@article {293, title = {Participation of Cytokines, Opioid, and Serotoninergic Systems on Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Simira grazielae Peixoto (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Simira grazielae P. is widely found at Brazil. S. grazielae have been used to treat pain and inflammation in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: This study investigated the mechanisms of the extract and partitions using pharmacological techniques in mice. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss mice (20{\textendash}22 g) were used in models of pain (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests) and inflammation (edema paw and air pouch tests) as well as in model for the evaluation of motor activity (open field test). Furthermore, we evaluate the probable action mechanism of S. grazielae using naloxone, L-nitro-arginine methyl ester, L-arginine, glibenclamide, atropine, 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine, and ondansetron in tail-flick test. The cytokines production was also evaluated. The methanolic extract from the S. grazielae and its partitions were administered orally at doses of 10{\textendash}100 mg/kg. Results: Methanolic extract from the wood of S. grazielae (SGM) and its partitions showed antinociceptive properties in models of acute pain (SGM and ethyl acetate partition [SGMAc]) as well as in models of inflammation (dichloromethane partition [SGMD]). Prior administration of ondansetron and naloxone reduced the antinociceptive effect of SGMAc. SGMD reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by carrageenan. Conclusion: The results show that the anti-inflammatory activity showed by SGMD involves to reduction of the TNF-α, and the antinociceptive activity showed by SGMAc has relation to participation of the serotoninergic receptors and opioid system. These evidence justify the popular therapeutic use of this species in the control of pain and inflammation.

}, keywords = {Extract, Nociception, opioids, Serotoninergic system, Tumor necrosis factor-α.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_99_18}, author = {Gabriela Carmelinda Martins dos Santos and Mirza Nalesso Gomes Sanches and Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves and M{\'a}rio Geraldo de Carvalho and Raimundo Braz-Filho and Bruno Guimar{\~a}es Marinho} } @article {142, title = {Participation of Cytokines, Opioid, and Serotoninergic Systems on Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Simira grazielae Peixoto (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Simira grazielae P. is widely found at Brazil. S. grazielae have been used to treat pain and inflammation in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: This study investigated the mechanisms of the extract and partitions using pharmacological techniques in mice. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss mice (20{\textendash}22 g) were used in models of pain (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests) and inflammation (edema paw and air pouch tests) as well as in model for the evaluation of motor activity (open field test). Furthermore, we evaluate the probable action mechanism of S. grazielae using naloxone, L-nitro-arginine methyl ester, L-arginine, glibenclamide, atropine, 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine, and ondansetron in tail-flick test. The cytokines production was also evaluated. The methanolic extract from the S. grazielae and its partitions were administered orally at doses of 10{\textendash}100 mg/kg. Results: Methanolic extract from the wood of S. grazielae (SGM) and its partitions showed antinociceptive properties in models of acute pain (SGM and ethyl acetate partition [SGMAc]) as well as in models of inflammation (dichloromethane partition [SGMD]). Prior administration of ondansetron and naloxone reduced the antinociceptive effect of SGMAc. SGMD reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by carrageenan. Conclusion: The results show that the anti-inflammatory activity showed by SGMD involves to reduction of the TNF-α, and the antinociceptive activity showed by SGMAc has relation to participation of the serotoninergic receptors and opioid system. These evidence justify the popular therapeutic use of this species in the control of pain and inflammation.

}, keywords = {Extract, Nociception, opioids, Serotoninergic system, Tumor necrosis factor-α}, doi = {Background: Simira grazielae P. is widely found at Brazil. S. grazielae have been used to treat pain and inflammation in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: This study investigated the mechanisms of the extract and partitions using pharmacological techniq}, author = {Gabriela Carmelinda Martins dos Santos and Mirza Nalesso Gomes Sanches and Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves and M{\'a}rio Geraldo de Carvalho and Raimundo Braz-Filho and Bruno Guimar{\~a}es Marinho} } @article {914, title = {Antinociceptive activity of aqueous leaf extract of Tetracera sarmentosa L. in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {381-386}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {381}, abstract = {

In Sri Lankan traditional medicine mature leaves of Tetracera sarmentosa L. (Family : Dilleniaceae) is used as a healing agent in the treatment of bone fractures. A strong possibility exists that these leaves could possess antinociceptive activity but this has not been scientifically tested and validated. The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive potential of an aqueous leaf extract (ALE) of T. sarmentosa in rats (doses used : 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg, given orally) using three algesiometric methods (hot plate, tail flick and formalin tests). The results showed that ALE possesses marked and significant (p\<0.05) antinociceptive action when evaluated in hot plate (in a dose dependant manner) and formalin tests (only the highest dose tested) but not in tail flick test. The antinociceptive action of ALE had a quick onset (within 1 h) and a moderately long duration of action (up to 4 h). The antinociceptive action of ALE was not blocked by atropine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist) or metoclopramide (a dopamine receptor antagonist). Moreover, the ALE did not have sedative (in terms of hole board test) or membrane stabilizing (in terms of in vitro heat induced haemolysis of rat erythrocyte test) activities. ALE contained a wide variety of chemical constituents of which alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids may have contributed to antinociceptive action of ALE. Collectively, these observations suggest that ALE {\textendash} induced antonociception was mediated both centrally, at supraspinal level, and peripherally. The antinocicetion action was not due to cholinergic, dopaminergic, sedative and membrane stabilizing mechanisms but possibly due to opioidergic mechanisms (by indirect evidences). The results also suggest that ALE is effective against both neurogenic and inflammatory pains. In conclusion, this study shows, for the first time, that ALE of T. sarmentosa possesses moderately strong pain relieving activity, which is beneficial in the treatment of bone fractures.

}, keywords = {Antinociception, Nociception, Opioid mechanism, Pain inhibition, Tetracera sarmentosa}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Fernando T. R. G. W and Ratnasooriya W. D and Deraniyagala S. A} }