@article {1371, title = {Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {185-191}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammation is a complex biological response that plays a key role in the body{\textquoteright}s defence mechanisms against various injuries and infections. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions, but their long-term use is associated with adverse effects. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative therapies for pain and inflammation management. Plant extracts are an excellent source of natural compounds that possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Objectives: The study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of ethanolic extract of Oxalis dehradunensis leaf powder. Materials and Methods: The extraction of the plant part was carried out using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract was performed to check the phytoconstituents. In the in vivo study, inflammation was induced in albino Wistar rats by causing hind paw oedema using carrageenan. Hot plate and Tail flick model was used to evaluate analgesic activity. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard for inflammatory and analgesic activity. Results: The findings suggest that ethanolic leaf extract of Oxalis dehradunensis showed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and tannins. At doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the ethanolic leaf extract of Oxalis dehradunensis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema following injection. In analgesic activity (Hot plate and Tail flick model) the results showed that Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada extracts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the reaction latency time in both tests, indicating a significant antinociceptive effect. Conclusion: The ethanolic leaves extract of Oxalis dehradunensis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

}, keywords = {Analgesia, Flavonoids, Inflammation, Oxalis dehradunensis, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251985}, author = {Sudhakar Kaushik and Priyanka Bhandari and Amisha Bhandari and Bhawana Bhatt and Heena Mittal and Assem Babbar} } @article {1428, title = {Flavonoids: A Class of Polyphenols with Diverse Anti-inflammatory Activities and Mechanisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {755-768}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {755}, abstract = {

The impact of our dietary choices on our overall well-being is widely recognized in the field of nutrition. The influence of diet on human metabolism is widely recognized, by the consumption of an abundance of fresh fruits and vegetables being universally acknowledged as highly helpful. A number of ways have been proposed to understand the potential health advantages of incorporating fruits and vegetables into the food that one consumes. Right now, flavonoids have become prominent components in various products, such as nutritional and health foods, dietary supplements, and cosmetics as well. Glycosides are often encountered in nature, which include flavonoids. The complexity of flavonoids is made easier by the presence of sugar groups in their structure, which leads to their limited absorption over the gut wall. Flavonoid glycosides have the capacity of passing through the human digestive system and are thereafter metabolized in the colon by microbes that possess the capability to break down the glycosidic link. The above process promotes the production of flavonoid aglycones, which are then taken in by the distal end of the digestive system. Different experimental studies have shown the potential anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoid compounds. This review focuses on the influence of dietary flavonoids on signaling pathways related to inflammation, which subsequently impacts the formation of inflammatory mediators. The imperative involvement of flavonoids in preventing the growth of inflammation is highlighted to provide helpful perspectives.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Inflammation, Plant secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252237}, author = {Divya Jashvantkumar Kanojiya and Maitri Mahant and Sweta Besh and Sarika Parekh and Ghanshyam Parmar} } @article {1354, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications and RP-HPLC Analysis of Manilkara hexandra Stembark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {154-161}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Background: Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard (Sapotaceae) is valued in traditional system of medicine as febrifuge, astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, antidysentric etc. Objectives: The current study aimed for establishing quality control parameters accompanied by development of validated Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method of four bioactive flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin) in stembark. Materials and Methods: The stembark was evaluated for complete pharmacognostical parameters such as macroscopy, microscopy, ash value and extractive values. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.5\% orthophosphoric acid and 100\% methanol (40:60 \%v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The analysis was performed using a UV detector at different wavelengths. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and recovery. Results: Transverse section of the stembark showed presence of rhytidoma, discontinuous rows of phloem fibres associated with idioblasts, ceretanchyma and few latex cells in phloem. In HPLC study, good linearity was observed over the investigated concentration range of 5-30 μg/mL for quercetin and luteolin; 2-64 μg/mL of kaempferol and 2-12 μg/mL of apigenin with correlation coefficient (r2) values greater than 0.998. The intra- and inter-day precision over the concentration range was \<0.57\% (relative standard deviation) and the accuracy were between 98.06 and 100.65\%. The \%RSD of recovery for all the analytes was 0.49-0.81\%. Conclusion: The information derived on pharmacognostic parameters and validated HPLC method for estimation of four bioactives for M. hexandra, would aid as coherent measures for its quality assessment.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Manilkara hexandra stembark, RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography), Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251963}, author = {Sapna Sharma and Karuna Modi and Viral Asodariya and Saroj Kumar Katara and Mamta Shah} } @article {1455, title = {Phytochemical Profiling, HPLC Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Lantana camara Flower and Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {947-954}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {947}, abstract = {

Background: The current study aims to find the phytochemicals, antioxidants and amount of flavonoid present in different extracts of Lantana camara Linn. flower and leaf collected from in and around Bangalore University. Objectives: To determine the phytochemical composition of Lantana camara extracts, quantify their flavonoid content using RP-HPLC analysis, and evaluate the antioxidant properties of selected extracts through DPPH assay. Materials and Methods: The collected Lantana camara Linn. flowers and leaves were shade-dried and powdered. Extracts were prepared in increasing order of polarity (water/aqueous, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether) using Soxhlet extraction. Qualitative screening for phytochemicals was conducted following standard procedures. RP-HPLC analysis with rutin as standard was used to determine the total flavonoid content. DPPH assay was performed on aqueous and methanol extracts to assess antioxidant activity. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, and flavonoids across all extracts. Oxalates were present only in leaf extracts, while saponins were found exclusively in leaf extracts. RP-HPLC analysis showed that methanol flower extracts contained the highest flavonoid content (13.58 mg/g), whereas petroleum ether extracts had the lowest (0.093 mg/g). DPPH assay demonstrated that methanol extracts possessed greater antioxidant activity compared to aqueous extracts. Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive data on the phytochemical composition, flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties of different Lantana camara Linn. extracts. These findings suggest potential applications in medicine, particularly for treating diseases that require flavonoid-based interventions.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Flower and Leaf Extracts, HPLC, Lantana camara Linn.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252180}, author = {Mahesh. V and B. P. Harini} } @article {1438, title = {Phytoflavonoids-A Future Perspective for the Therapeutic Potential of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {788-795}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {788}, abstract = {

Millions of people suffer from the neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) worldwide. Due to their complex pathology, no effective pharmacological treatment has been found to date, despite extensive research. Developing new, effective therapeutic agents to cure these disease remains a major challenge. Although the cause of AD remains apparent, numerous studies indicates that oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation lead to neurodegeneration in the central nervous system and play vital role in AD morbidity and progression. Flavonoids, which are found widely in nature, exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutative, anti-microbial, and neuroprotective properties, so have potential to treat these two kinds of disease. In this review, we focus on the anti-oxidative and neuroprotective action of flavonoids in attenuating Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, and how they might be harnessed in the development of new pharmacological agents to treat these diseases. Some Flavonoids compounds Quercetin, Rutin, hesperidin, Naringinin, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, displayed to be effective in AD. Considerable studies have demonstrated the anti-AD effects of flavonoids through various in vitro and in vivo models. However, more rigorous studies are needed to be done for flavonoids to develop into effective drugs and apply them to clinical practice.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Flavonoids, Neuroprotective, Quercetin, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252213}, author = {Karthigadevi Kamalakannan and Shanmuganathan Seetharaman and Anbazhagan Sockalingam and K Reeta VijayaRani and Kavimani Subramanian} } @article {1391, title = {Unearthing the Modulatory Operations of Phytochemicals: A Reliable Framework for Therapeutic Approaches}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {370-379}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {370}, abstract = {

Phytochemicals in no small measure confer active roles in human survival as well as in the prevention of various diseases by their effortless ability to combat oxidative stress known to shorten life expectancy in humans. A number of these factors are well known to predispose an individual to ageing, senescence, microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The incidence of cancer amelioration in this regard cannot be discountenanced. A vast array of identified factors that are deep rooted in the cause of diseases implicated in oxidative stress are but not limited to chemical and environmental contaminants in air, food and water while several lifestyle modifications including lack of exercise, smoking and dietary preferences are key factors implicated in disease developments. While we review the extant roles of fruits, vegetables, grains and seed oils as safe for consumption, owing to their astonishing medicinal attributes to counteract the menace of free oxidants in cells, the emphasis on plant-based diets especially the ones that contains phenolic acids and flavonoids with strong antioxidant capabilities cannot be more emphasized. Many of these therapeutic roles are possible by the excess mopping of reactive oxygen in the body thereby protecting cells from damage. The wondrous effects of these antioxidants in cells can be implied to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and neurological diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, arterosclerosis, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s and long-term cancer.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular, Flavonoids, Neurological disorders, Oxidative stress, Phenolic acids, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252043}, author = {Ayodeji Benjamin Akawa and Isaac Adekola Adu and Ibrahim Abayomi Yekini and Ilesanmi Kayode Fasuba and Oluranti Esther Olaiya} } @article {1320, title = {High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Analysis for the Quantification of Constituents in Ficus religiosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {929-934}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus religiosa, revered for its medicinal properties in traditional medicine, has drawn scientific interest due to its diverse chemical composition. This study aimed to develop a densitometric High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) technique to estimate phenolic compounds present in the hydroalcoholic extract of dried root bark of Ficus religiosa. Materials and Methods: This study utilized HPTLC to identify the constituents within Ficus religiosa root bark. The isolated constituent was evaluated by various analytical methods like phytochemical tests, UV, HPTLC etc. Subsequently, the HPTLC method underwent rigorous validation, confirming its reliability and accuracy in separating and quantifying the constituents within the root bark of Ficus religiosa. Results: Isolation of phytoconstituents was done by column chromatographic technique using toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol (3:3:2). The isolated component was confirmed as a flavonoid moiety by various chemical tests and by analytical evaluation. Also, HPTLC analysis of the isolate revealed the compound was Quercetin a flavonoid moiety or its derivative. Conclusion: These findings underscore the presence of main phytoconstituents in Ficus religiosa root bark which is responsible for pharmacological effects and offers insights into its application in both traditional and contemporary medicinal practices.

}, keywords = {Ficus religiosa, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Quantification, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.106}, author = {Jyothisree Gangadharan and Umadevi Sankararajan} } @article {1123, title = {Role of Polyphenols and Flavonoids as Anti-Cancer Drug Candidates: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {206-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Natural drug-based chemotherapeutic have advanced at an unprecedented rate over the past decade. Owing to protective roles in vegetation, and exceptional antioxidant qualities, polyphenols and flavonoids have demonstrated promising clinical implications in malignancies amongst other plant metabolites. It is widely debated how dietary flavonoids and polyphenols can prevent cancer. Flavonoids are believed to execute a significant role in cancer prevention and treatment, as corroborated from experimental studies, epidemiological research, and human clinical trials. Carcinogen deactivation, antimutagenic, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation, suppression of vasculature, oxidative stress, and reversion of multidrug resistance are among the many mechanisms of action that have been discovered. The present review outlines the classification of various polyphenols and flavonoids and their potential as anticancer therapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Cancer, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Reactive oxygen species., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.022}, author = {Medha Mohan Hegde and K Lakshman} } @article {79, title = {Anticoagulant Activity of Crude and Phenolic Extracts of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. Dried Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {121-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Background: Ischemic diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide; therefore, the search for new compounds with safer and more effective anticoagulant and antiplatelet action becomes relevant. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. dry leaf extract, a species of the Fabaceae family that is commonly found in Brazil, on blood coagulation. Materials and Methods: A statistical design of experiments was carried out with selection of five factors and two levels, resulting in 32 different ethanolic raw extracts. The extracts were resuspended in saline and tested in a pool of human blood. The activated partially thromboplastin time (APTT) and the prothrombin time (PT) were analysed in a Thrombolyzer{\textregistered}. Results: Treatment using ethanol 70\%, a drug/solvent ratio of 5\%, pH 9 and dynamic maceration for 6 hrs resulted in the best combination for the extraction of total phenols, while ethanol 70\%, a drug/solvent ratio of 5\% and dynamic maceration for 24 hrs showed the best flavonoid extraction, with the pH being inconclusive. On average, all extracts were capable of increasing both APTT and PT, especially those in lower dilutions (1:5); however, the overall efficacy of the extracts is inconclusive. Conclusion: The species under study showed important results in the blood clotting process in vitro, increasing the mean time of APTT and PT, which suggests that Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. has some potential as a possible drug in the anticoagulant class.

}, keywords = {Anticoagulant activity, Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub., Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.3}, author = {Enrico Rogatto Rovetta and Mara Angelina Galv{\~a}o Magenta and Tha{\'\i}s Moura Gascon and Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca and Robson Miranda da Gama and Jos{\'e} Armando Jr and Hor{\'a}cio Dorigan Moya} } @article {120, title = {In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Dioecious Morus alba (Moraceae) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research,}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {13-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Background:\ Diabetes mellitus, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a serious metabolic disorder affecting large populations worldwide. Mulberry food and supplement products known for their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties are commonly used in Asian and other countries.\ Objectives:\ The present study investigated for the first time the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of dioecious (male and female) mulberry (Morus alba, Moraceae) extracts from leaf and stem tissues collected in two different seasons.\ Materials and Methods:In vitro\ α-amylase, α-glucosidase, polyphenol content analyses, and free radical scavenging activities were performed.\ Results:\ All extracts showed higher inhibition of α-glucosidase than α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Fall female stem, fall male stem, and fall female leaf extracts exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Fall male and fall female leaf extracts showed the highest ferric reducing activity. 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were more potent for all extracts compared to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities were induced by fall male leaf extracts. Spring extracts contained more phenolics and fall extracts more proanthocyanidins. Correlations between IC50\ values of extracts used\ in vitro\ antidiabetic and antioxidant activities and polyphenol chemical classes were both positive and negative. In general, male extracts were more potent in their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than female extracts.\ Conclusion:\ Overall, results showed that growing season, sex and organ of mulberry trees influence antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts, knowledge that could be used in formulating effective dietary supplements for treating diabetes, and oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Dioecious, Flavonoids, Mulberry, Phenolics}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_103_20}, author = {Paramita Basu and Charitha Thallapareddy and Camelia Maier} } @article {987, title = {Phytochemical and GC-MS Analysis of Hydro Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ocimum sanctum (L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {233-237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Background: The pharmacological efficiency of herbal drugs has shown to be effective as conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Preliminary screening of herbal extracts helps in analysing the bioactive compounds present. Ocimum sanctum, the queen of herbs keeps a spiritual importance in Indian culture and have important place in traditional medicinal system of India. Objectives: The present study was implement to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract of O. sanctum to determine the phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Leaves collected were dried, crushed and mixed with ethanol and water and further applied for extract preparation. The prepare extract was used for phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. Results: In qualitative phytochemical analysis tannins, carbohydrate, quinine, anthraquinones, coumarins, phlobatanins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, diterpenes, phenols were found present while GC-MS analysis showed Eugenol, Cyclohexane, bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene, Oxatricyclo[ 8.2.0.0(4,6)]dodecane,,12-trimethyl-9-methylene, Tetracontane, Phytol were present in majority. Conclusion: The study concluded that O. sanctum leaf extracts contain many biological active compounds which could be exploited for a development of plant based drug.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, GC-MS Analysis, Herbal drugs, Phenolics, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.16}, author = {Atul Srivastava and Subhashini and Anand Kumar Keshari and Ragini Srivastava} } @article {997, title = {Seasonal Variation of Phytochemicals in Four Selected Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {218-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {218}, abstract = {

Background: The study aimed at assessing total alkaloids content (TAC), total flavonoids content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and predominant individual phenolic compounds in methanol extracts of M. oleifera, S.singueana, M.azedarach leaves and stem barks of L. discolor collected during different seasons of the year. Materials and Methods: TPC, TFC and TAC were analyzed using the Folin Ciocalteau assay, aluminum chloride assay and bromocresol green assay, respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) techniques were used to analyse AA. Phenolic compounds; Vanillic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin, rutin, sinapic acid, 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid and ferulic acid were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC - DAD). Results: Barks of L. discolour exhibited high levels of TPC, TFC, TAC and AA during hot-dry season (summer) as compared to S. singueana, M. oleifera and M. azedarach leaves which showed significantly (p\< 0.05) higher levels in hot-wet season (rainy). Levels of TPC, TFC and TAC were significantly (p\< 0.05) influenced by seasonal variations and correlated with levels of AA. Profiles of all phenolic compounds analyzed were not similar in terms of chemical composition and concentration during different seasons. Sinapic acid and 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid were predominant in S. singueana while sinapic acid and ferulic acid were predominant in M. oleifera. Vanillic acid and 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid were predominant in L. discolor and M. azedarach respectively. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents in medicinal plants are subject to seasonal variations which in turn influence the optimum season of harvesting.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Medicinal plants, Phenolic compounds, Seasonal variations}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.14}, author = {Bonface Mwamatope and David Tembo and Elizabeth Kampira and Cecilia Maliwichi-Nyirenda and Victoria Ndolo} } @article {154, title = {Effect of a Thai Folk Recipe on Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activities, and α-Glucosidase Inhibition by Different Solvent Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {225-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {225}, abstract = {

Context: Thai traditional medicine (TTM) has been widely use to treatment of various diseases. Aims: The aims of this study were determined on phytochemical screening, antioxidations, and α-glucosidase inhibition by different solvent extractions. Materials and Methods: The five medicinal plants from a TTM recipe were extracted using aqueous, 50\% ethanol and 95\% ethanol. The phytochemical screening were determined on total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. Their antioxidant activities were tested using by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS+) radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Glucose transferase mechanism was evaluated using by α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. Results: The results found that the recipe was ingredient with TPC and TFC. The aqueous extract (AE) (47.955 {\textpm} 0.256 mgGE/gExt) was significantly highest amount on TPC while, the ethanolic extract (EE) (1.988 {\textpm} 0.038 mgQE/gExt) was showed significantly highest amount on TFC. The antioxidations, DPPH, and the AE (IC50 = 0.227 {\textpm} 0.005) were significantly more potent on free radical scavenging. ABTS+, AE (IC50 = 0.148 {\textpm} 0.007), Hydro-ethanolic extract (HEE) (IC50 = 0.161 {\textpm} 0.008), and EE (IC50 = 0.151 {\textpm} 0.007) were not different on this method. FRAP, EE (12.681 {\textpm} 0.620 mgTE/gEt) were significantly more potent on cation radical reducing. The α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity, AE (IC50 = 0.021 {\textpm} 0.002 mg/mL) and HEE (IC50 = 0.076 {\textpm} 0.003 mg/mL) were significantly more potent on EE (IC50 = 0.292 {\textpm} 0.010 mg/mL) and Acarbose{\textregistered} (IC50 = 1.05 {\textpm} 0.110 mg/mL). Conclusion: The study confirms traditional use of a Thai folk herbal plants on antioxidation and α-glucosidase inhibition. The recipe was contained with also TPC and TFC might be more potential to antioxidant activities and anti-α-glucoxidase enzyme. Future study, we should be performed to clarify the mechanisms, major active compounds and in vivo.

}, keywords = {Antioxidation, Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Thai folk recipe, α-Glucosidase}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_100_19}, author = {Anirut Namwong and Pramote Thongkrajai and Ampa Konsue} } @article {65, title = {Inhibitory Effect on Human Platelet Aggregation, Antioxidant Activity, and Phytochemicals of Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {47-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka has been traditionally used to treat heart diseases in Vietnam, but there is a lack of scientific evidence. Objectives: This study investigated the inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation, antioxidant activity, and main phytochemicals of fractions from the aerial and rhizome parts of the plant. Materials and Methods: Human platelets were prepared and incubated with different fraction doses (0.33, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/mL). Platelet aggregation was triggered by different agonists (adenosine diphosphate [ADP], collagen, and ristocetin). 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were done to test the free-radical scavenging activities. Spectrophotometry assays using Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride were used to determine total flavonoid content (TFC) and total polyphenol content (TPC). The phytochemical screening was also implemented. Results: The n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions from both the rhizome and aerial parts significantly inhibited ADP-, collagen-, and ristocetin-platelet aggregations and decreased significantly the area under the platelet aggregation curve and aggregation velocity in a concentration-dependent manner, but the water fractions did not. The EA fractions showed the strongest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity and highest TPC and TFC. Organic fractions contained variable bioactive compounds: flavonoids, polyphenols, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, steroids, emodols, tannins, and cholesterols. Conclusion: The plant extracts or fractions could be used in the preparation of functional foods or supplements with antioxidant and antiplatelet activity. It is also a good candidate for searching novel bioactive compounds used in pharmaceutical industries for the development of antiplatelet and antioxidant agents to prevent and/or treat heart and oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, antiplatelet, Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka, Flavonoids, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_72_19}, author = {Le Hong Luyen and Vu Thi Thom and Le Thi Thanh Huong and Duong Thi Ly Huong and Nguyen Thi Van Anh} } @article {220, title = {Biochemical Screening and Determination of Bioactive Components of Commercially Cultured Pacific White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April,2019}, pages = {140-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Background: Marine waste is an extraordinarily renewable aid for the restoration of several valued metabolites with potential biological applications. Objectives: The investigation is planned to detect the biochemical components present in the prawn shell waste by qualitative, quantitative methods, to assess the antioxidant potential, and also to find the bioactive compounds existing in the prawn shell waste by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Materials and Methods: Penaeus vannamei shell wastes are collected, cleaned, dried, and powdered well. The bioactive compounds present in crude ethyl acetate extract of P. vannamei shell was determined by qualitative, quantitative, and GC-MS analysis. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was studied by different in vitro antioxidant assays. Results: The bio-compounds such as carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and quinones show the positive result by qualitative analysis. The higher tannin content 49.2 {\textpm} 0.084 mg/g was observed in the ethyl acetate extract of P. vannamei shell and the flavonoid was found to be 5.994 {\textpm} 0.044 mg/g. The GC-MS analysis of the P. vannamei shell shows the various numbers of bio-compounds. Some of the identified compounds are Timonacic which has the powerful antioxidant property, Octadecane, 3ethyl5(2ethylbutyl) is a good antifungal agent, Acetamide possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property. The results of the in vitro assays revealed that P. vannamei shell extract possess significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the effective utilization of prawn shell waste enhances biomedical research field for the development of the natural drug for many chronic diseases with no side effects and at the same time can reduce environmental pollution.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant assays, Flavonoids, Gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry analysis, Penaeus vannamei, Shell wastes, Tannins.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_60_18}, author = {Jayalakshmi Muniyappan and Vanitha Varadharajan and Pushpabharathi Namadevan} } @article {94, title = {Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activities of Pomelo Peel Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {244-247}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Background: There is an increasing interest in the antioxidant measurement of some plant constituents. Plant component, especially fruit, has antioxidant components which are safe, economic, and powerful to reduce oxidative stress and replace synthetic ones. Objectives: To quantitatively measure the flavonoids, Vitamin C, and carotenoid content of hydroalcoholic extract and to estimate the antioxidant activity of pomelo peel extract (PPE) and minimum inhibitory concentration 50\% (IC50) of the extract using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ethanolic solution. Materials and Methods: Hydroalcoholic PPE was prepared; total flavonoids using aluminum chloride method, Vitamin C using thiourea and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method, and carotenoid content of the extract were estimated using 95\% ethanol solution. All measurements were estimated using ultraviolet{\textendash}visible spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity and IC50 of PPE were measured using DPPH method. Results: Flavonoids, Vitamin C, and carotenoid content were measured as 21.20 mg/100 g, 15.13 mg/100 g, and 62.98 μg/g, respectively, of dry PPE. The DPPH radical scavenging activity exhibits a significant dose-dependent inhibition of DPPH radical color, with IC50 being at a concentration of 68.55 μg/ml of the extract, comparable to 55.87 μg/ml IC50 of Vitamin C standard antioxidant. Conclusion: From the study results, we could conclude that pomelo peel possesses high antioxidant properties and it is potentially rich sources of natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antioxidant capacity, Ascorbic acid, Citrus maxima., Flavonoids}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_180_18}, author = {Zead Helmi Abudayeh and Ihab Ibrahim Al Khalifa and Shaimaa M. Mohammed and Asser Ashraf Ahmad} } @article {233, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of an Extract of Agave americana on Experimental Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {104-108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {104}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants have the potential treasure to treat medical conditions for a long time based on error and trial method. Agave americana has been known as century plant or American aloe. The leaves contain genins, saponins, steroidal flavonoids, isoflavones, and coumarins. It has long been used for anti-inflammatory effects. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of A. americana. Materials and Methods: A. americana leaves extract is collected and the extract is done by percolation method. Inflammation is induced in experimental animals{\textquoteright} carrageenan-induced paw edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The extract of A. americana and standard, aspirin and indomethacin are given orally for the anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects were measured at regular intervals of time to see the percentage inhibition of paw edema and reduction of weight of granuloma with percentage protection to compare the effect of the extract with the control and standard. Results: The extract of A. americana showed improved in percentage inhibition of paw edema in graded doses of hydroalcoholic extract of A. americana (HEAA) as compared with control in carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The percentage inhibition of 400 mg/kg of HEAA at the 3rd h is almost comparable with the standard, aspirin. On the other hand, graded doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed a highly significant reduction (P \< 0.001) in the weights of granuloma in comparison with the control in cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The percentage inhibition of weight of granuloma by 400 mg/kg of HEAA is quite comparable to the standard, Indomethacin. Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory activity is seen with the graded dose of HEAA. The plant contains flavonoids and genins which have been shown to have anti-edematous effects in the acute phase of inflammation. Thus, the plant contributes to its anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, higher doses of A. americana leaves need to be used to have the better understanding of the mechanism of anti-inflammation.

}, keywords = {Agave americana, Anti-inflammatory, Aspirin, Flavonoids, Genins, Indomethacin}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_64_17}, author = {Arup Kumar Misra and Sushil Kumar Varma and Ranjeet Kumar} } @article {296, title = {Antifungal Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Chrysobalanus icaco Against Oral Clinical Isolates of Candida Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {96-100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {96}, abstract = {

Background: Chrysobalanus icaco is a medicinal plant commonly used to treat fungal infections in Brazilian Amazonian region. Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. icaco (HECi) against oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. and to determine the pharmacognostic parameters of the herbal drug and the phytochemical characteristics of HECi. Materials and Methods: The pharmacognostic characterization was performed using pharmacopoeial techniques. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used to investigate the chemical composition of the HECi. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the extract against 11 oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. Results: Herbal drug presented parameters which were within the limits set forth in current Brazilian legislation. A high amount of flavonoid content (132,959.33 {\textpm} 12,598.23 μg quercetin equivalent/g of extract) was found in HECi. Flavonoids such as myricetin and rutin were detected in the extract by HPLC analyses. HECi showed antifungal activity against oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] 3.12 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively), and C. albicans American American Type Culture Collection (MIC \<1.56 mg/mL). Conclusion: HECi was shown to possess antifungal activity against Candida species with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis, and these activities may be related to its chemical composition. The antifungal activity detected for C. icaco against Candida species with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids in HECi, characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.

}, keywords = {Antifungal activity, Candida spp., Chrysobalanus icaco, Flavonoids, Myricetin, Rutin}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.199772}, author = {Jo{\~a}o Paulo Bastos Silva and Ana Regina Mau{\'e}s Noronha Peres and Thiago Portal Paix{\~a}o and Andressa Santa Br{\'\i}gida Silva and Ana Cristina Baetas and Wagner Luiz Ramos Barbosa and Wagner Luiz Ramos Barbosa and Marta Chagas Monteiro and Marcieni Ata{\'\i}de Andrade} } @article {316, title = {Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {121-127}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Honey is one of the most appreciated and valued natural products introduced to humankind since ancient times. Honey is used not only as a nutritional product but also in health described in traditional medicine and as an alternative treatment for clinical conditions ranging from wound healing to cancer treatment. The aim of this review is to emphasize the ability of honey and its multitude in medicinal aspects. Traditionally, honey is used in the treatment of eye diseases, bronchial asthma, throat infections, tuberculosis, thirst, hiccups, fatigue, dizziness, hepatitis, constipation, worm infestation, piles, eczema, healing of ulcers, and wounds and used as a nutritious supplement. The ingredients of honey have been reported to exert antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anticancer, and antimetastatic effects. Many evidences suggest the use of honey in the control and treatment of wounds, diabetes mellitus, cancer, asthma, and also cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal diseases. Honey has a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of disease by phytochemical, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Flavonoids and polyphenols, which act as antioxidants, are two main bioactive molecules present in honey. According to modern scientific literature, honey may be useful and has protective effects for the treatment of various disease conditions such as diabetes mellitus, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, even it is useful in cancer treatment because many types of antioxidant are present in honey. In conclusion, honey could be considered as a natural therapeutic agent for various medicinal purposes. Sufficient evidence exists recommending the use of honey in the management of disease conditions. Based on these facts, the use of honey in clinical wards is highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Honey, Polyphenols, Therapeutic agent, Traditional}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204647}, author = {Saeed Samarghandian and Tahereh Farkhondeh and Fariborz Samini} } @article {380, title = {In vitro and In vivo Antioxidant Evaluation and Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoidal Content of Mimosa pudica L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {22-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Objective: Mimosa pudica Linn. (Mimosaceae) is traditionally used as a folk medicine to treat various ailments including convulsions, alopecia, diarrhea, dysentery, insomnia, tumor, wound healing, snake bite, etc., Here, the study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of M. pudica leaves extract against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (in vitro) and its modulatory effect on rat brain enzymes. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and in vitro antioxidant potential against DPPH radical were evaluated from various extracts of M. pudica leaves. In addition, ethyl acetate extract of Mimosa pudica leaves (EAMP) in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day were administered orally for 7 consecutive days to albino rats and evaluated for the oxidative stress markers as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) from rat brain homogenate. Results: The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content among other extracts of M. pudica leaves. The percentage inhibition and IC50 value of all the extracts were followed dose-dependency and found significant (P \< 0.01) as compared to standard (ascorbic acid). The oxidative stress markers as SOD, CAT, and GSH were increased significantly (P \< 0.01) at 200 and 400 mg/kg of EAMP treated animals and decreased significantly the TBARS level at 400 mg/kg of EAMP as compared to control group. Conclusion: These results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of M. pudica exhibits both in vitro antioxidant activity against DPPH and in vivo antioxidant activity by modulating brain enzymes in the rat. This could be further correlated with its potential to neuroprotective activity due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic contents in the extract.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Brain homogenate, Flavonoids, Mimosa pudica, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171099}, author = {Ganesh Patro and Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra and Bijay Kumar Mohanty and Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo} } @article {514, title = {In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Polyphenol Contents of Seven Commercially Available Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {258-264}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits are considered one of the richest sources of natural antioxidants. Their consumption has been linked to the prevention of oxidative stress-induced diseases. Objective: In this study, in vitro antioxidant activities of blueberry, jackfruit, blackberry, black raspberry, red raspberry, strawberry, and California table grape extracts were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion (O2 -) scavenging assays, and ferric reducing power. Results: Black raspberry extract had the highest phenolic (965.6 {\textpm} 2.9 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g), flavonoid (186.4 {\textpm} 1.7 mg quercetin equivalents/g), and proanthocyanidin (2677 {\textpm} 71.1 mg GAE/g) contents. All fruit extracts exhibited increasing radical scavenging activities with increased concentrations. At 100 μg/ml, red raspberry extract showed the highest ferric reducing power (A700 = 0.3 {\textpm} 0.0052) and FRAP activity (A593 = 11.43 mM Fe2+/g). Black raspberry extract (100 μg/ml) exhibited the highest DPPH activity (A517 = 89.03 {\textpm} 0.0471). Jackfruit extract (100 μg/ml) had the highest ABTS (A734 = 35.6 {\textpm} 0.613), NO (A540 = 81.7 {\textpm} 0.2), and O2 - radical scavenging (A230 = 55.5 {\textpm} 0.2) activities. Positive correlations were observed between IC50 values for different radical scavenging activities and different polyphenolics. Red raspberry extract had the highest Pearson{\textquoteright}s coefficient values (0.952{\textendash}1) between total phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins and DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Conclusions: The antioxidant rich fruits in this study are good source of functional food and nutraceuticals that have the potential to improve human health.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, IC50, Phenols, Proanthocyanidins, radical scavenging}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.188875}, author = {Paramita Basu and Camelia Maier} } @article {379, title = {Quantitative and Qualitative analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid content in Moringa oleifera Lam and Ocimum tenuiflorum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {16-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Background: Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as natural antioxidants. Moringa oleifera Lam. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. are known for their wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Objective: To compare phenolic and flavonoid content in M. oleifera Lam and O. tenuiflorum L. by quantitative and qualitative analysis. Materials and Methods: Phenolic and flavonoid content were studied spectrophotometrically and by paper chromatography in M. oleifera Lam. and O. tenuiflorum L. Results: Higher phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in Moringa leaf and flower. Ocimum flower showed higher phenolic content and low flavonoid in comparison to Moringa. Flavonoids such as biflavonyl, flavones, glycosylflavones, and kaempferol were identified by paper chromatography. Phytochemical analysis for flavonoid, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, and anthraquinones were tested positive for Moringa and Ocimum leaf as well as flower. Conclusions: In the present study higher phenolic and flavonoid content, indicated the natural antioxidant nature of Moringa and Ocimum signifying their medicinal importance.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Ocimum, Phenolics, Phytochemicals, Qualitative analysis}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171095}, author = {Sangeeta Sankhalkar and Vrunda Vernekar} } @article {604, title = {Flavonoid Glycosides and Pharmacological Activity of Amphilophium Paniculatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {January 2013}, pages = {17-21}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Background:\ Nothing is reported on\ Amphilophium paniculatum\ (L.) Kunth. This study aimed at investigation of chemical constituents of the leaves of\ Amphilophium paniculatum,\ grown in Egypt, in addition to pharmacological evaluation.\ Materials and Methods:\ Isolation of a new compound, along with 5 known flavonoids. Pharmacological activities were carried out on different extracts of\ A. paniculatum\ leaves.\ Results:\ Identification of a new flavone glycoside, acacetin 8-C-β-D- glucopyranosy l-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) in addition to 5 known flavonoids. The 70\% ethanol crud extract and its successive chloroform, ethyl acetate, and 100\% ethanol extracts showed significant anti-inflammatoryactivity,analgesic effect, antipyretic activity, antioxidant activity, and anti-hyperglycemic activity. Determination of the median lethal dose (LD\ 50\ ) revealed that the different extracts were safe.

}, keywords = {Amphilophium Paniculatum, Bignoniaceae, Flavonoids, Pharmacology}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.105643 }, author = {Mahmoud I Nassar and El-Sayed A Aboutabl and Dina M Eskander and Mary H Grace and Ezzel-Din A EL-Khrisy and Amany A Sleem} } @article {626, title = {Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivities of Albizia Anthelmintica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = {80-85}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Background:Albizia\ species are rich in phenolics and terpenes in the different plant organs. They are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. So this study investigated the phytochemical and biological activities of\ AlbiziaAnthelmintica.\ Materials and Methods:\ Column chromatography has been performed for the isolation of compounds. Bioactivity studies of\ A. anthelmintica\ leaves were carried out on aqueous ethanol extract and some pure compounds were tested for their antioxidant activities.\ Results:\ Eight compounds have been isolated for the first time from\ A. anthelmintica. The aqueous ethanol extract of\ A. anthelmintica\ showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity and significant for both analgesic and antioxidant activities. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6β-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-(6β-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) exhibited potent antioxidant scavenging activity towards diphenyl-picrylhydrazine.

}, keywords = {Albizia anthelmintica, Analgesic, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Diphenyl-picrylhydrazine, Flavonoids}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.110530}, author = {Tahia K Mohamed and Mahmoud I Nassar and Ahmed H Gaara and Walaa A El-Kashak and I{\~n}aki Brouard and Sayed A El-Toumy} } @article {656, title = {Chemical and Biological Study of Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen Leaves (Sapotaceae) Cultivated in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {april,2012}, pages = {85-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Background: Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen is an evergreen tree, native to the tropical Americas and introduced to Egypt as a fruiting tree in 2002. No previous study was reported on the plant cultivated in Egypt. Materials and Methods: In this study, the leaves of the plant cultivated in Egypt were subjected to phytochemical and biological investigations. The lipoidal matter was analyzed by GLC. Five compounds were isolated from the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of the alcoholic extract of the leaves by chromatographic fractionation on silica gel and sephadex, the structures of these compounds were identified using IR, UV, MS, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. The LD 50 of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the leaves was determined and their antihyperglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities were tested by enzymatic colorimetric methods using specific kits. Results: Unsaturated fatty acids represent 32.32 \% of the total fatty acids, oleic acid (13.95\%), linoleidic acid (10.18 \%) and linoleic acid (5.96 \%) were the major ones. The isolated compounds were identified as lupeol acetate, oleanolic acid, apigenin-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside and caffeic acid. This is the first report about isolation of these compounds from Manilkara zapota except myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, which was previously isolated from the plant growing abroad. The LD 50 recorded 80 g/Kg b. wt. for both the tested extracts, so they could be considered to be safe. They exhibited antihyperglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The observed biological activities were attributed to the different chemical constituents present in the plant mainly its phenolic constituents.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Hypocholesterolemic, Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen, triterpenes}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.94723}, author = {Nesrin M Fayek and Azza R Abdel Monem and Mohamed Y Mossa and Meselhy R Meselhy and Amani H Shazly} } @article {583, title = {Liver Protective Activity of a Hydroethanolic Extract of Arrabidaea chica (Humb. and Bonpl.) B. Verl. (pariri)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {June 2011}, pages = {79-84}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Background: Folk medicine uses preparations of Arrabidaea chica (pariri) leaves to treat various liver pathologies. We evaluated the effects of the hydroethanolic extract of these leaves (CHEE) on an in vivo model of liver intoxication. Materials and Methods: Different groups of rats were treated orally for 7 days with CHEE at doses of 300, 500 or 600 mg/kg or silymarin at 35 mg/kg. The control group received only 0.5 ml of distilled water. After 7 days of treatment, both the groups received CCl 4 , and activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and bilirubin level were assessed. The ability of CHEE to suppress hepatic injury triggered by CCl 4 was evaluated based on suppression (\%) of activities of GOT, GPT and bilirubin levels. Results: The chromatograms of the CHEE obtained at 330 and 400 nm show features of two main classes of secondary metabolites: quinones and flavonoids. The administration of 300, 500 or 600 mg/kg of CHEE resulted in the reduction of GPT levels by 85.34\%, 88.59\% and 93.72\%, respectively. The suppression of GOT levels was 56.86\%, 65.27\% and 68.95\%, respectively, and that of plasma bilirubin was 83.81\%, 83.12\% and 84.14\%, respectively. These results demonstrate the protective character of CHEE and its ability to maintain the functional integrity of hepatic cells. Conclusions: The results obtained are possibly due to the presence of quinones and flavonoids in A. chica CHEE, both detected using high performance liquid chromatography

}, keywords = {Arrabidaea chica, Carbon tetrachloride, Flavonoids, Hepatic protection, Quinones}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.81954}, author = {Benedito Junior Lima de Medeiros and Kel{\'e}m dos Santos Costa and Jeane Francisca Alves Ribeiro and Jos{\'e} Otavio Carrera Silva Jr and Wagner Luiz Ramos Barbosa and Jos{\'e} Carlos Tavares Carvalho} } @article {892, title = {Screening of Radical Scavenging Activity and Polyphenol Content of Bulgarian Plant Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {November,2011}, pages = {256-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {256}, abstract = {

Background: Discovery of new plant species with antioxidant properties is a priority of many research teams. Most of the species included in this study are unstudied for antioxidant properties, but they are taxonomically related to reference plants with well-documented antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts was evaluated using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. An aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for flavonoid determination. The amount of phenolic compounds in the extracts was estimated by using the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu reagent. Results: As a result of screening, it was found that the significant antioxidant properties possess several unstudied until now plant species (Veronica bellidioides L., V. kellereri Deg. et Urm, V. vindobonensis (M. Fisher) M. Fisher, V. beccabunga L., V. rhodopaea L., V. austriaca (Velen.) Degen., Clinopodium vulgare L., Stachys recta L., Clematis vitalba L., and Xeranthemum annum L.). The antioxidant potential of the new species is comparable to that of reference medicinal plants. Conclusions: The existing data presented here provide new information for antioxidant potential of plant species that have not been traditionally used as medicinal plants.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, DPPH, Flavonoids, Phenols, Salvia, Veronica}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.89746}, author = {Milena Nikolova} } @article {895, title = {Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Malabaila suaveolens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {342-347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Volatile oil components, fatty acids, β-amyrin, and sterols were identified in the n-hexane extract of Malabaila suaveolens Coss. fruits. Angelicin, 4,7,9-trimethyl psoralen, isopimpinellin and umbelliferone were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the plant. 5-Hydroxy 7, 3{\textquoteleft}, 4{\textquoteleft}-trimethoxyflavone, apigenin and its 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. From the methanol extract, a new flavonoid, apigenin 7-O-(6{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), along with vicenin 2, acacetin 7-O-rutinoside, and 6-hydroxyapigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated. Toxicity study of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate extract and methanolic extracts of the plant proved that it is relatively nontoxic. The tested extracts showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects as compared with control groups and reference drugs. Also, the tested extracts showed significant antioxidant activity as compared with reference.

}, keywords = {Bioactivity., Coumarins, Flavonoids, Malabaila suaveolens}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Nassar Mahmoud I and Aboutabl El-Sayed A and Maklad Yousreya A and El-Khrisy Ezzel-Din A and Osman Abeer F} } @article {847, title = {Determination of Radical Scavenging Activity of Hydroalcoholic and Aqueous Extracts from Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis Using the DPPH Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {238-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {238}, abstract = {

Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis are medicinal plants widely distributed in Mexico and they are used because of its potential hypoglycemic action; however, no free radical scavenging activity (RSA) studies over these plants are known. Thus, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from leaf and stem samples were evaluated for their RSA using 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH{\textbullet}). Total phenolics and flavonoids extracts were determined too. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical program with the significance level set at P\<0.05. Bauhinia divaricata stem aqueous extracts with total phenols content of 12.98 mg GAE/g DW had the highest amount between samples. The same behavior was shown in flavonoids determination. However, when RSA was estimated it was found that stem aqueous extracts from Bougainvillea spectabilis produced more DPPH absorbance reduction (95.66\%), with an IC50 (the concentration to inhibit the oxidation of DPPH by 50\%) and AP (reciprocal of IC50) values of 0.03 μg/mL and 33.33, respectively. These results were superior to common synthetic antioxidants used in the food industry like butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, IC50=62 μg/mL) and can be useful for further applications of these plants or its constituents in pharmaceutical and alimentary preparations.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Bauhinia, Bougainvillea, Flavonoids, Phenolics}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Chaires-Mart{\'\i}nez L and Monroy-Reyes E and Bautista-Bringas A and Jim{\'e}nez-Avalos H. A and Sepulveda-Jim{\'e}nez G} } @article {827, title = {Evaluation of extracts of leaf of three Ficus deltoidea varieties for antioxidant activities and secondary metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {216-223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Present study aimed to investigate alcoholic and aqueous extracts of three varieties of Ficus deltoidea for antioxidant activity using in vitro models such as free radical scavenging activity, reduction power of iron (III), superoxide anion (O2-) scavenging, xanthine oxidase (XOD), nitric oxide (NO{\textperiodcentered}) and lipid peroxidation. The total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were estimated using colorimetry in order to investigate their correlation with antioxidant activities. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of different varieties of the plant exhibited different radical scavenging activities in different models (P\<0.05). Both the types of extracts displayed high antioxidant activity in DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging models, and the activity was comparable to quercetin, rutin, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ascorbic acid and allopurinol. A correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. The results of this study indicate that the extracts of Ficus deltoidea possess promising antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ficus deltoidea, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Tannins}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Abdullah Zunoliza and Hussain Khalid and Ismail Zhari and Mat Ali Rasadah and Pisar Mazura and Jamaludin Fadzureena and Sahdan Rohana} } @article {933, title = {Investigation of the Flavonoidal Constituents and Insecticidal activity of Teucrium zanonii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {410-416}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {410}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Insecticidal activity, Labiateae, Phloeotribus oleae, Teucrium zanonii}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Abdelshafeek Khaled A and Abdelrahem Fahem and Elwahsh Mohemmed A and Abdelkhalek Ismail A} }