@article {67, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Extract from a Mixture of Some Recipe of Herniaria glabra L., Opuntia ficus-indica, Zea mays L. and Zizyphus lotus L. Used Traditionally against Renal Lithiases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {60-64}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antiurolithiatic plants are used since ancient times, in the form of decoction, infusion, or juice, to eliminate kidney stones and to prevent their recurrence. On the basis of the available ethnopharmacological information, more scientific studies are needed to explore natural and safe antiurolithiatic compounds. Materials and Methods: The present work showed phytochemical screening, acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of four plant{\textquoteright}s mixture: Aerial part (branches, flowers and leaves) of Herniaria glabra, flowers of Opuntia ficus-indica, Zea mays styles and fruits of Zizyphus lotus used traditionally against renal lithiases. Phytochemical screening was performed using qualitative methods. To measure acute toxicity, rats were administered orally by single doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg body weight (b. w.) of extract of plant{\textquoteright}s mixture. General behavior adverse effects and mortality were determined during 15 days. For sub-acute study, the aqueous extract was administered at 100 mg/kg b. w. for 28 days to Wistar rats. Animals were monitored daily after an oral administration of aqueous extract of the mixture to detect any changes in b. w., behavior, autonomic profiles, or mortality. Calculation of relative organ weight (ROW) and biochemical analysis were carried out. Results: The acute oral toxicity study showed no mortality and no statistically significant decrease in b. w. and ROW of the treated groups of rats when compared to the control group was observed. In biochemical analysis, there was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Conclusion: This study found that aqueous extract of traditional recipe used against renal lithiasis in Fes-Meknes region containing: Flavonoids, tannins, catechic tannins, coumarins and the glycosides. The results of the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies indicated that the recipe extracts induce a slight hepatotoxic effects in rats treated orally with 100 mg/kg (b. w.).

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Biochemical parameters, Four plant{\textquoteright}s mixture, Phytochemical screening, Sub-acute toxicity, Toxicological evaluation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_89_19}, author = {Noufissa Touiti and Dalila Bousta and Smahane Boukhira and Mohamed Chebaibi and Sanae Achour} } @article {250, title = {Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Plants{\textquoteright} Mixture Used in Traditional Treatment of Kidney Diseases in Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April,2019}, pages = {155-161}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Background: The use of plants{\textquoteright} mixture in the traditional treatment of kidney diseases in Morocco is widespread. Objective: To evaluate the toxic effects of plants{\textquoteright} mixture used in the traditional treatment of kidney diseases in Morocco. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical screening was performed. For acute toxicity, single doses of low dose (300 mg/kg), medium dose (500 mg/kg), high dose (2000 mg/kg), lethal dose (6000 mg/kg), and traditional dose (10 ml/kg) body weight of aqueous extracts of plants{\textquoteright} mixture were administered orally in Wistar rats. Animals were monitored daily for at least 15 days after an oral administration of aqueous extract of the mixture to detect any changes in body weight, behavior, autonomic profiles, or mortality. Calculation of relative organ weight (ROW), hematological, biochemical analysis, and histopathology evaluation were carried out. Results: The acute oral toxicity study showed diarrhea, somnolence, and agitation of different groups of rats, while no mortality and no statistically significant decrease in body weight was observed. Statistically, the kidneys, liver, and spleen showed significant decrease in the ROW of the treated groups of rats when compared to the control group. In biochemical analysis, there was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Hematological parameters showed a significant decrease in leukocytes, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes, and hematocrit. Histopathological evaluation which revealed major histology changes of liver sections of rats treated with low and medium doses had lymphocyte and plasma cell inflammatory infiltrates; whereas, the liver sections of rats treated with high, lethal, and traditional doses exhibited lymphocyte, plasma cell, and eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusion: The study finds that the plants{\textquoteright} mixture marketed by herbalists for the treatment of kidney diseases is toxic to body organs such as the liver and the hematopoietic system.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Biochemical parameters, Hematological analysis, Histopathological evaluation, Plants{\textquoteright} mixture.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_191_18}, author = {Mohamed Chebaibi and Dalila Bousta and Laila Chbani and Imane Iken and Sanae Achour} } @article {731, title = {Pioglitazone, Quercetin and Hydroxy Citric Acid Effect on Hepatic Biomarkers in Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {March,2014}, pages = {153-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {153}, abstract = {

Background: Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), severe form of diseases belonging to the spectrum of the Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is an asymptomatic disease which leads to fibrosis and finally to cirrhosis, an end stage liver disease. Objective: To study the effect of pioglitazone, quercetin and hydroxy citric acid on hepatic biomarkers and various biochemical parameters in experimentally induced non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Materials and Methods: Male Wister rats were divided into 8 groups. The activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) were assayed in serum. The levels of various other biochemical parameters such as serum albumin, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid and glucose were also estimated in experimental NASH. Results: The NASH group produced severe liver injury by significantly increasing the serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT and LDH compared with that of the control. However, the experimental NASH rats treated with pioglitazone, with quercetin and with hydroxy citric acid showed an obvious decrease in ALT, AST, GGT and LDH levels when compared with that of NASH induced group. A significant increase in the levels of albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, glucose and total bilirubin was noticed in experimentally induced NASH group (group 2) when compared to rats in control group (group 1). Conclusion: It could be inferred from this study that, pioglitazone, quercetin and hydroxy citric acid may afford protection to the liver against NASH, as evidenced by the results of this study on the levels of various biochemical parameters such as glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine and bilirubin. Whereas from the results of hepatic marker enzymes, it is evident that optimal protection was observed after quercetin treatment against experimental NASH whereas pioglitazone and hydroxy citric acid also confers protection to some extent against NASH.

}, keywords = {Biochemical parameters, Experimentally induced NASH, hydroxy citric acid, Liver marker enzymes, Non alcoholic fatty liver disease, Non alcoholic steatohepatitis, pioglitazone, Quercetin}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.129037}, author = {Krishna Mohan Surapaneni and Mallika Jainu} } @article {637, title = {Anti-arthritic Activity of Root Bark of Oroxylum Indicum (L.) Vent Against Adjuvant-induced Arthritis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = {121-128}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Background:Oroxylum indicum\ (Bignoniaceae) also known as Sonapatha is an indigenous medicinal plant widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for over thousands of years. It is an active ingredient of well-known Ayurvedic formulations such as Chyawanprash and Dasamula. Root bark of this plant has tonic and astringent properties and it is also used in rheumatism.\ Objective:\ The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of different extracts of root bark of\ Oroxylum indicum\ against adjuvant - induced arthritis in rats.\ Materials and Methods:\ Male Wistar rats were used in this study. Arthritis was induced by injecting 0.1 ml Freund{\textquoteright}s complete adjuvant intra-dermally into the left hind paw of the rats. The paw volume, hematological, biochemical, radiographic and histopathological aspects were evaluated.\ Results:\ The relative percentage inhibition potential of paw volume in rats treated with various extracts of\ Oroxylum indicum\ was found to be ethyl acetate extract (67.69\%) \>chloroform extract (64.61\%) \>n-butanol extract (58.46\%) respectively. The hematological parameters like RBC count, hemoglobin content showed significant increase while there was a significant decrease in total WBC count and ESR in all the groups of animals pretreated with root bark extracts. The biochemical parameters such as catalase, glutathione contents showed a significant increase while the lipid peroxide and Cathepsin-D content decreased significantly only in case of ethyl acetate pretreated rats when compared to others.\ Conclusion:\ The present study suggests that the chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of root bark of\ Oroxylum indicum\ exhibit anti-arthritic activity. The order of activity of extracts was found to be ethyl acetate \>chloroform \>n-butanol respectively.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic Activity, Biochemical parameters, Freund's Complete Adjuvant, Histopathology, Oroxylum indicum}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.110543}, author = {Mamatha Karnati and Rodda H Chandra and Ciddi Veeresham and Bookya Kishan} }