@article {146, title = {Euphorbia hirta Methanolic Extract Displays Potential Antioxidant Activity for the Development of local Natural Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {78-85}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {78}, abstract = {

Background: The level of free radicals, which counteract the capability of the antioxidant system in plant products, is often measured in advance for further promising antidisease effect. Objective: In this study, we sought to evaluate the antioxidant activity of local medicinal plants (Angelica keiskei, Annona muricata, Chromolaena odorata, Clinacanthus nutans, Euphorbia hirta, and Leea indica) for their potential of use as distinctive local natural nutraceutical products. Materials and Methods: To recover active compounds, including yield and composition of the plants, the solvent extraction method, the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method, the aluminum chloride approach, and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were first performed to evaluate the antioxidant level and capacity of the plant extracts. Results: The aqueous extracts presented the highest yield for all plants, with the highest yield observed in C. nutans. However, the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the methanolic extract of E. hirta rather than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract of E. hirta also exhibited the most promising antioxidant activity, with the 50\% inhibition concentration (IC50) value of DPPH inhibition at 0.013 mg/mL. Conclusion: High total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as low IC50 value, suggested that E. hirta methanolic extract is a potential antioxidant agent for the development of local natural products for disease treatment.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Free radical scavenging activity, Natural product, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_113_18}, author = {Aziana Ismail and Maizan Mohamed and Yap Fon Kwei and Khoo Boon Yin} } @article {488, title = {Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Datura metel Linn. and Cynodon dactylon Linn. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Aim: To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Datura metel L. and Cynodon dactylon L. extracts. Materials and Methods: The extraction of plants parts (datura seed and fruit pulp) and areal parts of durva was carried out using soxhlet and cold extraction method using solvents namely methanol and distilled water. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by established methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed in vero cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was performed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. Results: We found that the highest amount of TPC and TFC in methanolic extracts of seed (268.6 μg of gallic acid equivalence/mg of dry plant material) and fruit pulp (8.84 μg of quercetin equivalence/mg dry plant material) of D. metel, respectively prepared by Soxhlet method. The methanolic extract of C. dactylon prepared using soxhlation has shown potent free radical scavenging activity with 50\% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 100 μg/ ml. The IC50 of a methanolic cold extract of datura fruit was found to be 3 mg/ml against vero cell line. Conclusion: We observed that plant parts of C. dactylon and D. metel have a high antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of these plant extracts.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.175610}, author = {Soumen Roy and Sandip Pawar and Abhay Chowdhary} } @article {585, title = {Antiproliferative and phytochemical analyses of leaf extracts of ten Apocynaceae species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {June,2011}, pages = {100-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {100}, abstract = {

Background: The anticancer properties of Apocynaceae species are well known in barks and roots but less so in leaves. Materials and Methods: In this study, leaf extracts of 10 Apocynaceae species were assessed for antiproliferative (APF) activities using the sulforhodamine B assay. Their extracts were also analyzed for total alkaloid content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and radical scavenging activity (RSA) using the Dragendorff precipitation, Folin-Ciocalteu, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Results: Leaf extracts of Alstonia angustiloba, Calotropis gigantea, Catharanthus roseus, Nerium oleander, Plumeria obtusa, and Vallaris glabra displayed positive APF activities. Extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Cerbera odollam, Dyera costulata, and Kopsia fruticosa did not show any APF activity. Dichloromethane (DCM) extract of C. gigantea, and DCM and DCM:MeOH extracts of V. glabra showed strong APF activities against all six human cancer cell lines. Against breast cancer cells of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, DCM extracts of C. gigantea and N. oleander were stronger than or comparable to standard drugs of xanthorrhizol, curcumin, and tamoxifen. All four extracts of N. oleander were effective against MCF-7 cells. Extracts of Kopsia fruticosa had the highest TAC while those of Dyera costulata had the highest TPC and RSA. Extracts of C. gigantea and V. glabra inhibited the growth of all six cancer cell lines while all extracts of N. oleander were effective against MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Extracts of C. gigantea, V. glabra, and N. oleander therefore showed great promise as potential candidates for anticancer drugs. The wide-spectrum APF activities of these three species are reported for the first time and their bioactive compounds warrant further investigation.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Apocynaceae, radical scavenging, Total alkaloid content, Total phenolic content}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.81957}, author = {Siu Kuin Wong and Yau Yan Lim, and Noor Rain Abdullah and Fariza Juliana Nordin} } @article {830, title = {Determination of Polyphenols and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Tephrosia purpurea linn Leaves (Leguminosae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {152-158}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Background: Leaves of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. (sarpankh), belonging to the family Leguminaceae, are used for the treatment of jaundice and are also claimed to be effective in many other diseases. This research work was undertaken to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves. Method: The therapeutic effects of tannins and flavonoids can be largely attributed to their antioxidant properties. So, the quantitative determinations were undertaken. All the methods are based on UV-spectrophotometric determination. Result: The total phenolic content of aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed the content values of 9.44 {\textpm} 0.22\% w/w and 18.44 {\textpm} 0.13\% w/w, respectively, and total flavonoid estimation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed the content values of 0.91 {\textpm} 0.08\% w/w and 1.56 {\textpm} 0.12\%w/w, respectively, for quercetin and 1.85 {\textpm} 0.08\% w/w and 2.54 {\textpm} 0.12\% w/w, respectively, for rutin. Further investigations were carried out for in vitro antioxidant activity and radical scavenging activity by calculating its percentage inhibition by means of IC 50 values, all the extracts{\textquoteright} concentrations were adjusted to fall under the linearity range and here many reference standards like tannic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, ascorbic acid were taken for the method suitability. Conclusion: The results revealed that leaves of this plant have antioxidant potential. The results also show the ethanolic extract to be more potent than the aqueous decoction which is claimed traditionally. In conclusion, T. purpurea Linn. (Leguminosae) leaves possess the antioxidant substance which may be responsible for the treatment of jaundice and other oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, Tephrosia purpurea Linn. (Leguminosae), Total phenolic content}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65509}, author = {Avani Patel and Amit Patel and Amit Patel and NM Patel} }