@article {1371, title = {Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {185-191}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammation is a complex biological response that plays a key role in the body{\textquoteright}s defence mechanisms against various injuries and infections. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions, but their long-term use is associated with adverse effects. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative therapies for pain and inflammation management. Plant extracts are an excellent source of natural compounds that possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Objectives: The study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of ethanolic extract of Oxalis dehradunensis leaf powder. Materials and Methods: The extraction of the plant part was carried out using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract was performed to check the phytoconstituents. In the in vivo study, inflammation was induced in albino Wistar rats by causing hind paw oedema using carrageenan. Hot plate and Tail flick model was used to evaluate analgesic activity. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard for inflammatory and analgesic activity. Results: The findings suggest that ethanolic leaf extract of Oxalis dehradunensis showed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and tannins. At doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the ethanolic leaf extract of Oxalis dehradunensis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema following injection. In analgesic activity (Hot plate and Tail flick model) the results showed that Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada extracts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the reaction latency time in both tests, indicating a significant antinociceptive effect. Conclusion: The ethanolic leaves extract of Oxalis dehradunensis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

}, keywords = {Analgesia, Flavonoids, Inflammation, Oxalis dehradunensis, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251985}, author = {Sudhakar Kaushik and Priyanka Bhandari and Amisha Bhandari and Bhawana Bhatt and Heena Mittal and Assem Babbar} } @article {1161, title = {Evaluation of Protective Effects of Polyphenols of the Marine Brown Alga Ecklonia cava against Potassium Bromate Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {544-550}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {544}, abstract = {

Background: Ecklonia cava is a kelp (brown algae) genus belonging to Lessoniaceae with plenty of Eckol-type phlorotannins. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity. Objectives: This study investigated Ecklonia cava (EC) polyphenols for their protective effects against KBrO3-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: The polyphenolic fraction was isolated from EC. Group, I was control (untreated), and group II was administered KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) intragastric for four weeks. Group III was administered ECPP (200 mg/kg b.w) concurrently with KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) orally, and Group VI was administered Rutin (100 mg/ kg b.w) along with KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) orally. The protective effects of ECPP on KBrO3-induced nephrotoxicity in rats were assessed for the biochemical parameters of serum, various antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological changes in kidneys. Results: The level of serum of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine was suggestively augmented (p\<0.001) when treated by KBrO3. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) were diminished (p\<0.001). At the same time, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide were raised (p\<0.001) with KBrO3 treatment in the kidneys. In addition, the protein carbonyl level was amplified (p\<0.001) with KBrO3 administration. Histological studies presented renal damage in KBrO3-treated animals where tissue injury was abridged in ECPP pretreatment groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that ECPP functions as an antioxidant in vivo by scavenging reactive oxygen species, which helps preclude oxidative renal injury in rats treated with KBrO3.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ecklonia cava, Nephroproductive activity, Polyphenols, Potassium bromate.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.057}, author = {Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan and Suman Samaddar and Hariprasad MG and Sumaia Abdulbari Ahmed Ali Hard and Gitima Deka and Anyembe Godfrey} } @article {1123, title = {Role of Polyphenols and Flavonoids as Anti-Cancer Drug Candidates: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {206-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Natural drug-based chemotherapeutic have advanced at an unprecedented rate over the past decade. Owing to protective roles in vegetation, and exceptional antioxidant qualities, polyphenols and flavonoids have demonstrated promising clinical implications in malignancies amongst other plant metabolites. It is widely debated how dietary flavonoids and polyphenols can prevent cancer. Flavonoids are believed to execute a significant role in cancer prevention and treatment, as corroborated from experimental studies, epidemiological research, and human clinical trials. Carcinogen deactivation, antimutagenic, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation, suppression of vasculature, oxidative stress, and reversion of multidrug resistance are among the many mechanisms of action that have been discovered. The present review outlines the classification of various polyphenols and flavonoids and their potential as anticancer therapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Cancer, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Reactive oxygen species., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.022}, author = {Medha Mohan Hegde and K Lakshman} } @article {105, title = {Identification and Characterization of Polyphenols and Volatile Terpenoid Compounds in Different Extracts of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {149-157}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {149}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb, used in various food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries for its potential antioxidant properties. Leaves are the source of essential oils and polyphenols, used as a raw material in food and pharmaceutical industries. Materials and Methods: The study aimed to develop a complete phytochemical profile of S. officinalis leaves through liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Soxhlet and sonicated extract were analyzed using UHPLC, data-independent acquisition in negative electrospray ionization mode. Essential oil profiling of leaves in comparison with leaves+ stem was carried out using GC-FID. Results: Among the extraction methods, Soxhlet extraction yielded significantly high levels of caffeic acid (92.45 {\textpm} 1.92 μg/g), rosmarinic acid (18821.33 {\textpm} 150.20 μg/g), luteolin-7-glucoside (635.13 {\textpm} 11.20 μg/g), carnosic acid (27.48 {\textpm} 2.37 μg/g), carnosol (1347.67 {\textpm} 30.04 μg/g), and ursolic acid (14938.67 {\textpm} 82.20 μg/g). Among the 43 identified phenolic compounds, two flavonoids, diosmetin and pectolinarigenin and two triterpenoids benthamic and micromeric acids have been first time detected in S. officinalis leaves. The results of essential oil analysis indicated the presence of α-thujone (34.43- 38.93 \%), β-thujone (6.03-7.58 \%), camphor (15.77-18.12 \%), 1,8-cineole (5.45-6.21 \%), α-humulene (5.20 \%), and camphene (4.29-5.10 \%) as major volatile terpenoid components in S. officinalis. Conclusion: Soxhlet extraction found to be the best method for polyphenol extraction and the essential oil extracted only from leaves best suitable for therapeutic purposes due to less α-thujone and β-thujone content.

}, keywords = {Garden sage, Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, Polyphenols, Sonication, Soxhlet extraction, Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_92_19}, author = {Yashaswini Sharma and Ravikishore Velamuri and John Fagan and Jim Schaefer and Christoph Streicher and John Stimson} } @article {65, title = {Inhibitory Effect on Human Platelet Aggregation, Antioxidant Activity, and Phytochemicals of Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {47-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka has been traditionally used to treat heart diseases in Vietnam, but there is a lack of scientific evidence. Objectives: This study investigated the inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation, antioxidant activity, and main phytochemicals of fractions from the aerial and rhizome parts of the plant. Materials and Methods: Human platelets were prepared and incubated with different fraction doses (0.33, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/mL). Platelet aggregation was triggered by different agonists (adenosine diphosphate [ADP], collagen, and ristocetin). 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were done to test the free-radical scavenging activities. Spectrophotometry assays using Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride were used to determine total flavonoid content (TFC) and total polyphenol content (TPC). The phytochemical screening was also implemented. Results: The n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions from both the rhizome and aerial parts significantly inhibited ADP-, collagen-, and ristocetin-platelet aggregations and decreased significantly the area under the platelet aggregation curve and aggregation velocity in a concentration-dependent manner, but the water fractions did not. The EA fractions showed the strongest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity and highest TPC and TFC. Organic fractions contained variable bioactive compounds: flavonoids, polyphenols, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, steroids, emodols, tannins, and cholesterols. Conclusion: The plant extracts or fractions could be used in the preparation of functional foods or supplements with antioxidant and antiplatelet activity. It is also a good candidate for searching novel bioactive compounds used in pharmaceutical industries for the development of antiplatelet and antioxidant agents to prevent and/or treat heart and oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, antiplatelet, Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka, Flavonoids, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_72_19}, author = {Le Hong Luyen and Vu Thi Thom and Le Thi Thanh Huong and Duong Thi Ly Huong and Nguyen Thi Van Anh} } @article {316, title = {Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {121-127}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Honey is one of the most appreciated and valued natural products introduced to humankind since ancient times. Honey is used not only as a nutritional product but also in health described in traditional medicine and as an alternative treatment for clinical conditions ranging from wound healing to cancer treatment. The aim of this review is to emphasize the ability of honey and its multitude in medicinal aspects. Traditionally, honey is used in the treatment of eye diseases, bronchial asthma, throat infections, tuberculosis, thirst, hiccups, fatigue, dizziness, hepatitis, constipation, worm infestation, piles, eczema, healing of ulcers, and wounds and used as a nutritious supplement. The ingredients of honey have been reported to exert antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anticancer, and antimetastatic effects. Many evidences suggest the use of honey in the control and treatment of wounds, diabetes mellitus, cancer, asthma, and also cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal diseases. Honey has a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of disease by phytochemical, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Flavonoids and polyphenols, which act as antioxidants, are two main bioactive molecules present in honey. According to modern scientific literature, honey may be useful and has protective effects for the treatment of various disease conditions such as diabetes mellitus, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, even it is useful in cancer treatment because many types of antioxidant are present in honey. In conclusion, honey could be considered as a natural therapeutic agent for various medicinal purposes. Sufficient evidence exists recommending the use of honey in the management of disease conditions. Based on these facts, the use of honey in clinical wards is highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Honey, Polyphenols, Therapeutic agent, Traditional}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204647}, author = {Saeed Samarghandian and Tahereh Farkhondeh and Fariborz Samini} } @article {531, title = {Quantification of Total Polyphenols, Catechin, Caffeine, L-theanine, Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Effect on Antileishmanial Drugs of Ethiopian Tea Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {s7-s14}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {s7}, abstract = {

Objective:\ In this study four tea samples Gumero black, Wushwush black and Wushwush green from Agri- Ceft Plc and East Africa black tea leaves from East African Agribusiness Plc were investigated for total polyphenols, caffeine, catechin and L-theanine content.\ Materials and Methods:\ The aqueous extracts were investigated for their antioxidant and antileishmanial property and effect on amphotericin B, miltefocine and sodium stibogluconate, the commonly used antileishmanial drugs. Antileishmanial studies were conducted on\ L. aethiopica.\ Results:\ Wushwush green tea had the highest content of polyphenol (19.98 {\textpm} 1.15 mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g dry leaf weight), catechin (37.06 mg/g) and L-theanine (48.54 mg/g but the lowest caffeine content). It exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant effect of Wushwush green tea may be attributed to the highest polyphenol content. East African black tea had the lowest L-theanine (20.72 mg/g) and antioxidant activity but the highest caffeine (16.60 mg/g) content.\ Conclusion:\ Wushwush green tea showed slight inhibitory effect on\ L. aethiopica\ while the lack tea extracts (Gumero, East Africa and Wushwush) exhibited no antileishmanial activity. Wushwush green tea did not show any synergistic or antagonistic effect on the antileishmanial drugs used in this study while Gumero, East Africa and Wushwush black tea extracts exhibited dose dependant inhibitory activity to the commonly used antileishmanial drugs included in this study.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Camellia Sinensis, Catechin, L-theanine, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.157991 }, author = {Alemu Tadesse and Ariaya Hymete and Adnan A Bekhit and Salahuddin Farooq Mohammed} } @article {827, title = {Evaluation of extracts of leaf of three Ficus deltoidea varieties for antioxidant activities and secondary metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {216-223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Present study aimed to investigate alcoholic and aqueous extracts of three varieties of Ficus deltoidea for antioxidant activity using in vitro models such as free radical scavenging activity, reduction power of iron (III), superoxide anion (O2-) scavenging, xanthine oxidase (XOD), nitric oxide (NO{\textperiodcentered}) and lipid peroxidation. The total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were estimated using colorimetry in order to investigate their correlation with antioxidant activities. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of different varieties of the plant exhibited different radical scavenging activities in different models (P\<0.05). Both the types of extracts displayed high antioxidant activity in DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging models, and the activity was comparable to quercetin, rutin, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ascorbic acid and allopurinol. A correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. The results of this study indicate that the extracts of Ficus deltoidea possess promising antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ficus deltoidea, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Tannins}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Abdullah Zunoliza and Hussain Khalid and Ismail Zhari and Mat Ali Rasadah and Pisar Mazura and Jamaludin Fadzureena and Sahdan Rohana} }