies in the dental area, but used in integrative therapies to treat some health problems. Objectives: The initial purpose was to make an anatomical description of A. esperanzae and then test its antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on specific oral micro-organisms-Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: For the pharmacognostic study, the samples were fixed in formaldehyde, acetic acid and 70\% ethyl alcohol and stored in 70\% ethanol. For the in vitro study, to obtain the essential oil (OE) and hydrolate, the plant material was mechanically macerated and subjected to hydrodistillation in Clevenger and then frozen until the time of testing. The EO was diluted in dimethylsulfoxide and the tests performed were agar diffusion (disc-diffusion) with isolated bacteria and MIC. A 0.12\% chlorhexidine digluconate solution was used as a positive control and 0.9\% sodium chloride as a negative. Results: The anatomical study showed the presence of hook-shaped trichomes and stomatal complexes. Regarding the microbiological results, they were negative for the extracts used. Conclusion: The anatomical findings may guide future studies related to the pharmacognostic properties of A. esperanzae and both OE and hydrolate did not have an antibacterial effect against S. mutans, P. gingivalis and E. faecalis.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Dentistry, Essential oil, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Phytotherapy}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_52_20}, author = {Carlos Roberto Botelho-Filho and Gabriela Keiko Izumi and Juliana Campos Vieira and Fernanda Mara de Paiva Bertoli and Ant{\^o}nio Pedro Ricomini Filho and Leila Teresinha Maranho and Flares Baratto-Filho and Marilisa Carneiro Le{\~a}o Gabardo} } @article {101, title = {Antimicrobial Activity and Histopathological Safety Evidence of Ochradenus baccatus Delile: A Medicinally Important Plant Growing in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {131-136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

Background: The growing climatic condition affects plant constituents and biological activities. Ochradenus baccatus (Taily Weed) from Resedaceae family is a perennial shrub that is widely used in folk medicine in the Middle East. Aim: From the viewpoint that O. baccatus is regularly used in folk medicine, this study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and investigate the effect of O. baccatus on the biochemical and histopathological parameters of liver and kidney in experimental animals. Methods: The O. baccatus extracts were obtained by hot continuous extraction method. Agar diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration assays were used for the antimicrobial activity. O. baccatus total extracts at doses of 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg were given to the first and second groups of rates, respectively, whereas the third and fourth groups received the vehicle olive oil and saline, respectively. The liver and kidney functions, as well as lipid profile and glucose levels, were measured by spectrophotometric technique on obtained blood samples. The liver and kidney tissues were evaluated for histopathological effect. Results: Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts have similarly and potentially inhibited the bacterial micro-organisms, whereas Candida albicans was inhibited by n-hexane extract. O. baccatus total extract showed no significant effects on the kidney and liver functions (P \> 0.05). However, it significantly reduced triglyceride level (P = 0.04). The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues revealed no significant differences compared to control animals. Conclusion: The medicinally important plant, O. baccatus, growing in Saudi Arabia showed no significant toxic effects on the livers and kidneys. Moreover, it demonstrated a potential antimicrobial activity besides a significant reduction in serum triglycerides in rats. These findings are in consistent with other reported results suggesting no environmental effects on the safety of this plant.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Histopathology, Kidney function, Lipid profile, Liver function, Ochradenus baccatus}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_103_19}, author = {Mohsen S. Al-Omar and Hussain M. Eldeeb and Mugahid A. Mobark and Hamdoon A. Mohammed} } @article {189, title = {Comparative Analysis of the Antimicrobial Potential of Stem and Fruit Extracts of Calotropis procera}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {368-374}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Background: The dramatic rise in antimicrobial resistance continues to threaten the effective management and treatment of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Medicinal plants offer excellent therapeutic alternative especially due to their plethora bioactive constituents and low resistance development to them. Purpose: The comparative analysis of the antimicrobial potential of the stem and fruit extracts of Calotropis procera was investigated. Materials and Methods: Using different extracts of the plant, the phytochemical screening was determined alongside their antimicrobial properties with agar-disc diffusion assay. The antimicrobial potency of the plant extracts (200 mg/ml) was evaluated and compared by their inhibition zone (IZ), activity index (AI), percentage specific activity (PSA), and percentage total activity (PTA) values. Results: The highest antibacterial activity (IZ = 15 {\textpm} 0.5 mm) was displayed by the stem hot aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus, while the maximum antifungal effect was exerted by both the stem cold and hot aqueous extracts (P \> 0.05). The overall antimicrobial AI (AI = 1.56) was displayed by the stem cold aqueous extract against Candida albicans. The stem{\textquoteright}s hot and ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest achievable PSA of 100\%. Furthermore, the stem extracts displayed the PTA of 83.3\% compared to 25\% by the fruit extracts, thus confirming the greater antimicrobial potency of the plant{\textquoteright}s stem extracts. Conclusion: This study suggests that while the stem extracts of C. procera could have displayed better antimicrobial activity, the overall effects elicited by the plant could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals as revealed by the result of the phytochemical screening. Further studies focusing on complete characterization and evaluation of the mechanism of antimicrobial action of bioactive constituents of the extracts is underway.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antimicrobial resistance, Calotropis procera, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_58_20}, author = {Sharafa Adegoke Bello and Tawakalt Adedayo Ayofe and Mohammed Faridat Yakub and Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu} } @article {70, title = {Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Oral Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) Landrum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {65-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Background: Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus is a native species from Brazil, whose leaves are used in the traditional culture as medicinal plants, being reported with antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze and characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves of P. pseudocaryophyllus, as well as to evaluate its potential for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria inhabiting the human oral cavity. Materials and Methods: The extraction was performed by steam distillation and the chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial potential of the EO against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Different dilutions of the EO (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 0.156, 0.078, and 0.039\%, v/v) were tested against the micro-organisms in disk diffusion tests to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: The extraction yielded 0.65\% of EO in relation to fresh leaves of P. pseudocaryophyllus. GC-MS analysis identified eugenol, eucalyptol, and limonene as the major compounds of its. The material showed antimicrobial activity, especially against E. faecalis, with moderate activity against S. aureus, both at concentrations from 1.25\% to 10\%. Conclusion: The results suggested that this EO presents potential of activity against the oral micro-organisms here evaluated.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Essential oil, eugenol, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Phytotherapy}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_83_19}, author = {Leila Teresinha Maranho and Elaine Cristina Rosas and Tha{\'\i}s Andrade Costa and Jo{\~a}o Luiz Coelho Ribas and Flares Baratto-Filho and Marilisa Carneiro Le{\~a}o Gabardo} } @article {262, title = {Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Litchi chinensis Sonn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Litchi chinensis is used in traditional Chinese medicine and by Indian medical system. Ethnopharmacological studies show anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and analgesic activities, among others. However, there are few studies of antimicrobial activity. This study evaluates antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity properties of the lychee{\textquoteright}s leaves extract (LE) and fractions. Materials and Methods: Extracts were obtained using an exhaustive extraction method with ethanol: Water (7:3 v/v). Subsequently, LE was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Finally, LE was dried via lyophilization. Fractions were obtained via the partition process. Bioactivity of the LE and fractions (hexane [Hex], ethyl acetate [EtOAc], n-butanol [BuOH], and aqueous [Aq]) from L. chinensis was evaluated through antimicrobial activity using broth microdilution, antioxidant activity via both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hidrazila assay and ferric reducing capacity and cytotoxicity through 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Furthermore, mass spectrometry technique electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry was used to identify the chemical composition of the LE and fractions. Results: Phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and condensed tannins were the main substances found. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in EtOAc (541.15 {\textpm} 2.4 mg/g and 31.06 {\textpm} 0.5 mg/g, respectively). This fraction showed the best results for antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.45 mg/mL) and ferric reducing capacity (20.27\% {\textpm} 0.11). The LE and fractions showed considerable antimicrobial activity, chiefly against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabilis, with the minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 50 to 1560 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study revealed that L. chinensis is a source of bioactive compounds potentially useful for pharmaceutical and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Medicinal plants, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemical screening.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_105_18}, author = {Marisa De Oliveira Lopes and Ana Fl{\'a}via Da Silva and Cl{\'a}udio Daniel Cerdeira and Ingridy Simone Ribeiro and Isael Aparecido Rosa and Luis Felipe Cunha Dos Reis and Marcelo Aparecido Da Silva and Marcos Jos{\'e} Marques and Jorge Kleber Chavasco} } @article {236, title = {In vitro Screening for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Three Lebanese Medicinal Plants Crude Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {127-133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Background: Despite its small geographic area, Lebanon is characterized by a natural wealth in medicinal plants. Lebanese flora has about 2600 species, where \>100 are endemic and are used in traditional medicine for their therapeutic effects. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of dichloromethane, methanol, and aqueous crude extracts of three Lebanese medicinal plants: Geranium robertianum, Asphodelus microcarpus, and Alcea setosa. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts was determined using the free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated in a plate-hole diffusion assay against two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacterial strains, one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strain, and a fungal strain (Candida albicans). Results: Methanol and aqueous extracts of G. robertianum possessed high scavenging activity (Radical scavenging activity ( RSA) \>85\%) at 0.3 mg/mL followed by the extracts of A. microcarpus which showed a moderate activity. G. robertianum extracts exhibited good inhibition diameters against S. aureus growth. Conclusion: Obtained results give an overall view on the bioactivities of three Lebanese medicinal plants crude extracts.

}, keywords = {Alcea setosa, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Asphodelus microcarpus, Crude extracts, Geranium robertianum}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_171_18}, author = {Josiane Alhage and Hoda Elbitar} } @article {415, title = {Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Juniperus excelsa Bieb. (Cupressaceae) grown in R. Macedonia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {74-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Background: There are no information of the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of berries (EOB) or leaves (EOL) of Juniperus excelsa Bieb. (Cupressaceae) growing wild in R. Macedonia. Materials and Methods: Plant material was collected from two localities during two seasons. Essential oil composition was analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass spectrometry (GC/FID/MS) and antimicrobial screening was made by disc diffusion and broth dilution method. Results and Discussion: EOB yield ranged from 1.6-9.4 ml/kg and from 8.9-13.9 ml/kg for EOL. Two chemotypes of essential oil were differentiated, α-pinene-type (with 70.81\% α-pinene in EOB and 33.83\% in EOL), also containing limonene, β-pinene and β-myrcene while the sabinene-type (with 58.85-62.58\% sabinene in EOB and 28.52-29.49\% in EOL), was rich in α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, cis-thujone, terpinolene and α-thujene. The most sensitive bacteria to the antimicrobial activity of EOB was Haemophilus influenzae (MIC = 31 {\textmu}l/ml). EOL have showed high activity towards: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae (MIC = 125 {\textmu}l/ml). The pinene-type of essential oil showed moderate activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp. and Campylobacter jejuni (MIC \>50\%). The sabinene-type of the oil showed moderate activity to Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemopilus influenzae, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli (MIC \>50\%). No activity was observed toward Candida albicans. Conclusion: The analysis of EOB and EOL revealed two chemotypes (α-pinene and sabinene type) clearly depended on the geographical origin of the Macedonian Juniperus excelsa which also affected the antimicrobial activity of these oils.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Essential oil, Gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass spectrometry analysis, Juniper berries and leaves, Juniperus excelsa.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147212}, author = {Floresha Sela and Marija Karapandzova and Gjose Stefkov and Ivana Cvetkovikj and Svetlana Kulevanova} } @article {563, title = {Preclinical screening of phyllanthus amarus ethanolic extract for its analgesic and antimicrobial activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {October 2015}, pages = {378-384}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: To discover a new agent which possesses dual property of analgesic and antimicrobial activity, thereby reducing the burden of polypharmacy. Phyllanthus amarus was screened for its analgesic and antimicrobial activities. Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the analgesic and antimicrobial activity, of P. amarus ethanolic extract (PAEE). Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. amarus was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. An in vivo study using Swiss albino mice was done to screen the central and peripheral analgesic activity of P. amarus extract. The extract was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight orally. The peripheral analgesic activity was assessed using acetic acid induced writhing test. The central analgesic activity was assessed using Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate apparatus. An in vitro study was carried out to study the antimicrobial activity of the above extract using selected species of Streptococcus mutans, and S. salivarius. The antimicrobial activities were determined using the agar well method. Results: The ethanolic extract of P. amarus showed significant (P \< 0.05) peripheral and central analgesic activity. In vitro antimicrobial screening indicated that the ethanolic extract had shown a zone of inhibition against S. mutans and S. salivarius in the agar wells. Conclusion: This study showed that PAEE exhibited significant analgesic and antimicrobial activities.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antimicrobial activity, Ethanolic extract, Phyllanthus amarus.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.159577}, author = {S. Sham Bhat and K. Sundeep Hegde and Sharath Chandrashekhar and S. N. Rao and Shyamjith Manikkoth} } @article {603, title = {Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oil from Cordia Verbenacea DC Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {July,2012}, pages = {161-165}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia verbenacea is a Brazilian coastal shrub popularly known as {\textquotedblleft}erva baleeira{\textquotedblright}. The essential oil from fresh leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by CG/MS. The main components were identified as β-caryophyllene (25.4\%), bicyclogermacrene (11.3\%), δ-cadinene (9.\%) and α-pinene (9.5\%). In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Cordia verbenacea was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oil was obtained using the broth microdilution assay (from 512 to 8 μg/ml). Results: The results showed that the essential oil presented fungistatic activity against Candida albicans and Candida krusei and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and against multiresistant Gram-negative (Escherichia coli 27), in all tests the MIC was 64 {\textmu}g/ml. When the essential oil was associated to aminoglycosides (subinhibitory concentrations, MIC/8), a synergic and antagonic activity was verified. The synergic effect was observed to the amikacin association (MIC reduction from 256 mlto 64 {\textmu}g/ml) in all strains tested. Conclusion: The essential oil of Cordia verbenacea influences the activity of antibiotics and may be used as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy against respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.

}, keywords = {Aminoglycosides, Antimicrobial activity, Cordia verbenacea, Essential oil.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.99080}, author = {Fabiola F. G. Rodrigues and Liana G. S. Oliveira and F{\'a}bio F. G. Rodrigues and Manuele E. Saraiva and Sheyla C. X. Almeida and Mario E. S. Cabral and Adriana R. Campos and Jose Galberto M. Costa} } @article {813, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Juniperus excelsa M. B subsp. Polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {128-131}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Juniperus excelsa M.B subsp. Polycarpos (K.Koch), collected from south of Iran, was subjected to hydrodistillation using clevenger apparatus to obtain essential oil. The essential was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and studied for antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. The results indicated α-pinene (67.71\%) as the major compound and α-cedral (11.5\%), δ3-carene (5.19\%) and limonene (4.41\%) in moderate amounts. Antimicrobial tests were carried out using disk diffusion method, followed by the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were susceptible to essential oil. The oil showed radical scavenging and antioxidant effects.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Essential oil, Juniperus excelsa, Thin layer chromatography autographic assay}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65505}, author = {MR Moein and Y Ghasemi and S Moein and M Nejati} } @article {899, title = {A Comparative Study: Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extracts of Lantana camara Various Parts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {348-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Finding new resources of antibiotics based on natural products used by traditional practitioners was the main aim to study extracts of root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), a medicinal plant available in Malaysia. A panel of organisms including 10 bacteria and 5 fungi were treated by L. camara extracts of different parts based on disk diffusion method and broth microdilution technique. The leaf extract presented the highest antibiotic effect among all parts of plant especially against Gram positive Bacillus cereus (zone of inhibition 13.0 {\textpm} 0.0 mm, MIC/MBC 9.4 {\textpm} 4.4 mg/ml) and Gram negative Salmonella typhi (zone of inhibition 13.5 {\textpm} 2.1 mm, MIC/MBC 12.5 {\textpm} 0.0 mg/ml). In conclusion, this study may support the conventional use of leaf extract of L. camara in some infectious gastroenteritis disorders, a potential subject to further isolation and identification as a supply of antibacterial substances.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Broth Microdilution, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Lantana camara, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Badakhshan Mahdi Pour and Sasidharan Srinivasan and Rameshwar Naidu Jegathambigai and Ramanathan Suresh} }