@article {147, title = {Estimation and Comparison of Amount of Organic Acids from Dried Leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {86-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacological properties of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) derived from plants are extensively investigated for preventing lipid storage and controlling appetite. The Garcinia species is most sought out species to recover (-)-HCA. Objectives: Organic acids from dried leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella were extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Materials and Methods: Oven-dried leaves of the four plant samples were subjected to Soxhlet water extraction and further acid extraction. After evaporation, the residue was mixed with 50 ml, 30\% orthophosphoric acid. 20 μL of the sample was injected to a reversed-phase C18 column under gradient elution solvent containing 0.2 M sodium sulfate with a pH of 2.5 adjusted with dilute H2SO4. At a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, reading was taken using ultraviolet detection at 215 nm. Chromatograms of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid were obtained for standards and the samples. Results: The amount of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid in the dry leaves of G. cambogia was estimated at 7.95\%w/w, 3.25\%w/w, and 0.13\%w/w, respectively. In G. indica, the components were estimated at 5.71\%w/w, 3.21\%w/w, and 0.07\%w/w, respectively. In the dry leaves of G. xanthochymus, it was estimated at 0.02\%w/w, 0.06\%w/w, and 0.18\%w/w. In G. morella, it was estimated at 0.0\%w/w, 0.01\%w/w, and 0.29\%w/w. G. cambogia and G. indica have high amounts of (-)-HCA and lactone in samples of dried leaves. (-)-HCA and lactone are absent in G. morella. Higher amounts of citric acid were found in the leaves of G. morella.

}, keywords = {Citric acid, Garcinia, High-performance liquid chromatography, Hydroxycitric acid, Lactone, Organic acids}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_159_18}, author = {Madappa Machamada Bheemaiah and Bopaiah Ajjikuttira Kushalappa} } @article {307, title = {Estimation and Comparison of Amount of Organic Acids from Dried Leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, pages = {86-91}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacological properties of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) derived from plants are extensively investigated for preventing lipid storage and controlling appetite. The Garcinia species is most sought out species to recover (-)-HCA. Objectives: Organic acids from dried leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella were extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Materials and Methods: Oven-dried leaves of the four plant samples were subjected to Soxhlet water extraction and further acid extraction. After evaporation, the residue was mixed with 50 ml, 30\% orthophosphoric acid. 20 μL of the sample was injected to a reversed-phase C 18 column under gradient elution solvent containing 0.2 M sodium sulfate with a pH of 2.5 adjusted with dilute H2SO4. At a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, reading was taken using ultraviolet detection at 215 nm. Chromatograms of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid were obtained for standards and the samples. Results: The amount of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid in the dry leaves of G. cambogia was estimated at 7.95\%w/w, 3.25\%w/w, and 0.13\%w/w, respectively. In G. indica, the components were estimated at 5.71\%w/w, 3.21\%w/w, and 0.07\%w/w, respectively. In the dry leaves of G. xanthochymus, it was estimated at 0.02\%w/w, 0.06\%w/w, and 0.18\%w/w. In G. morella, it was estimated at 0.0\%w/w, 0.01\%w/w, and 0.29\%w/w. G. cambogia and G. indica have high amounts of (-)-HCA and lactone in samples of dried leaves. (-)-HCA and lactone are absent in G. morella. Higher amounts of citric acid were found in the leaves of G. morella.

}, keywords = {Citric acid, Garcinia, High-performance liquid chromatography, Hydroxycitric acid, Lactone, organic acids.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_159_18}, author = {Madappa Machamada Bheemaiah and Bopaiah Ajjikuttira Kushalappa} } @article {324, title = {Hydroxycitric Acid-Induced Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July 2018}, pages = {275-281}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {275}, abstract = {

Background: Increase in obesity incidence has become serious threat to civilized human population. Traditional Indian System of Medicines may have many potential leads in managing obesity. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a unique compound which is present in Garcinia species, has been safely used for centuries in Southeastern Asia for various purposes. Objective: To determine the effect of HCA treatment on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their target genes. Materials and Methods: Effect of the calcium salt of HCA on adipogenic transcription factors PPARs and their target genes (lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid binding protein, glucose transporter 4, and adiponectin) during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 was investigated. The extent of adipogenesis was checked by measuring the lipid accumulation and glucose uptake in the presence and absence of HCA. Results: HCA treatment modulated the differentiation of adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, wherein lower concentrations showed increased accumulation of lipid depots. HCA treatment increased PPARγ and its target genes during adipocyte differentiation, which emphasize the role of HCA in adipocity and obesity. Moreover, the binding conformations of HCA and PPARα and PPARγ were predicted using flexible docking and confirmed with known agonists, which also confirms the bioactivity. Conclusion: HCA decreases circulating lipids through raised levels of adipogenic-specific genes activated by the PPARs, thereby augmenting adiposity and related complications.

}, keywords = {3T3-L1, Adipocyte cells, Garcinia, Hydroxycitric acid, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_115_17}, author = {Ramesh Parjapath and Veeresh Kumar Sali and Sangeetha M. Kannan and Atmaja Kurapati and Hannah Rachel Vasanthi} }