@article {193, title = {Comparative Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activities and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting of Fruit Peels Collected from Food Processing Industry Wastes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: An enormous quantity of fruit peel is obtained from food processing industry as leftover materials which cause environmental pollution if not used judiciously. Objective: The present study was focused to explore antioxidant activities and detect bioactive compounds of three different fruit peel wastes (orange, mango, and pomegranate) collected from fruit processing centers. Materials and Methods: Peel extracts were primarily investigated for total phenolic and total flavonoid content (TFC) in three different solvent systems, namely aqueous{\textendash}methanolic (20:80, v/v), ethanolic, and aqueous. These were examined for in vitro antioxidant potential by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. Peel waste extracts were further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Pomegranate peel (PP) wastes exhibited significantly (P \< 0.01) high concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) and TFC followed by mango peel (MP) wastes and orange peel (OP) wastes. DPPH and FRAP tests revealed significantly (P \< 0.01) high antioxidant activity in aqueous{\textendash}methanolic and aqueous extract of PP. The degree of antioxidant activities in each type of solvent was in the order of PP \>MP \>OP. Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient analysis revealed a strong association between antioxidant activity and TPC. High concentration of gallic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and catechin was observed in aqueous{\textendash}methanolic (20:80, v/v) extracts of PP, and these might be the reason behind the higher antioxidant activities of PP. Conclusion: Results of this study clearly suggest that PP waste contains strong antioxidant molecules and might be used as additive in commercial feed to ameliorate oxidative stress in animals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Flavonoid, High-performance liquid chromatography, Peel waste, Phenolic acid.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_13_19}, author = {Sarbaswarup Ghosh and Jayanta Kumar Chatterjee and Alok Kumar Hazra} } @article {307, title = {Estimation and Comparison of Amount of Organic Acids from Dried Leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, pages = {86-91}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacological properties of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) derived from plants are extensively investigated for preventing lipid storage and controlling appetite. The Garcinia species is most sought out species to recover (-)-HCA. Objectives: Organic acids from dried leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella were extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Materials and Methods: Oven-dried leaves of the four plant samples were subjected to Soxhlet water extraction and further acid extraction. After evaporation, the residue was mixed with 50 ml, 30\% orthophosphoric acid. 20 μL of the sample was injected to a reversed-phase C 18 column under gradient elution solvent containing 0.2 M sodium sulfate with a pH of 2.5 adjusted with dilute H2SO4. At a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, reading was taken using ultraviolet detection at 215 nm. Chromatograms of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid were obtained for standards and the samples. Results: The amount of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid in the dry leaves of G. cambogia was estimated at 7.95\%w/w, 3.25\%w/w, and 0.13\%w/w, respectively. In G. indica, the components were estimated at 5.71\%w/w, 3.21\%w/w, and 0.07\%w/w, respectively. In the dry leaves of G. xanthochymus, it was estimated at 0.02\%w/w, 0.06\%w/w, and 0.18\%w/w. In G. morella, it was estimated at 0.0\%w/w, 0.01\%w/w, and 0.29\%w/w. G. cambogia and G. indica have high amounts of (-)-HCA and lactone in samples of dried leaves. (-)-HCA and lactone are absent in G. morella. Higher amounts of citric acid were found in the leaves of G. morella.

}, keywords = {Citric acid, Garcinia, High-performance liquid chromatography, Hydroxycitric acid, Lactone, organic acids.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_159_18}, author = {Madappa Machamada Bheemaiah and Bopaiah Ajjikuttira Kushalappa} } @article {147, title = {Estimation and Comparison of Amount of Organic Acids from Dried Leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {86-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacological properties of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) derived from plants are extensively investigated for preventing lipid storage and controlling appetite. The Garcinia species is most sought out species to recover (-)-HCA. Objectives: Organic acids from dried leaves of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Garcinia morella were extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Materials and Methods: Oven-dried leaves of the four plant samples were subjected to Soxhlet water extraction and further acid extraction. After evaporation, the residue was mixed with 50 ml, 30\% orthophosphoric acid. 20 μL of the sample was injected to a reversed-phase C18 column under gradient elution solvent containing 0.2 M sodium sulfate with a pH of 2.5 adjusted with dilute H2SO4. At a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, reading was taken using ultraviolet detection at 215 nm. Chromatograms of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid were obtained for standards and the samples. Results: The amount of (-)-HCA, lactone, and citric acid in the dry leaves of G. cambogia was estimated at 7.95\%w/w, 3.25\%w/w, and 0.13\%w/w, respectively. In G. indica, the components were estimated at 5.71\%w/w, 3.21\%w/w, and 0.07\%w/w, respectively. In the dry leaves of G. xanthochymus, it was estimated at 0.02\%w/w, 0.06\%w/w, and 0.18\%w/w. In G. morella, it was estimated at 0.0\%w/w, 0.01\%w/w, and 0.29\%w/w. G. cambogia and G. indica have high amounts of (-)-HCA and lactone in samples of dried leaves. (-)-HCA and lactone are absent in G. morella. Higher amounts of citric acid were found in the leaves of G. morella.

}, keywords = {Citric acid, Garcinia, High-performance liquid chromatography, Hydroxycitric acid, Lactone, Organic acids}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_159_18}, author = {Madappa Machamada Bheemaiah and Bopaiah Ajjikuttira Kushalappa} } @article {333, title = {Antiproliferative Effect of Saffron and Its Constituents on Different Cancerous Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July 2018}, pages = {291-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {291}, abstract = {

Background: Use of herbs as medicinal plants to treat various clinical ailments has grown for the last two decades. Cancer is one of the most dreadful disease and extracts of various medicinal herbs have been subjected for the analysis to elucidate their possible role in the prevention of proliferation of cancer cells. Crocus sativus is an autumnally flowering plant rich in active ingredients apocarotenoids such as crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal which have been reported to have antiproliferative potential due to their strong antioxidant potential. Objective: To elucidate the antiproliferative potential of C. sativus extract (CSE) and its major constituents crocin and safranal on four different malignant cell lines (Alveolar lung epithelial cancerous cell line [A549], breast epithelial cancerous cell line [T47D], colon colorectal cell line [HCT-116], and prostrate cancerous cell line [PC3]) and nonmalignant cell line (L929). Materials and Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the content of crocin and safranal in saffron extract and antiproliferative effects of CSE, crocin, and safranal were evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. All cells were incubated with different concentrations of CSE, crocin, and safranal for 48 h. In a concentration-dependent manner, both safranal and crocin reduced cell proliferation in all malignant cell lines. Results: The IC50 values ranged between 0.32 and 0.42 mM for safranal, 0.31 and 0.92 mM for crocin, and 0.58 and 0.98 mg/ ml for saffron extract. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that saffron and its components can inhibit cell proliferation in cancerous cells. Consequently, these agents could potentially be used as a chemopreventive agent for cancer management in the near future.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative effect, Crocin, Crocus sativus, High-performance liquid chromatography, Safranal}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_124_17}, author = {Syed Imran Bukhari and Inshah Din and Simmi Grewal and Manoj Kumar Dhar} } @article {347, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Oligopeptides Derived from Different Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Cultivars}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {361-364}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Several plant peptides have been known to exhibit various pharmacological activities. However, the bioactivity of mulberry peptides is not yet reported. Objective: In the present study, the peptides from different mulberry cultivars, namely S1, V1, S1635, and Dudhiya, were isolated and assessed for their in vitro free radical scavenging capacity and inhibitory activity of two key enzymes (α-amylase [AA] and α-glucosidase [AG]) associated with type-II diabetes. Materials and Methods: The 0.5{\textendash}3 kDa ranged oligopeptides were isolated using cation exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration system and further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and protein sequencer. The peptides were investigated for their in vitro antioxidant potential by 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity and reducing power, metal chelating, and anti-lipid peroxidation activity along with in vitro antidiabetic activity by AA and AG inhibition. Results: The results revealed that the peptides were found to possess significant free radical scavenging as well as AA and AG inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the peptide isolated from S1 cultivar exhibited the most promising therapeutic potential. Further, the variation in amino acid composition of the oligopeptides could be associated with the observed variation in their bioactivity. Conclusion: These natural peptides may constitute an important part of the antioxidant defense system as well as antidiabetic agent and further could be used for the formulation of functional food and nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, High-performance liquid chromatography, Mulberry, Oligopeptide, Ultrafiltration}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_70_18}, author = {Suchisree Jha and Saran Kumar Gupta and Phalguni Bhattacharyya and Amitava Ghosh and Palash Mandal} } @article {385, title = {Quantification of Quercetin and Rutin from Benincasa hispida Seeds and Carissa Congesta Roots by High-performance Thin Layer Chromatography and High-performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {37-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: In Indian Ayurvedic system, Benincasa hispida (BH) and Carissa congesta (CC) are well-known plants used for major and minor ailments. BH has been regarded as Kushmanda, whereas CC has been used in immune-related disorders of the human system. Quercetin and rutin identified from the vast plethora of plant extracts have proved to possess ethnopharmacological relevance. Materials and Methods: In present studies, we have determined quercetin and rutin in terms of percentage in BH seeds and CC roots by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After extraction and phytochemical screening, the extracts were subjected to quantification for the presence of quercetin and rutin by HPTLC and HPLC. Results: HPTLC showed quercetin as 44.60, 27.13\% and rutin as 32.00, 36.31\% w/w, whereas HPLC revealed quercetin as 34.00, 35.00\% and rutin as 21.99, 45.03\% w/v in BH and CC extracts, respectively. Conclusion: The BH and CC extracts have elucidated peaks that were corresponding with standard peaks on undertaking chromatographic studies.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, High-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, Quercetin, Rutin}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171098}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Hemant Devidas Une} }