@article {1429, title = {An Insight into the Therapeutic Value of Dillenia indica Linn: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {689-696}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Dillenia indica Linn. is an evergreen tree belonging to the Dilleniaceae family, primarily found in the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan areas. The fruits of this plant are sour and are used as flavouring agents in cuisine. The leaves, fruit, flowers, roots, stems, barks and woods of the plant are rich in diverse chemical constituents and used traditionally for their medicinal properties. Dillenia indica is traditionally used in Assam, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and other states of India in the management of cough, hair loss, abdominal pain, hair dandruff, fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, weakness, flatulence, jaundice, fatigue, astringent, asthma and cholera. The plant has also been investigated scientifically for the treatment of different disorders like diabetes mellitus, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, microbial infection, diarrhoea, constipation, skin infection, dandruff, hair loss, respiratory diseases, kidney diseases, cardiotonic, Central Nervous System (CNS) problems, cancer, analgesia, parasite infection, liver diseases. The plant is a rich source of different flavonoids, triterpene, steroids and tannins such as malic acid, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotene, glycoside, dillenetin, betunaldehyde, betulinic acid, lupeol, β-sitosterol, saponins, proteins, free amino acids, fixed oil, dihydro-isorhamnetin, myricetin, naringenin, rhamnetin etc. Dillenia indica fruit is a rich source of vitamin C, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, amino acids, glucose, minerals and crude fibre, which is attributed to the nutritional properties of the plant. Traditionally, Dillenia indica fruits are used to prepare pickles, curries, jellies, jams, juices and chutneys, making it an integral part of regional cuisine. This paper explores the therapeutic potential and bioactive components of Dillenia indica and underscores its importance in the management of human health.

}, keywords = {Dillenia indica, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemical, Traditional Value}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252088}, author = {Salema Khatun and Saikat Sen} } @article {1374, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Borassus flabellifer L. Sprouts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {272-276}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Background: Various plant parts are utilized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic capabilities. Borassus flabellifer is popularly referred to as double palm, Palmyra palm, or toddy palm. The tree{\textquoteright}s young roots have been utilized to serve as anti-parasitic and diuretic and root decoction serves to treat gastritis and respiratory conditions. Objectives: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Borassus flabellifer sprouts, the quantification of phenol and flavonoid in petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Borassus flabellifer sprouts. Also, to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Borassus flabellifer sprouts. Materials and Methods: To find important phytoconstituents, freshly made plant extracts were put through both quantitative as well as qualitative phytochemical screening procedures. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay to assess various extracts. Results: Numerous phytochemicals, including alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, coumarins and saponins are found in various B. flabellifer extractions. The largest quantity of phenol is found in aqueous extracts, also the highest concentration of flavonoids is found in aqueous extracts of B. flabellifer. In vitro, B. flabellifer ethanol extracts had noticeably higher antioxidant activity than other extracts. Conclusion: Nevertheless, presence of several phytochemicals gave all plant extracts antioxidant properties. The latest study makes it easier for researchers to find and separate novel bioactive substances wit

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Borassus flabellifer, Phytochemical, radical scavenging, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252040}, author = {Agna Cheruvathoor Shaju and Archana Dasan and Nandana Arikanniyoor Vineethan and Shibla Nargees and Steji Francis and Anu Chalakkal Benny and Sheeja Thomas Tharakan} } @article {1383, title = {Standardization and GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemicals in Coccinia indica (Wight and Arn.) Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {507-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Background: Coccinia indica, commonly known as the ivy gourd, is traditionally utilized for its diverse medicinal properties. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to standardize and evaluate the fruits of Coccinia indica by identifying the phytochemicals using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Standard methodologies were used for the standardization, including macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical evaluations and phytochemical screening. Additionally, GC-MS analysis was performed to identify key components in the plant extract and its fractions. Results: The T.S. of the fruits of C. indica showed a single epicarp, mesocarp and several fibro-vascular bundles, while the T.S. of the seed revealed the presence of a testa, tegmen, embryo, starch grains and several oil globules. The main findings were as follows: total ash 16.52{\textpm}0.13\% w/w, water-soluble ash 11.35{\textpm}0.12\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 1.45{\textpm}0.06\% w/w, water-soluble extractive value 18.45{\textpm}0.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive value 8.80{\textpm}0.11\% w/w, moisture content 7.33{\textpm}0.08\% w/w and the pH of the aqueous extract was 5.63{\textpm}0.07 (1\% w/v) and 5.79{\textpm}0.09 (10\% w/v). Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics and terpenoids. GC-MS analysis identified more than forty notable chemicals in the methanol extract and fractions of chloroform and hexane. Conclusion: This study provides key insights into the standardization of C. indica fruits and identifies 43 major secondary metabolites through GC-MS analysis. Notable compounds include taraxerone, squalene, lupeol and piperine, all with potential therapeutic benefits. Moreover, the choice of solvent for extraction and fractionation significantly influenced the phytochemical profile and concentrations.

}, keywords = {Coccinia indica, Evaluation, GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical, Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251942}, author = {Shadab Alam and Mohammad Irfan Khan and Badruddeen B and Juber Akhtar and Mohammad Ahmad and Mohammad Dabeer Ahmad} } @article {1227, title = {Anti-Bacterial Attributes of Phytochemicals from Bougainvillaea spectabilis: Computational Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {384-390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Background: The escalating issue of antibiotic resistance has spurred research into alternative antimicrobial agents, including phytochemicals from various plant sources. Bougainvillaea spectabilis, a plant renowned for its medicinal properties, is attracting attention for its potential antibacterial attributes. Materials and Methods: This study employs a computational approach to investigate the antibacterial potential of B. spectabilis phytochemical compounds derived from OSADHI and IMPPAT databases. Using advanced computational tools, we systematically screened and analyzed the phytochemical constituents of B. spectabilis for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth. An effective drug like phytochemicals screened by SwissADME and its target was identified. The molecular structure of quercetin was subjected to virtual docking experiments with bacterial target protein, single strand DNA binding protein. The binding affinity and interaction were assessed to predict the likelihood of antibacterial activity. To predict the possibility of antibacterial activity, the binding affinity and interaction were evaluated. Results: Several phytochemicals with antibacterial properties were discovered in our study. The binding affinity of quercetin was -6.81 kcal/mol, and it performs critical roles in bacterial growth and survival. This computational analysis sheds light on the possible antibacterial effects of phytochemicals derived from B. spectabilis. The results demonstrated additional experimental validation as well as the synthesis of novel antibacterial agents obtained from natural sources. Conclusion: This research contributes to ongoing efforts to prevent antibiotic resistance and lays the path for the identification of novel therapeutic alternatives to address bacterial infections by leveraging the power of computational tools.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bougainvillaea spectabilis, Phytochemical, Quercetin, Single-stranded DNA binding protein.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.48}, author = {Ravikumar P.M and Pratheep Thangaraj} } @article {1269, title = {HPTLC, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) Seeds with Special Reference to its Ethnopharmacological Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {581-587}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

Background: Kodo millet, botanically (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) is one among the minor millets cultivated mostly in Asian and African continents. Dr. M.S Swaminathan, father of Indian green revolution called all millets as orphan{\textquoteright}s food. Moreover, most of these millets including Kodo millets have been in use since antiquity by the indigenous communities across the globe for medicinal purpose also. Ayurvedic science also indicates Kodo millet in the management of conditions like diarrhoeal disorders, wound, poison, bleeding disorders, Obesity, Ascitis. In the scenario of escalating significance of millets in light of the United Nations General Assembly{\textquoteright}s declaration of 2023 as "The International Year of Millets," a scientific analysis of Kodo millet is urgently needed in order to standardize and ensure its quality. Objectives: For the purpose of standardizing Kodo Millet seeds, HPTLC, physico-chemical and phytochemical analyses were carried out. Review of literature of its ethnopharmacological uses was also done, because its documentation is essential for creating awareness among the public and scientific community. Materials and Methods: HPTLC and physico-chemical analysis of Kodo millet seed were conducted. Alcoholic extraction (reflux) of seed powder was done for phytochemical analysis. The best fingerprint for HPTLC analysis was obtained using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid as the mobile phase (5:7:3:0.1). Review of literature of its ethnopharmacology was conducted by searching indexed journals and books. Results and Conclusion: Physicochemical analysis revealed identity and purity of Kodo millet grains. Proteins, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids were found to be the phytochemicals present in it. The peaks in the HPTLC fingerprint profile correlate to its different phytoconstituents and can be utilized to standardize the drug. Ethnopharmacological review revealed its use in many conditions like Diabetes mellitus, wound healing, bowel cleansing and inflammation. Moreover, it is even used in treating veterinary diseases like Ranikhet disease in poultry and Tympanic disease of cattle.

}, keywords = {Ethnopharmacology, HPTLC, Kodo Millet, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.69}, author = {Sinimol Thekkekkoottumughath Peethambaran and Sree Deepthi GN and Soumya MC and Sreenidhi Varma and Natarajan M} } @article {1293, title = {Investigating Dioscorea polystachya Starch as a Pharmaceutical Excipient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {784-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {784}, abstract = {

Background: Dioscorea polystachya (DP) starch, a low-cost, abundant, renewable and degradable starch, is being explored as a potential pharmaceutical excipient for drug formulation. Objectives: This study aimed to explore and isolate starch from Dioscorea polystachya and evaluate the excipients{\textquoteright} properties.Materials and Methods: To study the phytochemical, physicochemical, morphological, rheological and emulsifying properties.Results: The isolated matter yields 40.5\% starch from its dry weight of tubers and contains carbohydrates, moisture, lipids, nitrogen and various minerals. DP starch has 22.58{\textpm}0.22\% amylose and exhibits a non-Newtonian flow behaviour. The emulsifying capacity improved with the increasing starch concentration and provided significant emulsion stability through different oil ratios to polysaccharide solution. It showed an excellent foaming ability; however, foam stability gradually reduced over time .Conclusion: These findings indicate that Dioscorea polystachya starch provides significant excipient properties so that it could be used as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry.

}, keywords = {Dioscorea polystachya, Excipient, Pharmaceutical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Starch}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.90}, author = {Vijayan Venugopal and Jaiganesh Krishnan and Lim Hui Feng and Ang Li Ni and Venkates Kumar and Gunasunderi Raju} } @article {1230, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Morinda pubescence Extract as Potential Agent for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s and Diabetes Mellitus Dual Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {254-263}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {254}, abstract = {

Background: Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that metabolic disturbances associated with the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are recognized to be linked with brain atrophy as well as the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD). Therefore, development of multi-targeted agents found to be one of the best options to combat co-occurring disorders like DM and AD concurrently. These enthused us to investigate the potency of M. pubescence against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), α-Glucosidase and β-Glucosidase enzymes, important pathological targets of AD and DM. Objectives: In this study, methanolic extract (MPM) and its derived fractions of Morinda pubescence were assessed for their capacities to inhibit target enzymes AChE, BuChE and α- and β- glucosidases and the active fraction was also screened for its phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract (MPM) and chloroform fraction (MPC) were evaluated for their inhibitory capacities against AChE and BuChE, and α- and β-glucosidases besides kinetic analysis of inhibition using methods of Elmann and Shibano, respectively. Antioxidant ability was estimated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotective abilities were tested by the MTT assay using human nueroblastoma cell lines. Phytochemical screening was done with the aid of spectrophotometric methods. Results: The MPC of titled plant had prominent inhibitory potencies against AChE, BuChE, α- and β-glucosidase enzymes. Kinetic study inferred the pattern of inhibition as mixed. Significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were found for MPC (86.95{\textpm}1.9 mg TE/g and 3.6{\textpm}0.1mg AAE/g). In MTT assay, the active MPC fraction disclosed remarkable cell viability and neuroprotective abilities in SK-N-SH cells. Phytochemical profiling showed that the fraction MPC had highest amount of flavonoids (41.9{\textpm}1.8 mg RE/g dry matter) and phenolics (85.5{\textpm}0.98 mg GAE/g dry matter) and had the significant impact on enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The results provided valuable evidence for the potential of chloroform fractions of methanolic extract of M. pubescence as prospective material for further development of multifunctional agents to control both Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) simultaneously.

}, keywords = {Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Morinda pubescence, Neuroprotective., Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.32}, author = {Raveendra Babu Zinka and Mohan Penumala and Jeelan Basha Shaik and Yelamanda Rao Kandrakonda and Sree Lakshmi Mothukuru and Verri Krishna Priya and Siddhartha Eadlapalli and Ramakrishna Vadde and Gangaiah Damu Amooru} } @article {1231, title = {Tinospora cordifolia: An Optimistic Herb for Comprehensive Gesundheit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {219-229}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {219}, abstract = {

The necessity for wellness and good habits that boost resistance to illness has come to light due to worries about possible health concerns. Because they are harmless, biologically active polysaccharides derived from plants are excellent substitutes for treating various illnesses. Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers, an evergreen perennial climber, is known as "guduchi." This plant, which is dioecious and deciduous, is a member of the Menispermaceae family. In the Indian medical system, a plant named Rasayana is incredibly beneficial. Different extraction and purification techniques have been used to separate and characterise the polysaccharides from Tinospora cordifolia. In addition to hot-water extraction, other state-of-the-art techniques are used to extract the polysaccharides from T. cordifolia, such as Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE), pulsed electric field, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. The modern healthcare system has also recognised its efficacy. The stem of the plant may be used medicinally. Because the stems contain more alkaloids than the leaves, the entire plant is utilised medicinally. This plant also offers many other benefits, including immunomodulation, hypoglycemia, antioxidants, anti-hyperglycemia, allergies, inflammation, and diabetic mellitus. Most of the plant{\textquoteright}s chemical makeup comprises alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, aliphatic, diterpenoid lactones, and other unidentified evidence. This study highlights the many traditional and ethnobotanical uses of T. cordifolia and the countless pharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical literature written about the plant.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotanical, Guduchi, Pharmacological., Phytochemical, Polysaccharides, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.28}, author = {Snehangshu Gupta and Annammadevi G.S and Sourav Nag and Reshmi Paul and Sumanta Mondal} } @article {1198, title = {Exploring Phytochemicals and Anti-bacterial Properties of Bougainvillea glabra: A Systematic Review with an in silico Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {34-41}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Background: Anti-microbial resistance is a major global hazard to human health, which is exacerbated by high costs and low returns associated with bringing new antibiotics to market. Plants have a diverse array of bioactive secondary metabolites, representing an exciting new option for drug discovery. Materials and Methods: We used a systemic review of the phytochemical composition of Bougainvillaea glabra flower extracts and computational analysis of its antibacterial activity. SwissADME and STRING are used to identify effective medications like phytochemicals and their targets. Results: Totally 36 bioactive compounds were identified in B. glabra among the 467 investigations. We used SwissADME to test these compounds for possible drug-like properties and to find their specific target. The N-(1-Deoxy-1-fructosyl) phenylalanine was virtual docked with a bacterial target protein, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. We examined binding affinity and interactions in these models to estimate their anti-bacterial potential. The in silico study found solid evidence for specific phytochemicals anti-microbial activities. Notably, quercetin had a binding affinity of -7.83 and was crucial in inhibiting the translational process of protein synthesis. Conclusion: This computational investigation gives information on the potential anti-bacterial properties of phytochemicals produced from B. glabra. Our findings not only call for additional testing but also point to the possibility of synthesising novel anti-bacterial drugs derived from nature. This study helps the ongoing battle against antibiotic resistance by clearing the path for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives to combat bacterial infections through the use of computational approaches.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial activity, Bougainvillaea glabra, N-(1-Deoxy-1-fructosyl) phenylalanine, Phytochemical, Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.5}, author = {P. M. Ravikumar and Pratheep Thangaraj} } @article {1207, title = {HPTLC, Physico-chemical, Phytochemical, Macroscopic, Microscopic Analysis of Seeds of a Nutri Cereal-Finger Millet/Ragi [(Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {118-122}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Finger Millet/Ragi [(Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.], an important nutri cereal/ millet is being cultivated in various regions across the globe. The largest cultivating continents are Asia and Africa. In this scenario of mounting importance to millets/nutri cereals as the U.N General Assembly announced {\textquoteleft}The International Year of Millets 2023{\textquoteright}, there was an urgent need for analysing this drug scientifically, for the purpose of standardisation and quality control. Objectives: HPTLC, physico-chemical, phytochemical, macroscopic, microscopic analysis of seeds of Finger Millet were conducted for standardization. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopic analysis (Anatomical and Powder Microscopy), and physico-chemical analysis of powder of seeds/grains of Finger millet were done. For, phytochemical analysis, alcoholic extraction (reflux) was performed in the powder of the drug. For HPTLC analysis, the best fingerprint was obtained in with Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5: 3: 0.1) as mobile phase. Results: In anatomical study, unique 5-layered testa, starchy endosperm, and single aleurone layer were identified. Physicochemical analysis revealed identity and purity of Ragi. Terpenoids, quinines, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins and glycosides were identified as the constituent phytochemicals. The fingerprint profile of HPTLC exhibited many peaks which correspond to the various phytoconstituents present in Ragi. Conclusion: The results of the study will be beneficial in identifying Finger millet as the whole drug or in powder form, and thus standardising the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Finger Millet, HPTLC, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.14}, author = {Sinimol Thekkekkoottumughath Peethambaran and Soumya Mohanan Chandrika and Sree Deepthi Girija Nalinakshan and Meghna Pooleriveettil Padikkal and Reena Viswam Lilly and Neethu Kannan Bhagyanathan and Ghanthikumar Subramanian} } @article {1113, title = {Physicochemical, Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Terminalia catappa Kernel Oil in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {119-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia catappa Linn. is an ornamental tree belonging to the family Combretaceae. This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity profile and antioxidant activity of the oil. Materials and Methods: Oral acute and sub-acute toxicity were studied in mice using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH free radical. Results: Terminalia catappa seed oil demonstrated antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH free radical with IC50 of 1.425 mg/mL while tannic acid (standard) was 5.005 mg/mL. The oral LD50 of the oil in mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg. The sub-acute toxicity study, produced no significant difference in the weight and biochemical parameters in treated animals compared to the control. Conclusion: The oil was also non-toxic to the liver, kidney, heart and lungs on histopathological examination. Our results indicated that Terminalia catappa seed oil is not toxic and contains beneficial phytochemical that demonstrated antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Phytochemical, Terminalia catappa, Toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/097484900304}, author = {Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu and Chinenye Jane Ugwah-Oguejiofor and G{\"o}ksu Oduncuo{\u g}lu and Solomon Gamde Matthias} } @article {1180, title = {Phytochemical Crosstalk in Indian Gooseberry Preparation to Explain Therapeutic Potentials of Dietary Supplements}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {716-726}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Background: The therapeutic properties of phytochemicals found in medicinal plants, as well as in dietary plants and herbs, have had a significant impact on the development of several herbal remedies for a range of ailments. Amalaki churna, a well-known ayurvedic composition, has been traditionally used to treat a number of disorders and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties, among others. The presence of large number of phytochemicals in this ayurvedic formulation seems to be responsible for its diverse actions. However, little is known about the precise molecular interaction between phytochemicals and their protein targets. This study puts forward a methodical and structured approach to determine the targets for the phytochemicals recovered from the aqueous extract of Amalaki churna and to establish the phytochemical-protein cross talk occurring at the molecular level. Materials and Methods: Various phytochemicals were identified from AMCAE using spectroscopic techniques such as HPLC, NMR (1H, 13C, and 2D NMR), and UPLC-MS analysis. The phytochemical-protein cross talk was discovered utilizing network-based pharmacology, with phytochemicals serving as core nodes. Seven hub proteins were considered most important from the string network of the protein targets using variable parameters such as Degree Centrality (DCY), Closeness Centrality (CCY) and Betweenness Centrality (BCY). Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were carried out to ascertain the stability of the best docked phytochemical-protein complexes. The in silico findings were further validated using c-Src kinase protein as a model. Results: In this study, we have fractionated and identified 8 phytochemicals from Amalaki churna. We were able to find a total of 387 protein targets from the Drug bank and Binding DB by using structural similarity search. A network with 273 nodes and 417 edges that was acquired from Drug Bank demonstrated the substantial cross talk between phytochemicals and their protein targets. In a similar manner, phytochemical similarity search from Binding data bank resulted in a protein-phytochemical network with 143 nodes and 275 edges. Further, seven hub proteins with most interconnectedness were selected as the top most protein targets of the phytochemicals. Molecular modelling and docking experiments show that phytochemicals fit well into the target proteins{\textquoteright} active sites. Molecular dynamic studies were used to further demonstrate the durability and stability of the protein phytochemical complexes. Phytochemicals were also shown to alter cell cycle regulation, disrupt cell survival pathways, limit cell migratory capacity, and induce apoptosis. The disruption of many cellular pathways was demonstrated using c-Src kinase as a model, in which down-regulation of the tyrosine kinase by phytochemicals led in the disruption of its downstream proteins such as Akt1, cyclin D1 and vimentin. Conclusion: Network analysis, followed by molecular docking, molecular dynamics modelling, and in vitro studies, clearly underline the importance of protein-phytochemical cross-talk.

}, keywords = {Amalaki churna, Molecular dynamics, Network pharmacology, Phytochemical, Protein enrichment}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.076}, author = {Md Rafi Uz Zama Khan and Vishal Trivedi} } @article {1188, title = {Phytochemical Screening, in vitro Anti-bacterial, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Solanum virginianum L. Aerial Vegetative Parts Extracted in Four Solvents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum virginianum is a key component of Ayurveda{\textquoteright}s "Dasmul Asava," used to treat inflammation, respiratory, and gastric problems. Being a repository of countless bioactive compounds, the plant is well known for its traditional medicinal value. Modern pharmacological properties like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory have also claimed its traditional uses. Objectives: The current research was designed to perform a comparative assessment of in vitro anti-bacterial, and antioxidant potential as well as the phytoconstituents make up of plant extracts prepared in four solvents. Materials and Methods: Freshly prepared plant extracts were subjected to standard qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening protocols to identify significant phytocompounds. Different functional groups and chemical entities in plant extracts, were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. Anti-bacterial potential was assessed using disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assay. DPPH decolorization assay was adopted to determine free radical scavenging potential of plant extracts. Results: Methanolic plant extract exhibited highest number of total phenols and flavonoids. Plant extracts were also found to be effective against some ampicillin-resistant bacterial strains. Methanolic extract showed highest DPPH scavenging ability comparable to ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Although all plant extracts were endowed with good antioxidant and anti-bacterial activity but methanolic extract was found to be more potent free radical scavenger and anti-bacterial agent as it possessed appreciable levels of phenols and flavonoids. The current research could facilitate researchers to identify and isolate new bioactive compounds of medicinal importance and their predicted mode of action against various biological activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, FTIR, Phytochemical, Solanum virginianum}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.084}, author = {Preety Rohilla and Ashmita Chhikara and Pushpa Dahiya} } @article {993, title = {In-silico Molecular Docking Studies of some Isolated Phytochemicals from Biophytum veldkampii against Cyclooxygenase-II Enzyme and in vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {192-198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: The current study estimate the anti-inflammatory activity of whole plant of Biophytum veldkampii on carageenan induced inflammation on rats compiled by molecular docking studies of phytocompounds from the plants with Cyclooxygenase II (PDB ID: 3LN1). Methods: In this research Biophytum veldkampii was subjected to extraction using methanol. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using carageenan induced inflammation on rats and in-silico molecular docking studies was performed by using of Autodock 4.0. Results: The outcomes revealed that the methanolic extract has most prominenant anti-inflammatory activity at various doses. Among all the substances 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone revealed the most effective docking rating of -6.8, which is near to Diclofenac, i.e. - 6.9, ensuring that 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone has a strong binding fondness in between protein and ligand. Conclusion: From the results, a conclusion can be drawn that the anti-inflammatory activity of Biophytum veldkampii in both in vivo and in silico methods. This information sustains 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone to be a useful anti-inflammatory compound beneficial to future clinical studies.

}, keywords = {2, 3{\textquoteright}, 4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2 benzylcoumaranone, 6, Autodock4.0, Carageenan, Cyclooxygenase II, In-silico, Inflammation, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.11}, author = {Nagaraju Bandaru and D.S.N.B.K Prasanth and A.Rajasekhar Reddy and G.S.N Koteswara Rao and Kumar V.S Nemmani and Alla Narayana Rao} } @article {987, title = {Phytochemical and GC-MS Analysis of Hydro Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ocimum sanctum (L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {233-237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Background: The pharmacological efficiency of herbal drugs has shown to be effective as conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Preliminary screening of herbal extracts helps in analysing the bioactive compounds present. Ocimum sanctum, the queen of herbs keeps a spiritual importance in Indian culture and have important place in traditional medicinal system of India. Objectives: The present study was implement to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract of O. sanctum to determine the phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Leaves collected were dried, crushed and mixed with ethanol and water and further applied for extract preparation. The prepare extract was used for phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. Results: In qualitative phytochemical analysis tannins, carbohydrate, quinine, anthraquinones, coumarins, phlobatanins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, diterpenes, phenols were found present while GC-MS analysis showed Eugenol, Cyclohexane, bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene, Oxatricyclo[ 8.2.0.0(4,6)]dodecane,,12-trimethyl-9-methylene, Tetracontane, Phytol were present in majority. Conclusion: The study concluded that O. sanctum leaf extracts contain many biological active compounds which could be exploited for a development of plant based drug.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, GC-MS Analysis, Herbal drugs, Phenolics, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.16}, author = {Atul Srivastava and Subhashini and Anand Kumar Keshari and Ragini Srivastava} } @article {171, title = {Comparative Botanical and Phytochemical Studies of Ambiguous Medicinal Plant Species of Wedelia and Eclipta (Fam. Asteraceae) Used in ASU Systems of Medicine with Special Reference to in-silico Screening of Hepatoprotective Potential of Marker Wedelolacto}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {285-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Context: In traditional medicine, Kesaraja (Ayurveda) or Manjal karisali (Siddha) is effective for jaundice. Aim: Three species of Asteraceae need to be studied for their therapeutic superiority of their intended claim. They are Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp J., Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae). The present study aimed to screen and characterize the potential species for therapeutic purpose. Materials and Methods: The whole plants, W. chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp J., W. trilobata (L.) Hitchc. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) (Asteraceae) were collected and botanically identified. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography finger printing with marker wedelolactone were done for the ethanolic extracts of these plants. Botanical and pharmacognostical diagnostic characters of the plants based on macro-morphological, micro-morphological and powder microscopical characterization were worked out. Comparative in-vitro antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts of these plant species was carried out. Using ADMET SAR software, the pharmacokinetics of wedelolactone were predicted. Using Autodock 4.2 software, the binding energy of wedelolactone on targets of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity namely PPAR-α, AMPK, JNK-1, EGFR, Nrf2, ALT, ALP, GGT, CAR, Frizzled receptor, FXR, ERK1, LXR, mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase, p53, mTOR C1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, 5-lipoxygenase, thrombin, UCP1, GSK1, RXR and PXR was predicted. Results: All the three plant species were pharmacognostically and chemically different. W. chinensis was found to possess more antioxidant potential than the other two plants. The marker compound wedelolactone was not detected in W. trilobata. Wedelolactone passed the Lipinski{\textquoteleft}s rule of five, and the docking analysis of wedelolactone confirmed high binding affinity toward PPAR-α, AMPK, Nrf2, CYP2E1, EGFR, JNK1, UCP-2, thrombin, 5-lipoxygenase, mTORC1, RXR, FXR, LXR, Frizzled receptor, GDH and Erk-1. Conclusion: Based on the above observations, we conclude that the presence of marker compound wedelolactone might have attributed the potency of W. chinensis and E. prostrata in counteracting acetaminophen toxicity when compared with W. trilobata.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurveda, Botany, Docking, Eclipta prostrata, High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Macro-morphological, Micro-morphological, Phytochemical, Powder microscopy, Siddha, Wedelia chinensis, Wedelia trilobata, Wedelolactone}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_11_20}, author = {C Arunachalam and R Arunadevi and S Murugammal and N Monika and R Susila and S N Sunil Kumar} } @article {237, title = {Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Lauridia tetragona (L.F) R.H. Archer: A Medicinal Plant Used for the Management of Dysentery in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {134-139}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {134}, abstract = {

Objective: The present investigation evaluated the in vitro phytochemical and antimicrobial potential of the methanol and acetone leaf extracts of Lauridia tetragona (L.F), a plant consumed as a herb in South Africa. Materials and Methods: Spectrophotometry assays using Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and vanillin{\textendash}hydrochloric acid were used for the determination of phenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts, respectively. The agar dilution technique was used for the antimicrobial evaluation. The inhibitory activity of the extracts was tested on five Gram-negative and five Gram-positive bacteria and four fungi. Results: The methanol extract had a higher phenol (54.87 {\textpm} 4.01 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g) and proanthocyanidin (78.55 {\textpm} 0.83 mg catechin equivalent [CE]/g) content than the acetone extracts with 45.27 {\textpm} 3.93 mg GAE/g and 63.54 {\textpm} 1.67 mg CE/g, respectively. The acetone extract, however, had higher flavonoid content (462.45 {\textpm} 1.93 mg quercetin equivalent [QE]/g) than the methanol extract (412.20 {\textpm} 3.85 mg QE/g). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibacterial assay ranged from 2.5 to 5 mg/mL. All the bacteria except Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to the acetone extract. Five bacteria, three Gram positive and two Gram negative, were resistant while the remaining five were susceptible to the methanol extract. Conversely, all the fungi tested were susceptible to both extracts with a MIC which ranged from 0.63 to 10 mg/mL. Conclusion: The results obtained revealed that Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi showed some degree of susceptibility to the plant extracts. This gives an indication of broad-spectrum activity exhibited by the crude extracts of L. tetragona and supports its ethnomedicinal usage.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Celastraceae, Dysentery, Lauridia tetragona, Phytochemical, Spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_41_18}, author = {Olubunmi Abosede Wintola and Anthony Jide Afolayan} } @article {279, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activity of Five Peruvian Plants on Human Tumor Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {161-165}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is considered a serious public health problem in the world; searching alternative treatments of medicinal plants constitute a promissory field to find new anticancer drugs. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical screening, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity of ethanol extracts of Waltheria ovata (WO), Piper aduncum (PA), Myrciaria dubia (MD), Physalis peruviana (PP), and Geranium dielsianum (GD) on human tumor cell lines. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was assessed using chemical reactives. TPC was developed using Folin Ciocalteu reactive, and the antioxidant activity was determined against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals by spectrophotometry. The cytotoxic activity was determined on human tumor cell lines followed as: MCF-7, H-460, HT-29, M-14, K-562, and DU-145. Results: Phytochemical study confirmed flavonoids and phenolic compounds in all extracts. TPC was found to be the highest in WO extract (1250 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract) rather than other extracts. The highest antioxidant activity was stablished in WO extract for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests (inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 0.89 {\textpm} 0.01 μg/mL, IC50 = 4.20 {\textpm} 1.50 μg/mL). Ethanolic extracts (μg/mL) showed low cytotoxicity on human tumor cell lines (CI50 \>20 μg/mL) for PA, PP, GD, MD. Meanwhile, WO presented cytotoxicity on H460, MCF-7, and K562 tumor cell lines. Conclusion: In our findings, WO and MD extracts revealed a high antioxidant and TPC. WO exhibited better cytotoxic effect compared with 5-FU. Hence, these medicinal plants could be effective to prevent cancer disease and oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Cancer, cytotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_109_17}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Corina Alvarado-Puray and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Rita Valenzuela-Herrera} } @article {453, title = {Antioxidant and Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species/Reactive Nitrogen Species Scavenging Activities of Three Porcupine Bezoars from Hystrix brachyura}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {366-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Porcupine dates are phytobezoar stones that are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatments against cancer, postsurgical recovery, dengue fever, etc. The medicinal values have not been scientifically investigated due to the availability and high pricing of the dates. Objectives: This paper represents the first report on the phytochemical content, in vitro antioxidant and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging properties of the extracts of three porcupine dates: grassy date (GD), black date (BD), and powdery date (PD). Materials and Methods: Dried samples were extracted with methanol and lyophilized. Samples were screened for phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant assays based on total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging, and ferric reducing power (FRP) as well as intracellular ROS and RNS scavenging properties. Results: Phytochemical screening and total tannins assay revealed that tannins, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids were found in all porcupine dates with tannins forming the major portion of the TPC. In comparison to GD, BD and PD were found to contain significantly high TPC, radical scavenging activity, and FRP. At 200 {\textmu}g/ml, BD and PD remarkably scavenged 2, 2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced ROS in RAW264.7 cells and significantly reduced nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. Conclusion: Overall, BD and PD exhibited promising in vitro antioxidant as well as intracellular ROS/RNS scavenging properties.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Oxidative stress, Phytochemical, Porcupine date, Traditional Chinese Medicine}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_145_16}, author = {Peng Nian Yew and Wai Leng Lee and Yau Yan Lim} } @article {373, title = {Minerals salt composition and secondary metabolites of Euphorbia hirta Linn., an antihyperglycemic plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {7-13}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Phytochemical study and research on acute toxicity were performed on the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Euphorbia hirta Linn. The phytochemical screening and chromatography revealed the presence of saponin, sterol, terpene, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids and especially mucilage. The evaluation of total polyphenols and total flavonoids gave 120.97 {\textpm} 7.07 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mg/g (mg of GAE/g of extract) of dry extract and 41.4 {\textpm} 0.5 mg quercetin equivalent per gram (QE/g) (mg of QE/g of plant extract) of dry extract respectively. The physicochemical study revealed moisture content of 7.73\% {\textpm} 0.00\%, total ash 7.48\% {\textpm} 0.03\%. Sulfuric ash 9.05\% {\textpm} 0.01\%, hydrochloric acid insoluble ash of 0.8\% {\textpm} 0.02\%. The search for minerals salt revealed the presence of Cr, Zn, K, Ca and Mg having an important role in glucose metabolism. The acute toxicity study showed that the toxic dose may be above 3000 mg/kg. The results of these studies indicate that extracts from the leaves and stem of E. hirta Linn. contains trace elements and minerals salt and bioactive secondary metabolites which explain their therapeutic uses for treating diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia hirta Linn, Mineral salt, Phytochemical, Trace elements.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147131}, author = {N{\textquoteright}Guessan Bra Yvette Fofie and Rokia Sanogo and Kiyinlma Coulibaly and Di{\'e}n{\'e}ba Kone-Bamba} } @article {643, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening of Sesuvium Portulacastrum in the United Arab Emirates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {October ,2012}, pages = {219-224}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {219}, abstract = {

Background: The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum. Materials and Methods: Three extracts of S. portulacastrum obtained by extraction in aqueous, ethanolic and dichloromethane solvents, respectively, were compared for their antimicrobial activity and ethanolic extract further subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to find out the nature of the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activities were assessed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Results: Compared to the aqueous and dichloromethane extract, the ethanolic extract showed better antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, indicating its potential application related to noscomial infections. GC-MS results revealed 22, 23-Dihydrostigmasterol, Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-(Gallic acid), (2R,3R)-(-)-Epicatechin and Capsaicin in the ethanolic extract to be the molecules responsible for the antimicrobial activity of S. portulacastrum. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on analysis of antimicrobial components from S. portulacastrum in United Arab Emirates (UAE), and our results confer the utility of this plant extract in developing a novel broad spectrum antimicrobial agent.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Phytochemical, Sesuvium portulacastrum}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.102269}, author = {Amad Al-Azzawi and Alyaa Alguboori and Mahmoud Y Hachim and M Najat and A Al Shaimaa and Maryam Sad} }