@article {1404, title = {Advancements in Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for Quality Control of Herbal Drugs: A Comprehensive Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {411-415}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

The quality control of herbal drugs is a critical aspect of ensuring their safety, efficacy and reliability. The complex composition of herbal products, influenced by environmental, genetic and processing factors, necessitates robust analytical approaches. This review highlights recent advancements (2020-2024) in quantitative and qualitative methods for herbal drug quality control. Quantitative methods, such as HPLC, GC, and NMR spectroscopy, focus on the precise measurement of bioactive compounds, ensuring batch-to-batch consistency. Complementary to these are qualitative methods, including DNA barcoding, TLC and phytochemical screening, which authenticate botanical sources and detect adulterants. The integration of these methodologies provides a comprehensive framework for quality assessment, addressing both compositional consistency and authenticity. Despite advancements, challenges such as variability in raw materials and the lack of universal standards persist. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome these challenges and standardize quality control practices globally. By leveraging recent technological innovations, the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory bodies can ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines, fostering consumer confidence and adherence to regulatory requirements.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Chromatographic techniques, DNA Barcoding, Herbal, Plants, Qualitative, Quality control, Quantitative, Regulatory Standards, Spectrometry}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252077}, author = {Seema Devi} } @article {1463, title = {In vitro and Computational Studies of Compounds from Coleus amboinicus against Osteosarcoma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {997-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {997}, abstract = {

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is among the most prevalent primary bone cancers, predominantly affecting children and adolescents. The average prevalent rate of osteosarcoma is 4.3 per million in males and 3.4 per million in females. Osteosarcoma poses diagnostic challenges due to the often-subtle clinical manifestations. Objectives: To investigate bioactive compounds in Coleus amboinicus Leaves (CAL) using computational methods and predict, their potential interactions with osteosarcoma cell surface receptors to explore therapeutic possibilities. Materials and Methods: The extract obtained from CAL was analyzed using a phytochemical assay, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Molecular docking studies were conducted using Autodock to assess the interactions between the components of the extract and the cell surface receptors of osteosarcoma. The molecular docking experiments assessed the affinity of the phytochemicals to particular proteins that have a significant impact on the cell surface receptors of osteosarcoma. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drugs were assessed by examining their ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profiles. Results: The computer study identified multiple phytochemicals derived from CAL with substantial binding affinity to the proteins of osteosarcoma cell surface receptors. These substances include beta-D-Glucopyranose, 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl, Hexanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester, and Paromomycin. The ADMET analysis revealed that most of the discovered drugs possess favorable pharmacokinetic features and are anticipated to have low toxicity. Conclusion: Molecular docking revealed bioactive compounds with strong binding affinity to these receptors, indicating their potential inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation. Further research is required to provide comprehensive validation and clinical development.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, GCMS, Molecular docking, Osteosarcoma, Phytochemical test, Plant extract}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252178}, author = {Archana Behera and Raeesha Rahman and Benjamin Vinodh Joshua and Iadalin Ryntathiang and Monisha Prasad and Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan} } @article {1414, title = {The Ocean{\textquoteright}s Treasure Trove: Bioactive Compounds from Sea Sponges}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {452-461}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {452}, abstract = {

Sea sponges are among the oldest living creatures on Earth that have evolved complex chemical defenses to thrive in the ocean{\textquoteright}s competitive environment. These marine animals have developed an impressive array of bioactive compounds with therapeutic applications. This article explores bioactive compounds derived from sea sponges, showcasing their remarkable therapeutic potential. The article begins by introducing the fascinating world of sea sponges, highlighting their unique biology and ecology. We then delve into the various bioactive compounds isolated from sea sponges. The review highlights the anticancer properties of sea sponge-derived compounds demonstrating their potential in cancer treatment. We also explore their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, showcasing their potential in combating infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders. The article further discusses the challenges and opportunities in harnessing the bioactive potential of sea sponges. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, scientists, and students interested in marine biomedicine and natural product drug discovery.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, Bioactive compounds, Drug Discovery, Marine biomedicine, Sea sponges, Therapeutic potential}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252085}, author = {Sheetal Sadguru Samant and Anvay Ashok Satpute and Mikhil Prasad Mayekar and Shamita Shamsundar Loke and Shweta Nitin Bhatkar and Mohammad Saad Golandaj and Tanvi Deepak Rawool and Vijay Arjun Jagtap} } @article {1436, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Insights of Anisomeles malabarica Leaf Extracts: A Comprehensive Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {769-777}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {769}, abstract = {

Anisomeles malabarica, a medicinal plant native to India and Southeast Asia, has been traditionally used to treat various health issues, including fever, wounds, respiratory, and digestive disorders. This review provides an overview of the bioactive compounds found in the leaves of Anisomeles malabarica and their therapeutic applications. Leaves are rich in diverse classes of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, sterols, and essential oils. The extraction methods used in the study include maceration and Soxhlet extraction, and their chemical compositions form the basis of their pharmacological activities. It shows excellent antimicrobial activity against many fungi and bacteria. These anti-inflammatory effects may explain the observed antiepileptic effects. The strong antioxidant properties of A. malabarica stemming from its flavonoids and phenolic compounds allows for the possibility of treating diseases concerning oxidative stress. Traditionally, Anisomeles malabarica has shown promise in the management of diabetes and malaria. Certainly, in view of its therapeutic value, the operational challenges in this study include variations in bioactive compound quantities, the absence of standardized extraction methods, and clinical inadequacy. Future recommendations should include extensive metabolomic studies, standardization of extraction and purification methods, clinical trials, and assessment of mechanisms related to behavioral effects to substantiate its health claims in modern science for safety and efficacy for human consumption.

}, keywords = {Anisomeles malabarica, anticancer, Antimicrobial, Bioactive compounds, Therapeutic applications.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252254}, author = {Madhivardhana. P and Kiranvikas. E and Ziya Huq Khan. Z and Mangal Raj. S} } @article {1232, title = {Phytochemical Identification of Active Components of Some Medicinal Herbs and Oils Relative to its Biological Activities in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {264-269}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {264}, abstract = {

Background: Herbal medicine and its bioproducts are rich in bioactive compounds that promising in drug development. These phytochemical constituents may be secondary metabolites that exert high potency. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the phyto-constituents bioactive compounds from the aerial parts of some Saudi medicinal plants using n-hexane extracts (Trichodesma trichodesmoides, Baccharoides schimperi, Anabasis articulate and Achillea fragrantissima) and a mixture of essentials oils in equal ratio (Arnica montana, Chamomile, Salvia officinalis, Oenothera, Walnut leaves and Flaxseed) using GC-MS. Results: The GC-MS analysis of plants and essentials oils revealed the presence of various compounds like terpenoids and vitamins related to its anti-microbial activity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the broad range of terpenoids and vitamins are the main components in the hexane extract. These possess different biological activities. Further studies will be carried out in vivo and in vitro to identify the mechanism of action via signaling pathway.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Herbs, Oils, Terpenoids, Vitamins.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.33}, author = {Turkyah J. Al-Bogami and Elie K. Barbour and Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki and Taha A. Kumosani and Said S. Moselhy} } @article {1170, title = {Plant-Derived Selected Bioactive Saponins and Tannins: An Overview of their Multi-Target Mechanisms and Diverse Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {623-635}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {623}, abstract = {

An extensive variety of ailments have been treated using medicinal herbs for ages. Recent research has revealed that many of these plants possess multiple therapeutic activities, rendering them interesting candidates for the creation of novel medicines. This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the multi targeted activities of medicinal plants, including their potential for treating multiple diseases like anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-cancer activities, their ability to modulate multiple pathways, enzymes, genes and proteins. Finally, the review highlights the potential of naturally derived substances from plant material, for the development of multitargeted drugs and suggests strategies for further research. The multi-target activities will be thoroughly explored in this review of ginsenosides, platycodon D, dioscin, soyasaponins and aescin were chosen as saponins, whereas methyl gallate, chebulinic acid, tannic acid, theaflavin and punicalagins were chosen as tannins. This overview gives a brief history of the isolated natural compounds, their structures, multi-target activity, and their suggested mechanisms of action.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Biological activities, Medicinal plants, Multi targets, saponins, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.066}, author = {Dudday Venkata Vyshnavi and Sunkara Sivananda Swaroop and Akkiraju Sudheer and Somasekhar Reddy Kanala and Ramavath Muralidhar Naik and Onamala Varalakshmi} } @article {1138, title = {Screening and Evaluation of Potential Antifungal Plant Extracts against Skin Infecting Fungus Trichophyton rubrum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {328-337}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Dermatophytosis is mainly caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The use of presently available conventional antifungal agents is limited due to various side-effects, requirement of long-term application, emergence of resistant organisms and cost-effectiveness. In the present study, methanolic extract of 12 medicinal plants was screened for antifungal activity against T. rubrum. To identify the phytochemicals in the extract qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed along with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). By analysing the samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the chemicals that were present were identified. Among the various plants studied, the methanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos leaves (AML-ME) and Pimpinella anisum seed (PMS-ME) showed high zone of inhibition of 16 and 22 mm, respectively. MIC of both the extracts was found to be 100 μg/ml. Some major compounds identified in AML-ME with alkaloids are N, N,-dimethyl-o-(1-methyl-butyl)-hydroxylamine, 13-tetradece-11-yn-1-ol (15.21\%), n-hexadecanoic acid, Propanal, 2,3-dihydroxy-, (s)-(5.22\%) and 1,3-butanediol, and in PAS-ME, hexamethylene chloroiodide, cyclopentene,3-hexyl, E-2-octadecadecen-1-ol, n-hexadecanoic acid and 2-cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, ethyl ester. Both AML-ME and PAS-ME showed dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activity against the radicals such as DPPH and ABTS. Also, FRAP activity was found in both the extracts. Altogether, the presence of antifungal and antioxidant activity in the AML-ME and PAS-ME might be advantageous in exploring these extracts as either alternative or complementary therapy to the available antifungal agents further. The phytochemicals present in these extracts has acted synergistically against the T. rubrum and affected its viability.

}, keywords = {Aegle marmelos, Antifungal activity, Bioactive compounds, Dermatophytosis., Pimpinella anisum}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.035}, author = {Margret Kanimozhi A and Caroline Rose J} } @article {1090, title = {An HPLC Method to Determine Phenolic Compounds of Plant Extracts: Application to Byrsonima crassifolia and Senna alata Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {395-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Background: The Amazonian Region has a variety of medicinal plants with bioactive compounds, whose characterization could present the potential for sustainable development. Objectives: A method for separating, identifying, and quantifying a mixture of nine phenolic compounds (gallic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and cyanidin) was developed, validated, and applied to analyze aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth and Senna alata (L.) leaves. Materials and Methods: The separation was carried out by HPLC, using a Shim-pack VP-ODS C18 column (5 μm, 150 x 4.6 mm) at 40{\textdegree}C. Detection was performed at 254 nm and separation occurred in 35 min. Results: The optimized method was validated for each of the nine phenolic compounds. The calibration curve for the phenolic compound standards showed suitable linear fitting and exhibited correlation coefficients greater than 0.990. The LOD and LOQ varied between 6.2807 - 14.8851 μg mL-1 and 6.8002 - 16.0071 μg mL-1, respectively. The method was found to be robust for changes of {\textpm}2 ml in mobile phase composition. Byrsonima crassifolia aqueous extracts indicated contents of gallic acid, catechin, rutin, and cyanidin whereas hydroethanolic one did not show the first substance. Senna alata aqueous extract presented only 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin whereas myricetin, cyanidin, quercetin, and kaempferol were also identified in the hydroethanolic one. Conclusion: The HPLC method is efficient, precise, accurate, and sensitive to determining phenolic compounds in plant extracts and it is recommended for efficient assays in routine work.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Chromatographic method, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.58}, author = {Mar{\'\i}lia de A Cavalcante and Janyna dos S Oliveira and Mayra S da S Barreto and Lucas P Pinheiro and Patrick de C Cantu{\'a}ria and Wardsson L Borges and Gabriel A da Silva and Tiago Marcolino de Souza} } @article {166, title = {Identification of Bioactive Diterpenoid Lactones using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance from Andrographis paniculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {121-126}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Background: Andrographis paniculata (AP) (Burm. F) Nees, belongs to the family Acanthaceae, it is also known as a highly bitter plant. In South East Asia this plant is commonly used for cold, cough and respiratory tract infections. Andrographolide (ANG), 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide (DDA) are the major bioactive diterpenoid lactone compounds of the plant shown vasorelaxant effect, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and to treat variety of diseases which is well-documented. Materials and Methods: The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 1H-NMR analysis of AP chloroform extract (APCE) revealed the presence of ANG, 14-deoxyandrographolide (DA), and DDA. The main advantage of 1H-NMR is simple, rapid and successfully applied to quantify the active diterpenoids and an alternative to HPLC method to check the presence of various bioactive compounds and its presence in the active raw materials of AP. Results: The results revealed that most active bioactive compounds such as ANG, DA, and DDA are present in the APCE portion of the AP. The chemical shifts of various groups confirmed through 1H-NMR that all the three ANG, DA, and DDA has potent vasorelaxant effect and majority of these compounds are present in the APCE portion and not in the methanol or aqueous fractions. The 1H-NMR study confirmed that diterpenoids such as ANG, DA, and DDA from APCE has vasorelaxant effect on the animal study.

}, keywords = {1H-NMR, Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide, Bioactive compounds, Diterpenoids, Vasorelaxant}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_117_18}, author = {Raghava N Sriramaneni and Amirin Sadikun and Naveen Kumar Hawala Shivashekaregowda and Annegowda Venkatappa and Mohamad Zaini Asmawi} } @article {219, title = {Algae from Portuguese Coast Presented High Cytotoxicity and Antiproliferative Effects on an In vitro Model of Human Colorectal Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, pages = {24-30}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Background: The marine environment has shown to be an interesting source of new antitumor agents, representing an important tool in cancer research. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activities of 12 algae from Peniche coast (Portugal) on an in vitro model of human colorectal cancer (Caco-2 cells). Materials and Methods: The antitumor potential was accessed by evaluating Caco-2 cell{\textquoteright}s viability and proliferation through the 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and calcein-AM methods. Results: The dichloromethane extracts of Asparagopsis armata and Sphaerococcus coronopifolius induced the highest decrease on cell{\textquoteright}s viability (1 mg/mL; 24 h), 98.96\% {\textpm} 0.39\% and 98.08\% {\textpm} 0.89\%, respectively, followed by the methanolic extracts of S. coronopifolius (96.47\% {\textpm} 1.26\%) and A. armata (92.68\% {\textpm} 1.17\%). Regarding cell proliferation, the highest decrease of Caco-2 cell{\textquoteright}s proliferation (1 mg/mL; 24 h) was induced by the dichloromethane extract of A. armata (100\% {\textpm} 0.48\%), S. coronopifolius (99.04 {\textpm} 0.51\%), and Plocamium cartilagineum (95.05\% {\textpm} 1.19\%). The highest potency was shown by the dichloromethane extract of S. coronopifolius in both, cytotoxicity and antiproliferative tests, with an IC50 of 21.3 and 36.5 {\textmu}g/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The extracts of A. armata and S. coronopifolius are promising sources of new bioactive molecules with application in cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Caco-2 cells, Marine natural products, Red macroalgae, Seaweed}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_151_16}, author = {Celso Alves and Susete Pinteus and Ana Rodrigues and Andr{\'e} Horta and Rui Pedrosa} } @article {562, title = {Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Profiling in Methanolic and Ethyl-acetate Root and Stem Extract of Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell from Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s48-s52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s48}, abstract = {

Background: Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell (Molluginaceae), recently has moved to Lophiocarpaceae as per angiospermic plant group (APG) III system, is an annual or short-lived, dwarf, glabrous subshrub, prefers to grow on rocky places and on sand-stones in dry, hot areas of Rajasthan. This is the potential plant with medicinal properties. Vegetative organs under study show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, and antinociception activity. Objective: This study was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents present in the methanolic and ethyl-acetate extract of root and stem of C. decumbens by GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Powdered test samples were sequentially extracted with methanol and ethyl-acetate. The compounds obtained as a result of GC-MS screening were identified on the basis of their retention time, peak area and compared with that of literature available and by interpretation of mass spectra. Results: GC-MS analysis of a methanolic extract of root detected mome-inositol (49.53\%), guanosine (20.91\%), and cis-vaccenic acid (9.25\%). While ethyl-acetate extract of root analyzed pentadecanoic acid (17.91\%), octadecanoic acid (15.01\%) and cis-vaccenic acid (12.04\%). Methanolic extract of stem detected mome-inositol (75.47\%), pentadecanoic acid (6.04\%), and 7-tetradecenal, (Z) (4.54\%) while ethyl-acetate extract of stem revealed the presence of 1-heptacosanol (17.35\%), hexadecanoic acid (17.17\%), and octadecanal (12.64\%). Conclusion: The results suggest that C. decumbens (Forssk.) Exell is a plant of potential medicinal value, yielding various bioactive compounds that confirm the application of this plant as a plant-based drug in pharmacy-industry.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Corbichonia decumbens, Gas chromatography mass spectrometry screening, Lophiocarpaceae, Phytochemical screening, Retention time}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_62_17}, author = {Sunita Arora and Manju Saini} } @article {429, title = {GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in the methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {110-113}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Background: Clerodendrum viscosum is commonly found in India and Bangladesh. Previously, various parts of this plant were reported for treatment of different types of diseases and there was no report on GC-Ms analysis. Objectives: To analyze and characterize the phytochemical compounds of methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum using GC-MS. Materials and Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extract was carried out according to standard procedures described in WHO guidelines. Various bioactive compounds of the extract were determined by GC-MS technique. Results: The presence of steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrate was found on phytochemical screening of methanol extract of the leaves. The GC-MS analysis showed 16 peaks of different phytoconstituents namely acetamide,N,N-carbonylbis-, 4-Pyranone,2,3-dihydro-, alpha-D-Galactofuranoside, methyl 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-, Glycerin, Xylitol, N,N-Dimethylglycine, 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6- methyl-, Benzofuran,2,3-dihydro-, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2(1H)Pyrimidinone,1-methyl-, 2,4-Dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylpyrimidine, 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone, 1,3-Methylene-darabitol, Orcinol, n-Hexadecanoic acid and Phenol,4,4{\textquoteright}-(1-methyl ethylidene) bis etc. Conclusion: The bioactive compounds present in the methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum suggest the application of this extract for the treatment of various diseases by the aborigine tribes.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Clerodendrum viscosum, GC-MS analysis.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147223}, author = {Goutam Ghosh and Pritipadma Panda, Meera Rath and Abhisek Pal and Tripti Sharma and Debajyoti Das} }