@article {998, title = {In-vitro studies of Bryophyllum pinnatum Crude Extract on Blood Coagulation Indices: An Investigation on its Traditional Medicine Use}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {268-273}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Bryophyllum pinnatum extract is used by African natives to stop epistaxis [nose bleeding], postpartum bleeding as well as fresh wounds bleeding. Aim: This study was carried out in order to evaluate the coagulant effects and properties of crude B. pinnatum extract using in-vitro blood coagulation screening tests. Materials and Methods: Healthy volunteers were used for the study and the following tests were performed: prothrombin time (PT), Partial Thromboplastin Time with Kaolin (PTTK), Thrombin Time (TT), Euglobulin Lysis Time (ELT), bleeding time (BT) and whole blood coagulation time (WBCT). Blood samples were collected from adult male and female volunteers by trained phlebotomist from the thumb and venous puncture depending on the type of coagulation test. Results: B. pinnatum extract produced a profound decreased in PT, PTTK, TT and ELT times which were concentration dependent. Extract concentrations of 84 mg/ml produced a highly significant reductions (p\< 0.05) in PT, PTTK and TT with 1.68 {\textpm} 0.16, 7.1 {\textpm} 0.28, 1.06 {\textpm} 0.19 sec respectively. Whole blood coagulation time was decreased by 84mg/ml concentration but not significantly. Results also showed that bleeding time was significantly reduced by 84 mg/ml concentration of B. pinnatum extract. The effect on plasma showed that the extract had coagulant property without the addition of activating agent to the platelet-poor plasma. Conclusion: This investigation confirms the traditional use of this plant extract in the treatment of bleeding episodes, indicating that the extract has blood coagulant properties and therefore could potentially be used in fibrinogen abnormality, deficiency of factors XII, XI, IX, or VIII, heparin in blood.

}, keywords = {Bleeding, Blood, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Coagulation, Extract, Plasma}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.21}, author = {Promise Madu Emeka} } @article {293, title = {Participation of Cytokines, Opioid, and Serotoninergic Systems on Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Simira grazielae Peixoto (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Simira grazielae P. is widely found at Brazil. S. grazielae have been used to treat pain and inflammation in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: This study investigated the mechanisms of the extract and partitions using pharmacological techniques in mice. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss mice (20{\textendash}22 g) were used in models of pain (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests) and inflammation (edema paw and air pouch tests) as well as in model for the evaluation of motor activity (open field test). Furthermore, we evaluate the probable action mechanism of S. grazielae using naloxone, L-nitro-arginine methyl ester, L-arginine, glibenclamide, atropine, 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine, and ondansetron in tail-flick test. The cytokines production was also evaluated. The methanolic extract from the S. grazielae and its partitions were administered orally at doses of 10{\textendash}100 mg/kg. Results: Methanolic extract from the wood of S. grazielae (SGM) and its partitions showed antinociceptive properties in models of acute pain (SGM and ethyl acetate partition [SGMAc]) as well as in models of inflammation (dichloromethane partition [SGMD]). Prior administration of ondansetron and naloxone reduced the antinociceptive effect of SGMAc. SGMD reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by carrageenan. Conclusion: The results show that the anti-inflammatory activity showed by SGMD involves to reduction of the TNF-α, and the antinociceptive activity showed by SGMAc has relation to participation of the serotoninergic receptors and opioid system. These evidence justify the popular therapeutic use of this species in the control of pain and inflammation.

}, keywords = {Extract, Nociception, opioids, Serotoninergic system, Tumor necrosis factor-α.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_99_18}, author = {Gabriela Carmelinda Martins dos Santos and Mirza Nalesso Gomes Sanches and Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves and M{\'a}rio Geraldo de Carvalho and Raimundo Braz-Filho and Bruno Guimar{\~a}es Marinho} } @article {363, title = {Solubility of Calcium Oxalate and Calcium Phosphate Crystallization in the Presence of Crude Extract and Fractions from Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {379-384}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: Urinary tract stones are the third common urinary tract disease that may lead to renal failure. Kelussia odoratissima is traditionally used in the treatment of kidney stones in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari region. This study was designed to investigate in vitro effect of crude extract and fractions of K. odoratissima on kidney stones (calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate). Materials and Methods: A total of 70\% ethanolic extract of K. odoratissima was prepared by maceration method followed by liquid{\textendash}liquid extraction with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and saturated n-butanol to get four fractions. Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were synthesized and then were treated with hydroalcoholic extract and fractions. Their effects on the dissolution of generated stone were assayed by calcium kit. The stones were synthesized and confirmed by fourier-transform infrared technique. Results: Results showed that total extract and its fractions had significant potency to dissolve calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals. The results indicate the higher potency of fractions containing nonpolar compounds to dissolve calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate stones compared to the fractions containing polar compounds. n-butanolic fraction had the least effect and hexane fraction had the greatest effect on the calcium phosphate stones. Furthermore, the total extract has less dissolution ability, compared to the fractions. Conclusion: The obtained results of this study exhibited that the use of K. odoratissima extract and its fractions could help to dissolve urinary stones. Therefore, it can be effective in prevention and treatment of kidney stones on people who are prone to the formation of calcium oxalate and phosphate stones.

}, keywords = {Calcium oxalate, Calcium phosphate, Extract, Kelussia odoratissima, Kidney stone}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_68_18}, author = {Akram Torki and Tahereh Hosseinabadi and Sheida Fasihzadeh and Arezo Sadeghimanesh and Joko Priyanto Wibowo and Zahra Lorigooini} } @article {346, title = {Zingiber zerumbet Rhizomes Extract Exhibits Faster Open Wound Healing in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {354-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {354}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiber zerumbet rhizome ethyl acetate extract (ZZRE) has the potential to be developed as a wound-healing agent with its profound anti-inflammatory property. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the wound healing effects of 5\% ZZRE on open wound in rats. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats (n = 90) were divided into three groups, negative control (treated with PBS), positive control (treated with solcoseryl gel), and 5\% ethyl acetate extract of Z. zerumbet, respectively. Wounds were induced on the rat{\textquoteright}s dorsal surface on day 0. Measurements of wound closure, total protein, uronic acid, hexosamine, cathepsin B, hydroxyproline, and histological observations were conducted on the wound tissues. Results: ZZRE-treated group showed increment in wound closure, protein, and hydroxyproline level. The uronic acid and hexosamine levels of ZZRE-treated wounds significantly increased on the 3rd day (P \< 0.05). Histological observations demonstrated formation of granulation tissue was faster and denser in ZZRE-treated group. Conclusion: ZZRE enhances open wound healing in rats and has potential to be developed as a healing agent in the future.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Extract, Proteins, Rhizomes, Wound healing, Zingiber zerumbet}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_14_18}, author = {Asmah Hamid and Chong Pek Lian and Nur Hafiza Salleh Hudin and Ahmad Rohi Ghazali and Nurul Farhana Jufri} } @article {501, title = {In vivo Toxicity Studies on Gall Extracts of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {199-201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {199}, abstract = {

The galls of Terminala chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae) are used for the treatment of various diseases in folk medicine and has been found to posses anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-helmintic, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-aging activities. Considering the ethano-botanical and diverse pharmacological applications of galls of T. chebula, in this study, we investigate the possible toxic effects of different gall extracts of T. chebula by Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) toxicity assay. The cytotoxicity test of leaf gall extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous) of T. chebula was evaluated by Brine shrimp (A. salina) toxicity assay, which is based on the ability to kill laboratory cultured Artemia nauplii (animals eggs) and also total content of polyphenols, flavonoids with other qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract were determined. It was observed that the petroleum ether extract was virtually nontoxic on the shrimps, and exhibited very low toxicity with LC50 value of 4356.76 μg/ml. Furthermore, the chloroform extract exhibited very low toxicity, giving LC50 value of 1462.2 μg/ml. On the other hand, the ethanol extract was very toxic to brine shrimps with LC50 value of 68.64 μg/ml. The ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content of 136 {\textpm} 1.5 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g d.w and 113 {\textpm} 1.6 mg of quercetin equivalent/g d.w, respectively. The higher toxicity effect was positively correlated to the high content of total polyphenols/flavonoids in the extract. This significant lethality of different extracts to brine shrimp is an indicative of the presence of potent cytotoxic components which warrants further investigation.

}, keywords = {Assay, Brine shrimp assay, Cytotoxic, Drug, Extract, Galls, Toxicity}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.182914}, author = {Ravi Shankara Birur Eshwarappa and Y. L. Ramachandra and Sundara Rajan Subaramaihha and Sujan Ganapathy Pasura Subbaiah and Richard Surendranath Austin and Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya} } @article {403, title = {In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Terminalia glaucescens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {49-56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in various pathological conditions. Synthetic antioxidants have adverse health effects, while many medicinal plants have antioxidant components that can prevent the harmful effects of ROS. Objectives: This study quantitatively determined the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of the stem bark of Terminalia glaucescens (EESTG). Materials and Methods: The objectives were achieved based on in vitro assays. Data were analyzed by Sigma Plot (version 11.0). Results: Using gallic acid as the standard compound, TPC value obtained was 596.57 {\textmu}g GAE/mg extract. TFC content of EESTG, determined as quercetin equivalent was 129.58 {\textmu}g QE/mg extract. Furthermore, EESTG significantly (P \< 0.001) displayed higher reducing power activity than the standard compounds (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT]). Total antioxidant capacity assay, measured by phosphomolybdate method, was 358.33 {\textpm} 5.77 {\textmu}g butylated hydroxytoluene equivalents [BHTE]/mg extract. β-carotene-linoleate bleaching method affirmed the potency of EESTG because of its significantly (P \< 0.001) higher anti-oxidant activity when compared with quercetin and BHT. Based on DPPH assay, EESTG displayed significantly (P \< 0.001) higher activity than BHT, while the hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of BHT and quercetin significantly (P \< 0.001) exceeded that of the extract, although EESTG still displayed a high level of activity obtained as 83.77\% in comparison to 92.80\% of the standard compounds. Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate the presence of promisingly potent phytoconstituents in EESTG that have the capability to act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extract, free-radicals, Standard compounds, Terminalia glaucescens.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147200}, author = {J. Olorunjuwon Olugbami and Michael A. Gbadegesin and Oyeronke A. Odunola} } @article {142, title = {Participation of Cytokines, Opioid, and Serotoninergic Systems on Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Simira grazielae Peixoto (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Simira grazielae P. is widely found at Brazil. S. grazielae have been used to treat pain and inflammation in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: This study investigated the mechanisms of the extract and partitions using pharmacological techniques in mice. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss mice (20{\textendash}22 g) were used in models of pain (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests) and inflammation (edema paw and air pouch tests) as well as in model for the evaluation of motor activity (open field test). Furthermore, we evaluate the probable action mechanism of S. grazielae using naloxone, L-nitro-arginine methyl ester, L-arginine, glibenclamide, atropine, 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine, and ondansetron in tail-flick test. The cytokines production was also evaluated. The methanolic extract from the S. grazielae and its partitions were administered orally at doses of 10{\textendash}100 mg/kg. Results: Methanolic extract from the wood of S. grazielae (SGM) and its partitions showed antinociceptive properties in models of acute pain (SGM and ethyl acetate partition [SGMAc]) as well as in models of inflammation (dichloromethane partition [SGMD]). Prior administration of ondansetron and naloxone reduced the antinociceptive effect of SGMAc. SGMD reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by carrageenan. Conclusion: The results show that the anti-inflammatory activity showed by SGMD involves to reduction of the TNF-α, and the antinociceptive activity showed by SGMAc has relation to participation of the serotoninergic receptors and opioid system. These evidence justify the popular therapeutic use of this species in the control of pain and inflammation.

}, keywords = {Extract, Nociception, opioids, Serotoninergic system, Tumor necrosis factor-α}, doi = {Background: Simira grazielae P. is widely found at Brazil. S. grazielae have been used to treat pain and inflammation in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: This study investigated the mechanisms of the extract and partitions using pharmacological techniq}, author = {Gabriela Carmelinda Martins dos Santos and Mirza Nalesso Gomes Sanches and Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves and M{\'a}rio Geraldo de Carvalho and Raimundo Braz-Filho and Bruno Guimar{\~a}es Marinho} } @article {841, title = {The Evaluation of Antinociceptive Activity of Alkaloid, Methanolic, and Aqueous extracts of Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves in rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {181-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

Mitragyna speciosa Korth is a medicinal plant indigenous to Thailand and Malaysia and has been known for its narcotic and coca-like effects. Many studies have been performed on the antinociceptive effect of the plant extracts of Thai origin; however, limited studies have been reported till date on M. speciosa extracts of Malaysian origin. Various concentrations of alkaloid (5{\textendash}20 mg/kg), methanolic (50{\textendash}200 mg/kg), and aqueous (100{\textendash}400 mg/kg) extracts of Malaysian M. speciosa leaves were prepared and orally administered to nine groups of rats. Morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and aspirin (300 mg/kg, p.o.) were used as control. Antagonism of the antinociceptive activity was evaluated by pretreatment with naloxone at a dose of 2 mg/kg (i.p.). Results showed that oral administration of the alkaloid (20 mg/kg), methanolic (200 mg/kg), and aqueous (400 mg/kg) extracts significantly prolonged the latency of nociceptive response compared with control groups in both hot plate and tail flick tests (P \< 0.05). Antinociceptive action of the alkaloid (20 mg/kg), methanolic (200 mg/ kg), and aqueous (400 mg/kg) extracts was significantly blocked by naloxone. In conclusion, these results suggest the presence of antinociceptive effect in various extracts of Malaysian M. speciosa leaves. In addition, the antinociceptive effective doses vary depending on the type of solvents used for extraction.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, Antinociceptive, Aqueous, Extract, Methanol, Mitragyna speciosa}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65514}, author = {Azadeh Sabetghadam and Surash Ramanathan and Sharif Mahsufi Mansor} } @article {780, title = {Toxicity Study of the Aqueous Extract of Tithonia diversifolia Leaves using Selected Biochemical Parameters in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {143-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {143}, abstract = {

Tithonia diversifolia has manifold ethnomedicinal uses in traditional settings without much consideration about the possible adverse effects of the consumption of its crude extracts. In this study, effects of repeated oral administration of aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia leaves (100 and 200 mg/Kg body weight) for seven days on concentrations of serum electrolytes and biomolecules and the activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, heart, liver and kidney of rats were investigated. The extract significantly increased concentrations of serum calcium ion, potasium ion and HDL-cholesterol but reduced serum albumin concentration at both doses administered compared to controls. At 200 mg/Kg body weight, the extract significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activities in the liver and heart. The results of this study suggest that the extract may exert adverse effects on the functions of the liver, heart and kidney.

}, keywords = {Extract, Heart, Kidney, Liver, Tithonia diversifolia, Toxicity}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Adebayo, J.O and Balogun, E.A and Oyeleke, S.A.} }