@article {1532, title = {Phytochemical Profiling and Standardization of Punarnavastak Kwath Ghanvati Using Physicochemical Parameters and HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {November 2025}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Punarnavastak Kwath, a classical Ayurvedic decoction described in the Bhaishajya Ratnavali, is renowned for its efficacy in managing Udara Roga (abdominal disorders) and Shotha Roga (oedema). To enhance patient compliance, this formulation is transformed into a concentrated tablet known as Punarnavastak Kwath Ghanvati (PAKG), prepared without any excipients. Despite extensive traditional use, scientific validation of PAKG through contemporary analytical techniques remains necessary to ensure consistent therapeutic effectiveness and quality control. Purpose: The present study aimed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of PAKG through organoleptic examination, physico-chemical analysis, phytochemical screening, and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Materials and Methods: The formulation was prepared as per the guidelines stipulated in the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Organoleptic characteristics (colour, taste, odour), along with moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, and extractive values (aqueous and alcoholic), were systematically assessed. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted to detect major bioactive groups such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Furthermore, HPTLC profiling was performed to identify and quantify specific phytochemical constituents, documenting characteristic retention factor (Rf) values essential for establishing reproducible quality standards. Results: The analysis revealed consistent physico-chemical parameters indicative of formulation stability and quality. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of active constituents, reinforcing traditional claims. HPTLC analysis provided reproducible fingerprints, enabling precise standardization of PAKG. Conclusion: This integrative scientific evaluation effectively bridges traditional Ayurvedic knowledge and contemporary analytical validation, ensuring therapeutic consistency, enhancing credibility, and facilitating wider acceptance of Punarnavastak Kwath Ghanvati in modern healthcare practice.

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic formulation, HPTLC fingerprinting, Physico-chemical analysis, Phytochemical screening, Punarnavastak Kwath Ghanvati, Standardization.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20260057}, author = {Dixit Donga and Hemant Toshikhane and Harish Daga and Dhairyjeetsinh Gohil} } @article {1534, title = {Study of Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Two Selected Ethnobotanical Plants of Asteraceae from West Bengal, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {November 2025}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative analysis of some phytochemicals and antibacterial properties of two medicinal plants Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp and Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir under Asteraceae family from Purulia, West Bengal, India. Preliminary phytochemical analysis (alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenol, phlobatannins, saponin, terpenoids, and tannin) and quantitative analysis of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were done by using appropriate experimental protocols according to the standard methods found in literature study. The antibacterial activity was observed using agar well diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also done to detect that concentration which showed complete bacterial growth inhibition. The preliminary phytotochemical analysis of these two experimental plants revealed the presence of the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenol, phlobatannins, saponin, terpenoids, and tannin in ethanolic extract. The estimation of total phenol and flavonoid content in the ethanolic root extract of Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp and the ethanolic leaf extract of Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir also showed good results. The antibacterial activity test showed good results in the ethanolic root extract of Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp and ethanolic leaf extract of Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp, Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir, Medicinal plants, Pathogenic Bacteria., Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20262204}, author = {Tulika Bhattacharjee and Ghanashyam Mahato and Nilanjana Banerjee} } @article {1462, title = {Comparative Study on Phytochemical, Antioxidant properties, Heavy Metal and FT-IR Analysis of Azadirachta indica L. from IMFA Industrial Area, Rayagada District, Odisha}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {989-996}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {989}, abstract = {

Background: Various plant parts are utilized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic capabilities. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is widely recognized for its medicinal properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects. The presence of bioactive compounds in methanolic extracts of A. indica makes it a potential candidate for pharmaceutical applications. However, industrial contamination may influence its phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential, and heavy metal content, necessitating a comparative study between decontaminated and contaminated samples. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate and compare the phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, heavy metal accumulation, and FT-IR spectral characteristics of A. indica samples collected from the IMFA industrial area, Rayagada district, Odisha, India. Materials and Methods: Both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were conducted on methanolic extracts of A. indica leaves. Antioxidant potential was assessed using DPPH, Heavy metal concentrations, including Chromium (Cr), were determined using ICP-OES. FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to identify functional groups present in the plant extracts. Results: The bioactive compounds detected among all the samples included alkaloids alongside phenols as well as tannins and saponins together with proteins. The contaminated sample contained greater amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid content at 65.14 mg GA/g and 245.74 mg RU/g than the decontaminated sample which had 58.72 mg GA/g and 189.13 mg RU/g. The antioxidant capacity analysed through DPPH assay spanned from 8.57\% to 97.88\% for contaminated samples and from 48.64\% to 89.94\% for decontaminated samples. The presence of heavy metals which evaluated through ICP-OES. Through FT-IR showed distinctive functional groups to confirm the chemical modifications between the evaluated samples. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the impact of industrial pollution on the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of A. indica. The presence of heavy metals in contaminated samples raises concerns about their safety for medicinal use. Further studies are recommended to explore detoxification strategies and assess the long-term effects of heavy metal exposure on medicinal plants.

}, keywords = {A. indica, Antioxidant properties, FT-IR analysis, ICP-OES method, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252275}, author = {Sabir Kumar Behera and Suraj Kumar Behera and A. Leelaveni} } @article {1380, title = {Phyto-Analytical Studies and in vitro Wound Healing Activity of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {519-531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Background: Traditionally among the Nigerian population Synedrella nodiflora is prominently used for treating Putrefied Wound. Objectives: The present work was designed to evaluate the In vitro Wound healing activity of Synedrella nodiflora leaf extracts. Materials and Methods: The current research work was aimed to perform the Qualitative phytochemical screening, FTIR, ICP-OES, Quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content and in vitro pharmacological assay includes Antioxidant assay, Protein denaturation assay, cell line scratch assay for wound healing of EAE and EEs of Synedrella nodiflora. Results: Secondary phytochemicals like Flavonoid, Alkaloid, Tannin, Phenols, Terpenoids and Steroids were reported. The ICP-OES analysis concluded that the presence of elements like Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and heavy metals like Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd were within their limits as per WHO. The EAE and EE of Synedrella nodiflora were assessed for their total phenolic and flavonoid content. The Antioxidant activity of EAE and EE showed IC50 value 2.24{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL and 3.72{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL compared with standard Ascorbic Acid of 42.76{\textpm}0.01 μg/mL. The \% Inhibition of standard Diclofenac shows IC50 value 27.99{\textpm}0.026 μg/mL. whereas the IC50 values of EAE and EE were found to be 294.98{\textpm}0.02 μg/mL and 138.98{\textpm}0.05 μg/mL respectively. The relative cell migration of EAE and EE were 0.041{\textpm}0.05 mm and 0.036{\textpm}0.01 mm at 2mcg. Conclusion: These studies concluded that the Synedrella nodiflora leaf extracts were rich in various phytochemicals and can be used for treating wounds due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Phenolics, Phytochemical screening, Synedrella nodiflora, Wound healing}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251916}, author = {Joshna Koodathil and Lathika Ramadass and Sindhu Jayachandran and Jaganath Sekar} } @article {1459, title = {Potent in vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Effects of a Polyherbal Mixture: Evidence from 3T3-L1, β-TC6, and C2C12 Cell Line Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {961-972}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {961}, abstract = {

Aim and Objectives: The traditional plants Plumeria pudica, Podranea ricasoliana, and Leea macrophylla have been used for their medicinal properties since ancient times. Our main objective is to identify the preliminary chemicals of these plant leaves to prepare a polyherbal mixture and apply it for in vitro DPPH, H2O2, and NO scavenging free radical antioxidants test with antibacterial study and evaluated for its in vitro antidiabetic potential using 3T3-L1, β-TC6, and C2C12 cell lines. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic study as well as the preliminary phytochemical screening of these plants, possess many numbers of metabolites that are responsible for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The plant extract{\textquoteright}s hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity was assessed by measuring absorbance at 230 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The disc plate technique uses antibiotics to decrease the various gram-positive and negative bacterial properties. Ethanol-based extract of Polyherbal Mixture (PHM) was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The increase of glucose uptake in 3T3L1 cells (a) and C2C12 myoblast cells over the treatment of PHM extract at varying concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 μg/mL. Metformin and Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were considered positive controls. Experiments were conducted in triplicate. Results: The IC50 values of the DPPH, NO, and H2O2 scavenging assays revealed that the test compounds were less potent than the standard drugs, yet they still exhibited satisfactory free radical scavenging activity. The ethanolic extract of the Polyherbal Mixture (PHM) showed antibacterial activity that was slightly less potent than the standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin, yet still produced satisfactory results with comparable inhibition zones. Furthermore, the IC50 values of the test drug PHM (16.71, 12.0, and 20.8 μg/mL) and the standard drug ascorbic acid (7.07, 6.07, and 8.0 μg/mL) indicate that PHM possesses antioxidant scavenging activity. The zone of inhibition of PHM was satisfactory as compared to the standard drug during the antimicrobial study. Specifically, in 3T3-L1 cells, PHM-500 (2.9{\textpm}0.25), metformin (2.8{\textpm}0.41), and insulin (5.9{\textpm}0.43) increased glucose uptake compared to control. Similarly, in C2C12 myoblasts, PHM-500 (4.37{\textpm}0.28), metformin (4.91{\textpm}0.34), and insulin (6.77{\textpm}0.32) showed increased glucose uptake. Conclusion: The poly-herbal mixture is expected to exhibit beneficial anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic activities, making it a unique and unpublished formulation.

}, keywords = {and C2c12 Cell Lines, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic Potential Using 3t3-L1, Antioxidant, Phytochemical screening, Β-Tc6}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252220}, author = {Dharmendra Pradhan and Santosh Kumar Ranajit and Prafulla Kumar Sahu and Sandip Chatterjee} } @article {179, title = {Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Gastric Antiulcerogenic Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract and Leaf Fractions of Solanum stipulaceum Roem. and Schult.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {328-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Background: An earlier ethnobotanical study showed that the species Solanum stipulaceum was indicated first in many orders for the treatment of gastric ulcers. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical profile and the antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, protective redox, and cytotoxicity activities of the hydroethanol extract (HEE) and leaf fractions of this plant. Materials and Methods: The HEE was obtained by maceration and fractionated by liquid{\textendash}liquid extraction in fractions: hexane fraction, chloroform fraction (CF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and hydromethanol fraction (HMF). Phytochemical profile was evaluated by colorimetric methods. Antioxidant activity was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The cellular toxicity was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In vivo antiulcerogenic activity was investigated using the ethanol-induced acute ulcer model. Afterward, protective redox activity was assessed with the plasma and liver of these animals using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. Results: Tannins, free steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids were found in HEE, and total flavonoid measured was 5.26 {\textpm} 0.23 μg/mg of the extract. The DPPH activity was higher than 70\% for HEE, EAF, and CF. Treatment with HEE (200 and 400 mg/kg) and CF, EAF, and HMF (200 mg/kg) inhibited the ulcer. CF reduces gastric lesions by 88.29\% (50 mg/kg) and 85.65\% (100 mg/kg). The HEE (400 mg/kg), CF, and EAF (200 mg/kg) reduced oxidative stress in the plasma and in the liver. HMF (200 mg/kg) reduced oxidative stress only in the liver. The HEE and fractions 10{\textendash}50 μg/mL (P \< 0.05) were nontoxic, maintaining cell viability at 65\%. Conclusion: The extract and fractions have antioxidant activity in vitro and ex vivo, antiulcerogenic effect in vivo, and low cytotoxicity up to 50 μg/mL.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Antiulcerogenic activity, cytotoxicity, Phytochemical screening, Solanum stipulaceum, Total flavonoid}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_2_20}, author = {Cirlane Alves Araujo de Lima and Daniela Feitosa de Oliveira and Andressa da Silva and Robson Silva de Lima and Jymmys Lopes dos Santos and Ant{\^o}nio Santos Dias and Andr{\'e} Luiz Lima Menezes dos Santos and Jamylle Nunes de Souza Ferro and Andrea Yu Kwan Villar Shan and Brancilene Santos de Araujo and Emiliano de Oliveira Barreto and Maria Silene da Silva and Josemar Sena Batista and Sara Maria Thomazzi and Sonia Piacente and Cosimo Pizza and Charles dos Santos Estevam} } @article {123, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Leaf and Flower Extracts from Bombax ceiba}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {194-198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {194}, abstract = {

Context: Bombax ceiba is belonging to the family Bombacaceae. Dried stamen of this plant is used as vegetable and food ingredients for people in the Northern part of Thailand. There are very few reports on the biological activities in this plant, especially the flower parts. Objectives: The present study aimed to demonstrate the phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of crude extracts from B. ceiba. Materials and Methods: The leaf and flower part of B. ceiba were extracted using different solvents including water, 50\% ethanol, and 95\% ethanol. The phytochemical constituents were determined using standard qualitative methods. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were analyzed by colorimetric methods. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothaizoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the extracts. For in vitro antidiabetic activities, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effects were tested. Results: Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides in this plant. The highest TPC and TFC were found in 95\% ethanol flower extract (2.73 {\textpm} 0.064 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 28.25 {\textpm} 2.33 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively.). However, the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS + assay) was found in 95\% ethanol leaf extract (0.012 {\textpm} 0.0003, 0.009 {\textpm} 0.0005 mg/mL, respectively.) and FRAP assay was found in 95\% ethanol flower extract (349.27 {\textpm} 35.16 mg trolox equivalent/g). The highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were found in 95\% ethanol flower extract (0.001 {\textpm} 0.0012 and 0.0002 {\textpm} 0.0001 mg/mL, respectively). Conclusion: The crude extracts from B. ceiba showed the potent in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, especially the flower extracts. These findings confirm the ethnobotanical uses of B. ceiba as food and medicinal plants. Further studies on biological and pharmacological activities of this plant in the animal model and clinical trials must be carried out to confirm the use in medical aspects.

}, keywords = {Bombax ceiba leaf and flower extracts, In vitro antidiabetic inhibitory activity, In vitro antioxidant activity, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_116_19}, author = {Nurarat Kriintong and Teeraporn Katisart} } @article {186, title = {Larvicidal Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora cordifolia against Aedes aegypti: A Dengue Vector}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {352-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Background: Aedes aegypti, dengue fever mosquito, is predominantly accompanying the transmission of dengue in tropical and subtropical countries of the world, causing millions of deaths every year. Materials and Methods: The current research was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal efficiency of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora cordifolia against third instar larvae of A. aegypti using in silico and experimental study. Results: The methanolic extract of A. paniculata and ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia showed the highest larvicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 value of 15.75 ppm; 349.60 and 100.64 ppm; 386.37 ppm, respectively after 48 h exposure, which was statistically significant (P = 0.05). However, the combined action of methanolic extract of A. paniculata + ethanolic (50:50) extract of T. cordifolia and the bioactive fraction of methanolic extract of A. paniculata showed the effective larvicidal activity with LC50 value of 113.20 ppm and 236.08 ppm respectively after 24 h treatment which was statistically significant (P = 0.05). The m/z values in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry graph of bioactive fraction of methanolic extract of A. paniculata predicted the possible amount of bioactive compound class like flavone, phenols, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acid, alkaloids, isopalmitic acid, diterpenoids and quinic acid. The best energy binding affinity score against sterol carrying protein-2 of A. aegypti, panicolin (-9.86 kcal/mol), berberine (-10.13 kcal/mol) and their combination (50:50) showed effective larvicidal movement with LC50 value of 25.41 ppm, 23.15 ppm and 17.56 ppm after 24 h treatment. Conclusion: The crude extracts, bioactive fractions and synthetic bioactive compounds and their combination study of A. paniculata and T. cordifolia can be utilized as bio-control agents against A. aegypti mosquito.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, Andrographis paniculata, Chromatographic techniques, In silico study, Larvicidal activity, Phytochemical screening, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_35_20}, author = {Anubrata Paul and V Samuel Raj and Arpana Vibhuti and Ramendra Pati Pandey} } @article {67, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Extract from a Mixture of Some Recipe of Herniaria glabra L., Opuntia ficus-indica, Zea mays L. and Zizyphus lotus L. Used Traditionally against Renal Lithiases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {60-64}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antiurolithiatic plants are used since ancient times, in the form of decoction, infusion, or juice, to eliminate kidney stones and to prevent their recurrence. On the basis of the available ethnopharmacological information, more scientific studies are needed to explore natural and safe antiurolithiatic compounds. Materials and Methods: The present work showed phytochemical screening, acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of four plant{\textquoteright}s mixture: Aerial part (branches, flowers and leaves) of Herniaria glabra, flowers of Opuntia ficus-indica, Zea mays styles and fruits of Zizyphus lotus used traditionally against renal lithiases. Phytochemical screening was performed using qualitative methods. To measure acute toxicity, rats were administered orally by single doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg body weight (b. w.) of extract of plant{\textquoteright}s mixture. General behavior adverse effects and mortality were determined during 15 days. For sub-acute study, the aqueous extract was administered at 100 mg/kg b. w. for 28 days to Wistar rats. Animals were monitored daily after an oral administration of aqueous extract of the mixture to detect any changes in b. w., behavior, autonomic profiles, or mortality. Calculation of relative organ weight (ROW) and biochemical analysis were carried out. Results: The acute oral toxicity study showed no mortality and no statistically significant decrease in b. w. and ROW of the treated groups of rats when compared to the control group was observed. In biochemical analysis, there was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Conclusion: This study found that aqueous extract of traditional recipe used against renal lithiasis in Fes-Meknes region containing: Flavonoids, tannins, catechic tannins, coumarins and the glycosides. The results of the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies indicated that the recipe extracts induce a slight hepatotoxic effects in rats treated orally with 100 mg/kg (b. w.).

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Biochemical parameters, Four plant{\textquoteright}s mixture, Phytochemical screening, Sub-acute toxicity, Toxicological evaluation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_89_19}, author = {Noufissa Touiti and Dalila Bousta and Smahane Boukhira and Mohamed Chebaibi and Sanae Achour} } @article {62, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Ethanol Extract of Scambiosa columbabria L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {35-39}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Scambiosa columbabria L. is commonly known as the wild scabious and is used in South Africa to treat various ailments such as wound bruises, painful menstruation, heartburn, and colic. Despite its extensive traditional usage, the bioactive constituents of this plant are yet to be explored. Objective: The present study was carried out to identify the bioactive constituents of the ethanol extract of S. columbabria by phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: Sixty grams of the powdered leaves was sequentially extracted by ethanol and later tested for preliminary phytochemical screening and further subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: The results showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins in the extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 16 major compounds, with flavonoids (40.84\%) being the most represented chemical class. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the plant possesses compounds with biological activities and therefore justifies its traditional usage in the treatment of skin and other diseases.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Diseases, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Phytochemical screening, Scambiosa columbabria}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_59_19}, author = {Idowu Jonas Sagbo and Ayuk Elizabeth Orock and Elizabeth Kola and Wilfred Otang-Mbeng} } @article {163, title = {Biological Screening of Tri-Jannarose as a Recipe from Thai Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {110-114}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Context: Tri-Jannarose (TJ) is a Thai traditional medicine recipe, the ingredients of which are betel palm seed (Areca catechu L.), Siamese neem tree root (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), and heart-leaved moonseed vines (Tinospora cordifolia [Thunb.] Miers). The equal mixture of three plants indicated to treatment of antipyretic, diuretic, expectorate, nourishment and appetizing. Aims: Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of TJ using different extractions were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The three plants of recipe were extracted using different solvents such as aqueous extract (ATJ), 50\% ethanolic extract (HETJ), and 95\% ethanolic extract (ETJ). The phytochemical screening was determined by total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid contents. The anti-oxidation were tested using by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2 -azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined for glucose transferase mechanism. Results: Phytochemical screening found that this recipe had both phenolic and flavonoid substances. The ETJ (IC50 = 0.0463 {\textpm} 0.002) was exerted on antioxidation higher than HETJ and ATJ (IC50 = 0.0511 {\textpm} 0.000 and 0.1485 {\textpm} 0.005 mg/mL). Surprisingly, ABTS+ assay, ETJ (IC50 = 0.015 {\textpm} 0.000 mg/mL), and HETJ (IC50 = 0.022 {\textpm} 0.000 mg/mL) showed high effect on free radical scavenging activity than the standard controls, ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.025 {\textpm} 0.001 mg/mL), and Trolox (IC50 = 0.032 {\textpm} 0.001 mg/mL). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity found that all of the extract including ATJ (IC50 = 0.0127{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL), ETJ (IC50 = 0.0154{\textpm}0.01 mg/mL) and ETJ (IC50 = 0.0202{\textpm}0.01 mg/mL) were more potent to inhibit α-glucosidase emzyme than acarbose (IC50 =0.745{\textpm}0.026 mg/mL) as a positive control. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical preliminary scarring was confirmed to treatment on Thai traditional medicine. The recipe composed with phenolic compounds and flavonoids contents which chemical substance were more potent anti-oxidation, and bittersweet flavor was stronger to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Phytochemical screening, Thai traditional medicine, Tri-Jannarose, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_178_18}, author = {Ladachart Taepongsorat and Ampa Konsue} } @article {183, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Carapa guianensis Aubl. Leaves: A Medicinal Plant Native from Brazilian Amazon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {333-338}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: Carapa guianensis Aubl., known as crabwood, has been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and for the treatment of flu and colds. Objective: The present study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic features of C. guianensis leaves. Materials and Methods: The leaves were investigated according to the World Health Organization guideline on the pharmacognostic specification, which comprised macroscopic and microscopic assessment, phytochemical screening, and physicochemical characterization of the leaves, besides the microscopic analysis of the powder. Results: Leaves were characterized as a compound, coriaceous with elliptic shape, entire margin, acuminate apex, obtuse base, and opposite phyllotaxis. The epidermis has straight periclinal and anticlinal walls. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in druses, anomocytic stomata just on a lower side (hypostomatic), and dorsiventral mesophyll. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, and steroids in the crude extract. The values of the physicochemical parameters such as total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and loss on drying are 7.16\%, 1.03\% and 7.93\%, respectively; the ethanol and water-soluble extractive values are 19.47\% and 15.97\%, respectively. Conclusion: The information obtained with botanical, physicochemical, and phytochemical studies could be used to identify C. guianensis and to certify the authenticity of commercial samples.

}, keywords = {Andiroba, Morphoanatomy, Phytochemical screening, Quality control, Rutin.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_41_19}, author = {T{\'a}ssio R{\^o}mulo Silva Ara{\'u}jo Luz and Jos{\'e} Antonio Costa Leite and Samara Ara{\'u}jo Bezerra and Ludmilla Santos Silva de Mesquita and Edilene Carvalho Gomes Ribeiro and Jos{\'e} Wilson Carvalho De Mesquita and Daniella Patr{\'\i}cia Brand{\~a}o Silveira and Maria Cristiane Aranha Brito and Cris{\'a}lida Machado Vilanova and Flavia Maria Mendon{\c c}a do Amaral and Denise Fernandes Coutinho} } @article {366, title = {Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities and Gas Chromatography{\textendash}Mass Spectrometry Profile of Salak (Salacca zalacca) Fruit Peel Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {385-390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Background: Salacca zalacca or better known as salak fruit is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, and it is traditionally used to treat diabetes. This study was aimed to investigate the salak peel extracts for their biological and chemical activities. Also, the chemical profile of the most promising extract was analysed on gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: The peel extracts were prepared by maceration process at room temperature with different ratio of ethanol/water. All the extracts were determined for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using α-glucosidase enzyme. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined through their Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The chemical constituents of salak peel extracts were analysed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC MS). Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid contents in all the extracts. About 100\% ethanol extract shows the highest phenolic content (116.70 {\textpm} 0.764 μg/mL) while 60\% ethanol extract has the lowest content 18.65 {\textpm} 1.155 μg/ml using gallic acid as a reference. 100\% ethanol extract was observed to exhibit highest radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50: 49.45 {\textpm} 3.87 μg/mL, 144.81 {\textpm} 3.72 μg AAE/g, IC50: 11.62 {\textpm} 0.67b μg/mL), respectively. Water extracts had the lowest FRAP, radical scavenging activity as well as α-glucosidase activity. The phytochemical investigation on GC-MS showed the presence of active compounds in salak fruit peel extracts. Conclusion: Salak fruit peels showed the highest antioxidant as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Phytochemical analysis on GC-MS confirms the presence of gallic acid, linoelaidic acid, palmitic acid, α-tocopherol, and steric acid which may contribute to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Phytochemical screening, Salak fruit, Total phenolic, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_7_18}, author = {Mohammed S. M. Saleh and Mohammad Jamshed Siddiqui and Siti Z. Mat So{\textquoteright}ad and Suganya Murugesu and Alfi Khatib and Mokhlesur M. Rahman} } @article {562, title = {Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Profiling in Methanolic and Ethyl-acetate Root and Stem Extract of Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell from Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s48-s52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s48}, abstract = {

Background: Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell (Molluginaceae), recently has moved to Lophiocarpaceae as per angiospermic plant group (APG) III system, is an annual or short-lived, dwarf, glabrous subshrub, prefers to grow on rocky places and on sand-stones in dry, hot areas of Rajasthan. This is the potential plant with medicinal properties. Vegetative organs under study show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, and antinociception activity. Objective: This study was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents present in the methanolic and ethyl-acetate extract of root and stem of C. decumbens by GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Powdered test samples were sequentially extracted with methanol and ethyl-acetate. The compounds obtained as a result of GC-MS screening were identified on the basis of their retention time, peak area and compared with that of literature available and by interpretation of mass spectra. Results: GC-MS analysis of a methanolic extract of root detected mome-inositol (49.53\%), guanosine (20.91\%), and cis-vaccenic acid (9.25\%). While ethyl-acetate extract of root analyzed pentadecanoic acid (17.91\%), octadecanoic acid (15.01\%) and cis-vaccenic acid (12.04\%). Methanolic extract of stem detected mome-inositol (75.47\%), pentadecanoic acid (6.04\%), and 7-tetradecenal, (Z) (4.54\%) while ethyl-acetate extract of stem revealed the presence of 1-heptacosanol (17.35\%), hexadecanoic acid (17.17\%), and octadecanal (12.64\%). Conclusion: The results suggest that C. decumbens (Forssk.) Exell is a plant of potential medicinal value, yielding various bioactive compounds that confirm the application of this plant as a plant-based drug in pharmacy-industry.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Corbichonia decumbens, Gas chromatography mass spectrometry screening, Lophiocarpaceae, Phytochemical screening, Retention time}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_62_17}, author = {Sunita Arora and Manju Saini} } @article {702, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Lactuca runcinata DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {December,2013}, pages = {58-61}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: The presence of phytochemical constitutes has been reported from species of the Compositae (Asteraceae). Hitherto no reports exist on the phytochemical components and biological activity of Lactuca runcinata DC. Objective: The present study was designed to determine the bioactive compounds in the whole plant methanol extract of Lactuca runcinata. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening of the entire herb of Lactuca runcinata DC revealed the presence of some bio-active components. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the whole plant methanol extract of Lactuca runcinata was performed on a GC-MS equipment (Thermo Scientific Co.) Thermo GC-TRACE ultra ver.: 5.0, Thermo MS DSQ II. Results: The phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, phlobatannin, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, volatile oils, carbohydrates, and protein/amino acids in methanolic extract of L. runcinata. The GC-MS analysis has shown the presence of different phytochemical compounds in the methanolic extract of Lactuca runcinata. A total of 21 compounds were identified representing 84.49\% of total methanolic extract composition. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that Lactuca runcinata contains various phytocomponents and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {GC-MS Analysis, Lactuca runcinata, Phytochemical screening, Whole plant methanol extract}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.122919}, author = {Lakshmi Kanta Kanthal and Akalanka Dey and K Satyavathi and P Bhojaraju} }