@article {230, title = {Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Caffeine: An Alkaloid from Coffea arabica by High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {88-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was investigated to develop and validate a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of caffeine from bean material of Coffee arabica. Materials and Methods: The separation was achieved on a reversedphase C18 column using a mobile phase composed of water: methanol (50:50) at a flow rate of 1.0 mlmin-1. The detection was carried out on a UV detector at 272 nm. The developed method was validated according to the requirements for International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines, which includes specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Results: The developed method validates good linearity with excellent correlation coefficient (R2 \> 0.999). In repeatability and intermediate precision, the percentage relative standard deviation (\% RSD) of peak area was less than 1\% shows high precision of the method. The recovery rate for caffeine was within 98.78\% - 101.28\% indicates high accuracy of the method. The low limit of detection and limit of quantitation of caffeine enable the detection and quantitation of caffeine from C. arabica at low concentrations. Conclusion: The developed HPLC method is a simple, rapid, precisely, accurately and widely accepted and it is recommended for efficient assays in routine work.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Coffea arabica, Linearity, Precision, Recovery}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_79_17}, author = {P Naveen and HB Lingaraju and M Deepak and B Medhini and K Shyam Prasad} } @article {476, title = {Ilex paraguariensis Promotes Orofacial Pain Relief After Formalin Injection: Involvement of Noradrenergic Pathway}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {31-37}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Background: Drinking mate or chimarr{\~a}o, a hot infusion of Ilex paraguariensis (ILEX) leaves, is a common habit in Southern South America that has a social and almost ritualistic role. It has been used as a stimulant beverage in South America and analgesic in regions of Argentina for treatment of headache and others painful inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and rheumatism. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological activity of I. paraguariensis infusion (ILEX) on orofacial nociception model induced by formalin, and study its mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: The analgesic effect of ILEX was assessed through writhing test, paw formalin test, paw edema induced by carrageenan, and orofacial pain induced by formalin. To study the action mechanism of ILEX, opioidergic, dopaminergic, nitrergic, and adrenergic pathways were investigated. Results: The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of ILEX infusion revealed caffeine and theobromine. The treatment with ILEX reduced the number of writhing. However, it was effective neither in the formalin paw test nor in the paw edema induced by carrageenan. Different from formalin paw test, ILEX was able to reduce the orofacial reactivity to formalin in 31.8\% (70.4 {\textpm} 2.5 s; first phase), and 20\% (127.3 {\textpm} 18.9 s; second phase). The analgesic effect of ILEX results from the modulation of noradrenergic pathways since prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, 0.15 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) reversed the analgesic effect of ILEX. Conclusions: The present report demonstrates that analgesic effect of ILEX in orofacial formalin test is due mainly to modulation of noradrenergic pathways.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Ilex paraguariensis, mate, noradrenergic pathways, orofacial pain}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.178643}, author = {Eudislaine Fonseca de Carvalho and Simone Kobe de Oliveira and Viviane Koepp Nardi and Tathiana Carla Gelinski and Marcelo Carlos Bortoluzzi and Marcelo Maraschin and Geisson Marcos Nardi} } @article {531, title = {Quantification of Total Polyphenols, Catechin, Caffeine, L-theanine, Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Effect on Antileishmanial Drugs of Ethiopian Tea Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {s7-s14}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {s7}, abstract = {

Objective:\ In this study four tea samples Gumero black, Wushwush black and Wushwush green from Agri- Ceft Plc and East Africa black tea leaves from East African Agribusiness Plc were investigated for total polyphenols, caffeine, catechin and L-theanine content.\ Materials and Methods:\ The aqueous extracts were investigated for their antioxidant and antileishmanial property and effect on amphotericin B, miltefocine and sodium stibogluconate, the commonly used antileishmanial drugs. Antileishmanial studies were conducted on\ L. aethiopica.\ Results:\ Wushwush green tea had the highest content of polyphenol (19.98 {\textpm} 1.15 mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g dry leaf weight), catechin (37.06 mg/g) and L-theanine (48.54 mg/g but the lowest caffeine content). It exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant effect of Wushwush green tea may be attributed to the highest polyphenol content. East African black tea had the lowest L-theanine (20.72 mg/g) and antioxidant activity but the highest caffeine (16.60 mg/g) content.\ Conclusion:\ Wushwush green tea showed slight inhibitory effect on\ L. aethiopica\ while the lack tea extracts (Gumero, East Africa and Wushwush) exhibited no antileishmanial activity. Wushwush green tea did not show any synergistic or antagonistic effect on the antileishmanial drugs used in this study while Gumero, East Africa and Wushwush black tea extracts exhibited dose dependant inhibitory activity to the commonly used antileishmanial drugs included in this study.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Camellia Sinensis, Catechin, L-theanine, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.157991 }, author = {Alemu Tadesse and Ariaya Hymete and Adnan A Bekhit and Salahuddin Farooq Mohammed} }