@article {1065, title = {Revealing Anti-viral Potential of Siddha Formulation Manjal noi Kudineer against Hepatitis C Viral - RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Using in-silico Docking Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {284-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {284}, abstract = {

Background: The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a dangerous infectious illness that has long been a concern for public health on a worldwide scale. According to calculation, over 170 million individuals are afflicted, with the highest infection rates in Africa and Asia. HCV is a major concern worldwide and eliminating it in its early phase to avoid liver cirrhosis and HCC has long been the aim for studies. To date, there is no verified vaccine available in the market and current approved therapy (standard of care). Siddha formulas have managed pathogenic infections for ages. Siddha practice strengthens the host{\textquoteright}s immunity and resilience to pathogens. Materials and Methods: The main aim of the present investigation is to screen the anti-viral potential of the siddha formulation Manjal noi Kudineer against Hepatitis C viral - RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using in-silico docking technique. Results: Result of the study clearly emphasise that the lead cucurbitacin E ranks top with greatest binding free energy -8.96 kcal/mol, followed by Piperidine (-7.71), Curcumin (-7.45), Piperic acid (-6.77), Beta- Humulene (-6.40), Cinnamic acid (-5.89), Oleic acid (-5.59) and Piperine (-5.32). It was also evident that the therapeutics such as oleic acid and Cucurbitacin E revealing potential binding affinity in targeting the activation loop (Leu474, His475, Ser476 and Tyr477) of the viral polymerase enzyme. Followed by which other leads including Limonene, Beta-Pinene, Cinnamic acid, Anethole, Phyllanthin, Piperic acid, Curcumin and Piperine ranked second by offering prominent interactions with the residual bioactive amino acids (His475, Ser476 and Tyr477). Conclusion: From the data{\textquoteright}s of the present in-silico screening, it was concluded that the phytochemicals in the siddha formulation Manjal noi Kudineer display strong anti-viral property by blocking the target enzyme target enzyme (Hepatitis C viral polymerase) and thereby considered as a novel drug of choice for the clinical management of hepatitis C viral infection.

}, keywords = {Docking, Hepatitis C viral RdRp, Hepatitis C virus, In-silico, Manjal noi Kudineer, Siddha}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.41}, author = {Shanmugasundaram Visweswaran and Sattanathan Iyswarya and Narayanan Jegathambal Muthukumar} } @article {666, title = {Corrected and Republished: Comparative Botanical and Phytochemical Studies of Ambiguous Medicinal Plant Species of Wedelia and Eclipta (Fam. Asteraceae) Used in ASU Systems of Medicine with Special Reference to in-silico Screening of Hepatoprotective Pote}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {54-67}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {54}, abstract = {

Post the publication, as there were multiple corrections that were missed earlier, the article is being corrected and republished.

Comparative Botanical and Phytochemical Studies of Ambiguous Medicinal Plant Species of\ Wedelia\ and Eclipta (Fam. Asteraceae) Used in ASU Systems of Medicine with Special Reference to\ in-silico\ Screening of Hepatoprotective Potential of Marker Wedelolactone with Acetaminophen Targets.\ 

Context:\ In traditional medicine,\ Kesaraja\ (Ayurveda) or\ Manjal karisali\ (Siddha) is effective for jaundice.\ Aim:\ Three species of Asteraceae need to be studied for their therapeutic superiority of their intended claim. They are\ Wedelia chinensis\ (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp J.,\ Wedelia trilobata\ (L.) Hitchc. and\ Eclipta prostrata\ (L.) L. (Asteraceae). The present study aimed to screen and characterize the potential species for therapeutic purpose.\ Materials and Methods:\ The whole plants,\ W. chinensis\ (Osbeck) Merr.\ W. trilobata\ (L.) Hitchc. and\ E. prostrata\ (L.) (Asteraceae) were collected and botanically identified. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography finger printing with marker wedelolactone were done for the ethanolic extracts of these plants. Botanical and pharmacognostical diagnostic characters of the plants based on macro-morphological, micro-morphological and powder microscopical characterization were worked out. Comparative\ in-vitro\ antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts of these plant species was carried out. Using ADMET SAR software, the pharmacokinetics of wedelolactone were predicted. Using Autodock 4.2 software, the binding energy of wedelolactone on targets of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity namely PPAR-α, AMPK, JNK-1, EGFR, Nrf2, ALT, ALP, GGT, CAR, Frizzled receptor, FXR, ERK1, LXR, mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase, p53, mTOR C1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, 5-lipoxygenase, thrombin, UCP1, GSK1, RXR and PXR was predicted.\ Results:\ All the three plant species were pharmacognostically and chemically different.\ W. chinensis\ was found to possess more antioxidant potential than the other two plants. The marker compound wedelolactone was not detected in\ W. trilobata.\ Wedelolactone passed the Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule of five, and the docking analysis of wedelolactone confirmed high binding affinity toward PPAR-α, AMPK, Nrf2, CYP2E1, EGFR, JNK1, UCP-2, thrombin, 5-lipoxygenase, mTORC1, RXR, FXR, LXR, Frizzled receptor, GDH and Erk-1.\ Conclusion:\ Based on the above observations, we conclude that the presence of marker compound wedelolactone might have attributed the potency of\ W. chinensis\ and\ E. prostrata\ in counteracting acetaminophen toxicity when compared with\ W. trilobata.

}, keywords = {Binding energy, botanical standardization, chromatographic fingerprinting, Docking, Hepatoprotective, in silico prediction, Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule, Siddha, Therapeutic superiority, Wedelolactone}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_11_21}, author = {C. Arunachalam and R. Arunadevi and S. Murugamma and N. Monika and R. Susila and K. N. Sunil Kumar} } @article {171, title = {Comparative Botanical and Phytochemical Studies of Ambiguous Medicinal Plant Species of Wedelia and Eclipta (Fam. Asteraceae) Used in ASU Systems of Medicine with Special Reference to in-silico Screening of Hepatoprotective Potential of Marker Wedelolacto}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {285-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Context: In traditional medicine, Kesaraja (Ayurveda) or Manjal karisali (Siddha) is effective for jaundice. Aim: Three species of Asteraceae need to be studied for their therapeutic superiority of their intended claim. They are Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp J., Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae). The present study aimed to screen and characterize the potential species for therapeutic purpose. Materials and Methods: The whole plants, W. chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp J., W. trilobata (L.) Hitchc. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) (Asteraceae) were collected and botanically identified. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography finger printing with marker wedelolactone were done for the ethanolic extracts of these plants. Botanical and pharmacognostical diagnostic characters of the plants based on macro-morphological, micro-morphological and powder microscopical characterization were worked out. Comparative in-vitro antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts of these plant species was carried out. Using ADMET SAR software, the pharmacokinetics of wedelolactone were predicted. Using Autodock 4.2 software, the binding energy of wedelolactone on targets of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity namely PPAR-α, AMPK, JNK-1, EGFR, Nrf2, ALT, ALP, GGT, CAR, Frizzled receptor, FXR, ERK1, LXR, mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase, p53, mTOR C1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, 5-lipoxygenase, thrombin, UCP1, GSK1, RXR and PXR was predicted. Results: All the three plant species were pharmacognostically and chemically different. W. chinensis was found to possess more antioxidant potential than the other two plants. The marker compound wedelolactone was not detected in W. trilobata. Wedelolactone passed the Lipinski{\textquoteleft}s rule of five, and the docking analysis of wedelolactone confirmed high binding affinity toward PPAR-α, AMPK, Nrf2, CYP2E1, EGFR, JNK1, UCP-2, thrombin, 5-lipoxygenase, mTORC1, RXR, FXR, LXR, Frizzled receptor, GDH and Erk-1. Conclusion: Based on the above observations, we conclude that the presence of marker compound wedelolactone might have attributed the potency of W. chinensis and E. prostrata in counteracting acetaminophen toxicity when compared with W. trilobata.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurveda, Botany, Docking, Eclipta prostrata, High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Macro-morphological, Micro-morphological, Phytochemical, Powder microscopy, Siddha, Wedelia chinensis, Wedelia trilobata, Wedelolactone}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_11_20}, author = {C Arunachalam and R Arunadevi and S Murugammal and N Monika and R Susila and S N Sunil Kumar} } @article {194, title = {In vivo Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antipyretic, Analgesic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Nilavembu Kudineer Capsule in Comparison with Siddha Classical Nilavembu Kudineer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {387-393}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {387}, abstract = {

Background: The classical Siddha formulation Nilavembu Kudineer (NVK) is more effective in treating fever, infection, pain, and inflammation, but it is a liquid, is bitter in taste, is in a non-palatable form, and hence it was converted into a portable and palatable NVK capsule with increased shelf-life to comply with the needs of patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the NVK capsule in comparison with the classical NVK by using animal models. Materials and Methods: NVK and NVK capsules were processed as per the standard operating procedures, and the extracts were prepared for oral administration. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the drug in comparative assay with the standards {\textendash} ciprofloxacin and fluconazole {\textendash} were evaluated by the agar diffusion method. Analgesic activity of NVK and NVK Capsule was studied in Swiss albino mice of either sex (n=4), compared with positive control group; Antipyretic and antiinflammatory activity was studied in Wistar rats of either sex (n=4), compared with the positive control of Paracetamol and Indomethacin respectively.. Results: The zone of inhibition in antimicrobial assay revealed that NVK capsule is more effective than the extract of NVK. The NVK capsule at 200 mg/kg has equal and consistent efficacy (P \< 0.01) to reduce pyrexia compared to paracetamol 150 mg/kg at 1{\textendash}5 h. Furthermore NVK capsule at 400 mg/kg showed a statistically significant analgesic effect (P \< 0.01) and higher level of inhibition of inflammation in comparison with NVK and indomethacin (P \< 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that NVK capsule has very effective antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities in comparison with classical NVK.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Nilavembu Kudineer, Siddha}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_23_20}, author = {GS Lekha and E Deepika and S Swetha and A Kanagarajan and V Gayathridevi and KS Santhy} } @article {527, title = {Beliefs, attitudes and self-use of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy medicines among senior pharmacy students: An exploratory insight from Andhra Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {October 2015}, pages = {302-308}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Objectives: To assess the beliefs, attitudes and self-use of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) medicines among senior pharmacy students. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among pharmacy students in four pharmacy schools located in Andhra Pradesh in South India. This study was conducted from the August to September 2014. The study population included all pharmacy students enrolled in Doctor of Pharmacy, Bachelor of Pharmacy and Diploma in Pharmacy programs in studied pharmacy schools. The pretested AYUSH survey had 8 questions on AYUSH related beliefs and 8 question on AYUSH related attitudes. The survey also asked participants about AYUSH related knowledge, frequency of use of AYUSH and the reason for using AYUSH. The data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 20. Chi-square test and Mann{\textendash}Whitney U-test were employed to study the association between the independent and dependent variables. Results: A total of 428 pharmacy students participated in the survey. 32.2\% of the study population was females and 32.5\% of the population resided in rural areas. Males were more likely to have positive beliefs about AYUSH when compared to females (odd ratio [OR] = 4.62, confidence interval [CI] = 2.37-8.99, P \< 0.001). Similarly, students living in hostels were more positive in their beliefs about AYUSH compared with students living at home (OR = 2.14, CI = 1.12-4.07, P \< 0.05). Students living in hostel also had a positive attitude about AYUSH use (OR = 1.74, CI = 1.03-2.93, P \< 0.05). Conclusion: Pharmacy students held favorable attitude and beliefs about AYUSH use. This baseline survey provides important information about the pharmacy student{\textquoteright}s perception about AYUSH. Further research is needed to explore the reasons that shape the pharmacy student{\textquoteright}s beliefs and attitudes about AYUSH.

}, keywords = {and Homeopathy, Attitude, Ayurveda, Beliefs, India, Pharmacy students., Siddha, Unani, Yoga and Naturopathy}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.158438}, author = {Akram Ahmad and Muhammad Umair Khan and Bandari Deepak Kumar and Gogikar Sudhir Kumar and Stephanie Perez Rodriguez and Isha Patel} }