@article {1510, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {1171-1182}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1171}, abstract = {

Tinospora cordifolia (commonly known as Giloy or Guduchi) is a revered herb in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, widely recognized for its rejuvenating properties. The plant{\textquoteright}s therapeutic effects stem from a rich profile of phytochemicals-alkaloids, terpenoids, lactones, and polysaccharides-responsible for diverse pharmacological activities such as immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects. This paper explores the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological potentials, and clinical relevance of T. cordifolia, with a focus on its mechanisms of action and its growing role in integrative medicine, particularly post-COVID-19. The review also highlights the necessity of more rigorous scientific studies and standardization to bridge traditional uses and modern therapeutic applications.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory of Giloy, COVID-19 Adjunct Therapy, Giloy, Immunomodulatory Activity of Giloy, Pharmacological Properties of Giloy, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252350}, author = {Richa Kothari and Manoj Kumar Bajhaiya and Shefali Soni and Abhishek Kumar and Samreen Ali and Ankit Rajput and Prashant Kumar and Sagar Shrotriya and Kanchan Thakur} } @article {1264, title = {Exploring the Logic Behind the Usage of Fresh Drugs in Ayurvedic Formulations through Preliminary Phytochemistry and HPTLC Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {549-557}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic principles provide guidelines for medicinal herb usage, emphasizing differences in fresh and dried forms. Emphasis is given to the use of doubled quantities of raw drugs when taken in fresh form, focusing on some exceptions like Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Linn.), where double quantity is not required even if taken in fresh form. Despite this, practical challenges often favour the prevalent use of dried forms. Objectives: To validate the Ayurvedic principle for drug selection in formulations through preliminary phytochemistry and HPTLC analysis of Tinospora cordifolia Linn., stems and the decoction prepared with fresh and dry samples in different amounts. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried Tinospora cordifolia Linn., stems were separately extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol using a Soxhlet continuous extraction apparatus. Guduchi decoctions were prepared with dry and fresh drugs in the required quantities and double quantities. Chromatographic studies of these samples were analyzed using HPTLC with specific mobile phases. Results: Preliminary physicochemical analysis provided similar results for fresh and dry samples. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of more spots in decoction prepared with new samples and the spots were practically identical irrespective of the quantity taken. Analysis of dry Guduchi samples suggests that taking double the required amount in dry form is better. Further, the methanol extracts exhibited more spots, indicating the prevalence of polar compounds. Conclusion: This study enhances our understanding of Ayurvedic drug usage, suggesting using fresh Guduchi samples in decoctions. For dry samples, doubling the quantity is advised for optimal efficacy. It also provides a foundation for further exploration of its medicinal efficacy.

}, keywords = {Fresh and Dry drug selection, Guduchi, HPTLC, Preliminary phytochemistry, Soxlet extraction, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.65}, author = {Sree Deepthi GN and Thirupataiah Boini and Praveen Balakrishnan and Krishna Kumar V and Sinimol TP} } @article {1231, title = {Tinospora cordifolia: An Optimistic Herb for Comprehensive Gesundheit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {219-229}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {219}, abstract = {

The necessity for wellness and good habits that boost resistance to illness has come to light due to worries about possible health concerns. Because they are harmless, biologically active polysaccharides derived from plants are excellent substitutes for treating various illnesses. Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers, an evergreen perennial climber, is known as "guduchi." This plant, which is dioecious and deciduous, is a member of the Menispermaceae family. In the Indian medical system, a plant named Rasayana is incredibly beneficial. Different extraction and purification techniques have been used to separate and characterise the polysaccharides from Tinospora cordifolia. In addition to hot-water extraction, other state-of-the-art techniques are used to extract the polysaccharides from T. cordifolia, such as Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE), pulsed electric field, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. The modern healthcare system has also recognised its efficacy. The stem of the plant may be used medicinally. Because the stems contain more alkaloids than the leaves, the entire plant is utilised medicinally. This plant also offers many other benefits, including immunomodulation, hypoglycemia, antioxidants, anti-hyperglycemia, allergies, inflammation, and diabetic mellitus. Most of the plant{\textquoteright}s chemical makeup comprises alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, aliphatic, diterpenoid lactones, and other unidentified evidence. This study highlights the many traditional and ethnobotanical uses of T. cordifolia and the countless pharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical literature written about the plant.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotanical, Guduchi, Pharmacological., Phytochemical, Polysaccharides, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.28}, author = {Snehangshu Gupta and Annammadevi G.S and Sourav Nag and Reshmi Paul and Sumanta Mondal} } @article {1055, title = {Tinospora cordifolia Stem Extract-mediated Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and its Biological Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {289-296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Background: According to a literature review Tinospora cordifolia possess alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and steroids with anti-cancer potential. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from the stem of T. cordifolia and its biological activities. Objectives: This study is intended to synthesize Selenium Nanoparticles using T. cordifolia stem extract, characterise them, and evaluate them in-vitro for antioxidant and anticancer activity. Materials and Methods: The T. cordifolia Selenium Nanoparticles (TC-SeNPs) were synthesised by reducing selenious acid with T. cordifolia stem extract. TC-SeNPs were characterized by UV{\textendash}Vis, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX and ICP-AES, further evaluated for in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging test and reducing power capacity. The MTT assay of TC-SeNP was carried out in-vitro in the human breast cancer cells line (MCF-7) to determine the anticancer activity. Results: The UV-spectroscopy of TC-SeNPs showed maximum absorbance at 285 nm, which is the characteristic feature of SeNP. According to DLS, SEM, and TEM images, the size of TC-SeNPs was between 100-200 nm and was stable with a Zeta potential of -23.9mV. XRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity of TC-SeNPs. Selenium in TC-SeNP was verified in EDAX analysis (63.36\% weight) and ICP-AES 68.08 {\textpm}12.2 μg/ml selenium content. The IC50 value 28.62 {\textpm} 0.63 μg/mL and EC50 (62.50 {\textpm} 1.21 μg/mL) values indicated that the TC-SeNPs possess significant antioxidant capacity. MTT assay showed TC-SeNPs were cytotoxic to MCF-7 cell with IC50 values (31.29 {\textpm} 0.22μg/mL), suggesting that TC-SeNPs display moderate cytotoxicity that could dose-dependently inhibit cell proliferation. Conclusion: Thus, experimental evidence provides insight into the successful synthesis of the selenium nanoparticle from the stem of T. cordifolia, its potential therapeutic value, and the prospect of developing an anti-cancer TC-SeNPs formulation.

}, keywords = {anticancer, Antioxidant, Green synthesis, Phytonanoparticles, Selenium nanoparticles, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.42}, author = {Abhijeet Puri and Swati Patil} } @article {186, title = {Larvicidal Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora cordifolia against Aedes aegypti: A Dengue Vector}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {352-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Background: Aedes aegypti, dengue fever mosquito, is predominantly accompanying the transmission of dengue in tropical and subtropical countries of the world, causing millions of deaths every year. Materials and Methods: The current research was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal efficiency of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora cordifolia against third instar larvae of A. aegypti using in silico and experimental study. Results: The methanolic extract of A. paniculata and ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia showed the highest larvicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 value of 15.75 ppm; 349.60 and 100.64 ppm; 386.37 ppm, respectively after 48 h exposure, which was statistically significant (P = 0.05). However, the combined action of methanolic extract of A. paniculata + ethanolic (50:50) extract of T. cordifolia and the bioactive fraction of methanolic extract of A. paniculata showed the effective larvicidal activity with LC50 value of 113.20 ppm and 236.08 ppm respectively after 24 h treatment which was statistically significant (P = 0.05). The m/z values in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry graph of bioactive fraction of methanolic extract of A. paniculata predicted the possible amount of bioactive compound class like flavone, phenols, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acid, alkaloids, isopalmitic acid, diterpenoids and quinic acid. The best energy binding affinity score against sterol carrying protein-2 of A. aegypti, panicolin (-9.86 kcal/mol), berberine (-10.13 kcal/mol) and their combination (50:50) showed effective larvicidal movement with LC50 value of 25.41 ppm, 23.15 ppm and 17.56 ppm after 24 h treatment. Conclusion: The crude extracts, bioactive fractions and synthetic bioactive compounds and their combination study of A. paniculata and T. cordifolia can be utilized as bio-control agents against A. aegypti mosquito.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, Andrographis paniculata, Chromatographic techniques, In silico study, Larvicidal activity, Phytochemical screening, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_35_20}, author = {Anubrata Paul and V Samuel Raj and Arpana Vibhuti and Ramendra Pati Pandey} } @article {232, title = {Evaluation of Antithrombotic Activities of Solanum xanthocarpum and Tinospora cordifolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {98-103}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum xanthocarpum and Tinospora cordifolia have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antioxidant, antiallergic, and hepatoprotective activities. The origins of many of the currently available antithrombotic treatments are from natural products and natural sources. Objective: To investigate the antithrombotic activities of methanolic leaf extracts of S. xanthocarpum (SXME) and T. cordifolia (TCME). Materials and Methods: Antithrombotic activities were assessed by thrombin inhibition assay, thrombin generation assay, platelet adhesion assay on collagen-coated surface, and platelet PAC1-FITC binding by flow cytometry. Results: SXME significantly inhibited thrombin activity at 5{\textendash}20 mg/ml concentrations, whereas TCME inhibited thrombin activity at 500 {\textmu}g/ml{\textendash}5 mg/ml concentrations. Further, SXME inhibited thrombin generation at 2{\textendash}20 mg/ml concentrations, whereas TCME exhibited significant inhibition at 200 {\textmu}g/ml, suggesting that TCME has higher efficacy as compared to SXME. Moreover, SXME did not inhibit platelet adhesion on collagen-coated surface, whereas TCME inhibited platelet adhesion on collagen-coated surface at 5 mg/ml. Indomethacin showed significant inhibition in platelet adhesion at 300 {\textmu}M. Further, SXME inhibited thrombin-induced platelet activation (PAC1-FITC binding) significantly at 1 mg/ml by about 80\%, whereas TCME inhibited thrombin-induced platelet activation (PAC1-FITC binding) by about 40\% at 1 mg/ml. Conclusion: These results strongly suggested that SXME and TCME possess antithrombotic activities. However, further studies are essential to find out the active constituent responsible for antithrombotic effect.

}, keywords = {Collagen, Platelet, Solanum xanthocarpum, Thrombin, Thrombosis, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_80_17}, author = {Onila Lugun and Sobharani Bhoi and Priyanka Kujur and D. Vinay Kumar and William R. Surin} }