@article {186, title = {Larvicidal Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora cordifolia against Aedes aegypti: A Dengue Vector}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {352-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Background: Aedes aegypti, dengue fever mosquito, is predominantly accompanying the transmission of dengue in tropical and subtropical countries of the world, causing millions of deaths every year. Materials and Methods: The current research was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal efficiency of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora cordifolia against third instar larvae of A. aegypti using in silico and experimental study. Results: The methanolic extract of A. paniculata and ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia showed the highest larvicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 value of 15.75 ppm; 349.60 and 100.64 ppm; 386.37 ppm, respectively after 48 h exposure, which was statistically significant (P = 0.05). However, the combined action of methanolic extract of A. paniculata + ethanolic (50:50) extract of T. cordifolia and the bioactive fraction of methanolic extract of A. paniculata showed the effective larvicidal activity with LC50 value of 113.20 ppm and 236.08 ppm respectively after 24 h treatment which was statistically significant (P = 0.05). The m/z values in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry graph of bioactive fraction of methanolic extract of A. paniculata predicted the possible amount of bioactive compound class like flavone, phenols, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acid, alkaloids, isopalmitic acid, diterpenoids and quinic acid. The best energy binding affinity score against sterol carrying protein-2 of A. aegypti, panicolin (-9.86 kcal/mol), berberine (-10.13 kcal/mol) and their combination (50:50) showed effective larvicidal movement with LC50 value of 25.41 ppm, 23.15 ppm and 17.56 ppm after 24 h treatment. Conclusion: The crude extracts, bioactive fractions and synthetic bioactive compounds and their combination study of A. paniculata and T. cordifolia can be utilized as bio-control agents against A. aegypti mosquito.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, Andrographis paniculata, Chromatographic techniques, In silico study, Larvicidal activity, Phytochemical screening, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_35_20}, author = {Anubrata Paul and V Samuel Raj and Arpana Vibhuti and Ramendra Pati Pandey} } @article {166, title = {Identification of Bioactive Diterpenoid Lactones using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance from Andrographis paniculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {121-126}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Background: Andrographis paniculata (AP) (Burm. F) Nees, belongs to the family Acanthaceae, it is also known as a highly bitter plant. In South East Asia this plant is commonly used for cold, cough and respiratory tract infections. Andrographolide (ANG), 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide (DDA) are the major bioactive diterpenoid lactone compounds of the plant shown vasorelaxant effect, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and to treat variety of diseases which is well-documented. Materials and Methods: The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 1H-NMR analysis of AP chloroform extract (APCE) revealed the presence of ANG, 14-deoxyandrographolide (DA), and DDA. The main advantage of 1H-NMR is simple, rapid and successfully applied to quantify the active diterpenoids and an alternative to HPLC method to check the presence of various bioactive compounds and its presence in the active raw materials of AP. Results: The results revealed that most active bioactive compounds such as ANG, DA, and DDA are present in the APCE portion of the AP. The chemical shifts of various groups confirmed through 1H-NMR that all the three ANG, DA, and DDA has potent vasorelaxant effect and majority of these compounds are present in the APCE portion and not in the methanol or aqueous fractions. The 1H-NMR study confirmed that diterpenoids such as ANG, DA, and DDA from APCE has vasorelaxant effect on the animal study.

}, keywords = {1H-NMR, Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide, Bioactive compounds, Diterpenoids, Vasorelaxant}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_117_18}, author = {Raghava N Sriramaneni and Amirin Sadikun and Naveen Kumar Hawala Shivashekaregowda and Annegowda Venkatappa and Mohamad Zaini Asmawi} } @article {866, title = {Vasorelaxant Effect of Diterpenoid lactones from Andrographis paniculata Chloroform Extract on Rat Aortic Rings}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {September 2010}, pages = {242-246}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the possible mechanism of the vasorelaxant effect of the Andrographis paniculata chloroform extract (APCE) and diterpenoids, such as, 14-deoxyandrographolide (DA) and 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide (DDA), on rat aortic rings. Methods: DA and DDA (10 μM to 40 μM) induce relaxation in the aortic rings pre-contracted with KCl (80 mM). Results: The IC50 values are 40.47 {\textpm} 1.44 and 37.43 {\textpm} 1.41\%, respectively, and this inhibition is antagonized by increasing the Ca2+ concentration in the Kreb{\textquoteright}s medium. The results indicate that APCE, DA, and DDA may have a calcium anatgonist property. APCE, DA, and DDA also relax norepinephrene (NE)-induced sustained contractions with IC50 values 41.63 {\textpm} 1.19, 49.22 {\textpm} 2.76, and 37.46 {\textpm} 1.41\% and this relaxant effect is unaffected by the removal of the endothelium or by the presence of indomethacin and Nω-nitro- L-arginine (L-NAME). Moreover, DA and DDA inhibit the phasic and tonic contractions induced by NE in a concentrationdependent manner and show the most potent inhibition on phasic contraction (P \< 0.01). Conclusion: This study shows that APCE, DA, and DDA pre-treatment presents a more potent inhibition compared to post-treatment, after the tension has reached a steady state. These results suggest that the vasorelaxation of APCE, DA, and DDA direct the inhibition of the calcium influx. The vasorelaxant effect is more active in the calcium independent pathway and more sensitive in the intial stage of contraction.

}, keywords = {12-didehydroandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11, 14-deoxyandrographolide, Andrographis paniculata, Aorta, APCE, Vasorelaxation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.69125}, author = {RN Sriramaneni and Ameer Z Omar and Salman M IbrahimX and Salman M Ibrahim and Sadikun Amirin and Asmawi Mohd Zaini} } @article {737, title = {The Effect of Extracts of Andrographis paniculata Aerial Parts on Rat Thoracic Aorta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {60-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Andrographis paniculata (AP), (Burf.) Nees. of Acanthaceae, has been used for centuries in Asia to treat GI tract and upper respiratory tract infections, fever, herpes, sore throat, and a variety of other chronic and infectious diseases. AP has cardio protective property and is familiarly known as "King of Bitters". The present study was aimed to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of different solvent extracts of AP on rat thoracic aorta. Petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts of AP are used in this study. Experiments are performed on male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for possible vasorelaxing activity of AP. Cumulative dose response curves are recorded by using isometric force displacement transducer Model FT-03 and it is connected to Grass Polygraph Model 79D. Additionally, HPLC study of chloroform extract of AP is conducted and compared with commercially available standard andrographolide. Petroleum ether and chloroform extract of AP is first suspended in 1\% (v/v) DMSO then volume made up with Krebs solution. The average of responses to each concentration of the agonist is plotted on the ordinate the logarithm of the concentration of the agonist on the abscissa. Among all these extracts of AP, chloroform extract 80 and 160 9g/mL is found to be the highly significant (P\<0.001) vasorelaxant effect on norepinephrine induced contraction on rat thoracic aortic ring preparations.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Norepinephrine, Rat aorta, Vasorelaxant}, doi = {Nil}, author = {S. Raghava Naidu and Amirin Sadikun and Mohd. Zaini Asmawi} }