@article {1356, title = {Design and Evaluation of Novel in situ Gel Forming Ocular Drug Delivery System of Kaempferol for Sustain Pharmacological Response against Cataract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {173-184}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

Aim: Cataract is an eye disease in which the lens of eyes becomes cloudy. It is a major source of blindness globally. As per the reports published by WHO, around 161 million people are visually compromised worldwide. No clinically proven drug is available to date for the cataract treatment and surgery is the only option left for the management of cataract Treatments other than surgery are just prevention based. Background: A major setback for the development of ocular medications is the poor bioavailability and low therapeutic response of available conventional ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of cataract due to the instant precorneal removal of the drug. Ophthalmic bioavailability of only 1-10\% is generally attained and to overcome this problem frequent installation of the concentrated drug solution is required with increases the systemic absorption of the drug through the nasolacrimal absorption of the drug. The in situ gel forming systems are special drug dosage form that when instilled in the eye as a drop undergoes a transitional change from solution form to the gel with a change in its environmental pH. Materials and Methods: In the present study, Kaempferol ophthalmic gel was prepared using polymers such as Pectin and HPMC K4M as a pH-triggered gelling system to increase contact time and controlled release, to decrease the rate of administration and upsurge the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Formulation development involved selection of right polymers from plethora of polymers such as HPMC k4m, Pectin, Carbopol and tween 80 in different compositions. The required quantity of drug (1\%) soluble in ethanol was poured onto the polymeric solution and proper mixing was done. To evaluate the efficacy of the formulation developed, various methods were employed-clarity, pH, estimation of gelling capacity, gelling strength, viscosity, in vitro cumulative percent drug release. The composition that satisfies all the above-mentioned parameters, was selected as the optimized formulation and this formulation was used in the pharmacological evaluation of the drug. Results: The evaluation of the anti-cataract activity of Kaempferol was done by using the sodium selenite-induced cataract model in Wistar rat pups.

}, keywords = {Cataract, In situ gelling, Kaempferol, Ocular tension, Sustained Release}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251969}, author = {Arijit Chaudhuri and Vinod Kumar Gauttam and Arushi A and Sumiran Negi and Gobind Singh and Bharti B and Swati Mishra and Sneha Sharma and Prince P and Aatiqa A and Neetu Sharma and Atul Rana and Divyanshu D} } @article {157, title = {Kaempferol {\textendash} A Dietary Flavonoid Isolated from Blepharis integrifolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {250-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {250}, abstract = {

Background: Blepharis integrifolia is in the preparation of traditional formulation for the treatment of various diseases, including digestive disorders such as flatulence and dysentery. Although a very few studies have assessed the pharmacological properties, nothing is known about the phytochemicals present and the effect of extracts on its pharmacological activities. Objectives: Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to assess the role of methanol extract of B. integrifolia (MBI) for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Materials and Methods: The phytochemicals present in the extract were evaluated using high-resolution liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS). The extract and the isolated compound were subjected to antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory studies. Results: MBI exhibited an effective antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities at a more significant level than the standards. HR-LCMS analysis of MBI revealed the presence of kaempferol, rutin, and several phytochemicals. The activity-guided repeated fractionation of the methanol extract by silica gel column chromatography yielded a compound that exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Based on various physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses (ultraviolet, infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], carbon-13 NMR, and MS), the bioactive compound isolated was elucidated as 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (kaempferol). Furthermore, the molecular docking studies for kaempferol revealed that it binds β-lactamase at MEG binding site and was found to interact with binding site residues PHE91, TRP94, ASN109, MET148, GLU147, ASN36, and ILE201. Conclusion: The results from the present study suggest that the potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities observed are a result of the presence of these bioactive compounds within the extract. In addition, these results also demonstrate the antioxidant potency of kaempferol which could be the basis for its alleged health-promoting potential.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Flavonoid, Free radicals, Kaempferol, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_114_19}, author = {KM Anil Kumar and Ramith Ramu and S Chandan and Shivaraju Harikaranahalli Puttaiah} } @article {407, title = {Development of Validated High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Determination of Quercetin and Kaempferol in Thespesia populnea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {277-281}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {277}, abstract = {

Introduction: Thespesia populnea L. (Family: Malvaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant distributed in tropical regions of the world and cultivated in South Gujarat and indicated to be useful in cutaneous affections, psoriasis, ringworm, and eczema. Bark and fruits are indicated in the diseases of skin, urethritis, and gonorrhea. The juice of fruits is employed in treating certain hepatic diseases. The plant is reported to contain flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, gossypetin, Kaempferol-3-monoglucoside, β-sitosterol, kaempferol-7-glucoside, and gossypol. T. populnea is a common component of many herbal and Ayurvedic formulation such as Kamilari and Liv-52. Objective: The present study aimed at developing validated and reliable high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the analysis of quercetin and kaempferol simultaneously in T. populnea. Method: The method employed thin-layer chromatography aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel as the stationary phase and toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:4:0.3 v/v/v) as the mobile phase, which gave compact bands of quercetin and kaempferol. Result: Linear regression data for the calibration curves of standard quercetin and kaempferol showed a good linear relationship over a concentration range of 100{\textendash}600 ng/spot and 500{\textendash}3000 ng/spot with respect to the area and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9955 and 0.9967. The method was evaluated regarding accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness. Limits of detection and quantitation were recorded as 32.06 and 85.33 ng/spot and 74.055 and 243.72 ng/spot for quercetin and kaempferol, respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that this method employing HPTLC in the quantitative determination of quercetin and kaempferol is efficient, simple, accurate, and validated.

}, keywords = {High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Thespesia populnea}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.210326}, author = {Hiteksha Panchal and Aeshna Amin and Mamta Shah} }