@article {1317, title = {Evaluating Bioactive Potential of Lichen Secondary Metabolites for the Formulation of Mosquito Repellent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {908-916}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {908}, abstract = {

Background: Mosquitoes belong to the major disease transmitters causing millions of deaths every year. The cost of commercially available pyrethroids, environmental regulations and toxicity of commercial repellents force researchers to develop potential repellents of natural origin. Lichens comprise of bioactive compounds exhibiting multifarious biomedical potential. Objectives: In this present study, Parmotrema species was analyzed for its biomedical potential including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and repellent activity. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, FRAP assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by albumin denaturation and protease inhibition assay. The repellent potential evaluated against third and fourth-instar larvae of Aedes ageypti. Conclusion: Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and FRAP assay exhibited IC50 of 16.08 μg/mL and 24.6 μg/mL respectively. Anti-inflammatory potential via inhibition of albumin denaturation and protease inhibition assay shown maximum inhibition at 100 μg/mL with IC50 value of 17.02 μg/mL and 27.5 μg/mL respectively. The repellent test confirmed that at 100 μg/mL, 90\% of mortality rate was recorded. The repellent cream formulated form lichen extract exhibited 86.6\% protection and smoke toxicity test demonstrated 26.6\% protection against Aedes ageypti. Thus, the study evidenced the proven biomedical potential of methanolic lichen extract.

}, keywords = {Larvicidal activity, Lichen, Mosquito, Mosquito repellent activity, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.103}, author = {Shanmugam Poornima and Vivekanandhan Vidhya Sree and Jaganathan Geethanjali and Rajamanickam Karishma and Moorthy Viksha and Balasubramani Suresh Gopi and Ganesan Kishore} } @article {1255, title = {Perspectives in Biomonitoring and Pharmacological Aspects of Parmelia sulcata Taylor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {457-466}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {457}, abstract = {

Over the past few decades, the rise in anthropogenic activities has led to environmental pollution. Heavy metals and metalloids like lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and aluminium are major pollutants hampering the harmony of the ecosystem. Biomonitoring describes various techniques and approaches for studying biological responses to pollution. The use of lichens in pollution monitoring proved to be an efficient method to curtail it. Representing a complex life form, lichens exist in a symbiotic association connecting algae and fungus. These biosensors are not only used to monitor environmental pollutants but have also been used medicinally since time immemorial. Lichens from Parmelia emerge as a valuable tool for monitoring pollution due to their unique capacity to accumulate heavy metals. Parmelia sulcata Taylor commonly known as shield lichen inhabited on trees, rocks and even on walls and is well distributed throughout the world from cold to temperate regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. For centuries, Parmelia sulcata has been used in traditional medicine to cure cranial disorders and also rubbed on the gums of teething babies to alleviate discomfort. It has been found that this lichen constitutes distinctive chemical constituents such as salazinic acid, atranorin, volatile oils, etc. contributing towards the anticancer, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and mosquitocidal potential. The prime objective of this current manuscript is to discuss the biomonitoring and pharmacological potential of Parmelia sulcata Taylor.

}, keywords = {Air pollution, Biomonitoring, Lichen, Parmelia sulcata, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.55}, author = {Vikrant Arya and Amandeep Kaur Gill and Anupam Jamwal} } @article {64, title = {Anticancer Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract from Lethariella cladonioides in vitro and in vivo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {40-46}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Background: Lethariella cladonioides, also known as Red Snow Tea and Golden Silk Tea, mainly grows in Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan of China. Its medicinal value has been gradually discovered. Objectives: This study mainly evaluated the anti-cancer effect of AMH-L extracted from L. cladonioides in vitro and in vivo and to explore its anticancer mechanism. Materials and Methods: MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of AMH-L to human cancer cells A-549 and HCT-116 in vitro. Sarcoma S-180 and human lung cancer NCL-H460 cells were implanted into Kunming mice and Balb/C nude mice, respectively, anti-cancer activity in vivo was assessed by recording body weight, organ coefficient and tumor inhibition rate. Flow cytometry and western blotting were used to preliminarily explore the anticancer mechanism. Results: AMH-L, the active component of Red Snow Tea, had strong anticancer activity against A-549 and HCT-116, and IC50 was 26.17 {\textpm} 3.54 and 16.21 {\textpm} 0.83. When the dosage was 50, 100 and 150 mg/ kg, the inhibition rates of S-180 in Kunming mice were 36.04\%, 43.14\%, and 50.45\% in turn, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the dose was 150, and the relative proliferation inhibition rate of Balb/C nude mice NCI-H460 tumor was 50.36\%. Cell cycle and apoptotic results showed that AMH-L could block A-549 at G2/M phase and promote apoptosis of HCT-116 by inducing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase lysis. Conclusion: L. cladonioides extract AMH-L exhibits strong anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro and can be used as a potential anticancer drug for further study.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drug, Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, Lichen}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_70_19}, author = {Wen-Jing Lian and Xiao-Qiong He and Qian Yao and Zhong-Yu Song and Jing Wang} } @article {199, title = {Secondary Metabolites from Lichen Usnea longissima and its Pharmacological Relevance}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {103-109}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

The objective of the study was to isolate chemical compounds from lichen Usnea longissima (UL) and to use lichen metabolites as antibiotics, antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, antiprotozoan, and antibacterial agents. Preparation of the lichen extracts: Fine powder of UL lichen was extracted using acetone, methanol, and water in a Soxhlet extractor. In a rotary evaporator, the extracts were filtered and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The dry extracts were stored at 18{\textdegree}C until they were used in the tests. The extracts were used for various assays. Sixteen compounds were isolated from lichen UL using various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, operational data store, and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. By spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were identified as (1) useanol, (2) lecanorin, (3) 3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate, (4) lecanorin E, (5) 3{\textquoteright}-methylevernic acid, (6) evernic acid, (7) barbatinic acid, (8) 3,7-dihydroxy-1,9-dimethyldibenzofuran, (9) orcinol, (10) O-methyl orcinol, (11) methyl orsellinate, (12) methyl everninate, (13) 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, (14) 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic acid, (15) ethyl everninate, and (16) ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate. UL lichen is a great source of secondary metabolites, which can be used as antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and anticancer agents. This lichen can be used as a natural antioxidant or antitumor agent in clinical practice; commercially, it can be used as an anticancer drug.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Lichen, Usnea longissima.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_111_18}, author = {Moumita Dandapat and Santanu Paul} }