@article {1244, title = {Protective Effects of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. against Oxymetholone-Injured Liver and Kidney Injury in BALB/c Mice: An Integrated Biochemical, Stereological, Histopathological, and Immunohistochemical Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {401-413}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Background: Anabolic steroids, like Oxymetholone (OM), can imitate testosterone and cause harm to the liver and kidneys. Objectives: In this study, the ameliorative effects of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. (V. arctostaphylos) on OM-induced liver and kidney damage were investigated using various methods. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice (Thirty-six in 6 group/6 mice) were included as sham, OM, three OM groups treated with different doses of V. arctostaphylos fruit extract (OM+100, OM+200, and OM+400 V. arctostaphylos), and a group solely treated with 400 V. arctostaphylos. Blood samples collected on the 51st day assessed biochemical parameters and oxidative stress factors in the liver and kidney. Stereological and histopathological analyses were conducted using isolated liver and kidney tissues, while immunohistochemistry measured apoptosis levels using p53 and Bcl-2 positive cells. Results: The results indicated that V. arctostaphylos fruit extract protected the liver and kidney from OM-induced damage and maintained their normal function. Liver enzyme levels and kidney functional parameters were close to normal, and SOD and GPx activity increased while NO levels decreased. Stereological analysis showed that V. arctostaphylos preserved the normal structure of the liver and kidney and reduced the p53 positive cells while increasing Bcl-2 cell count. Conclusion: These findings suggest that V. arctostaphylos fruit extract, rich in polyphenols and possessing antioxidant properties, can enhance protection against OM-induced hepato-renal oxidative damage.

}, keywords = {Kidney, Liver, Oxymetholone., Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.50}, author = {Elnaz Khordad and Mohsen Akbaribazm and Seyed Moein Hosseini and Yasaman Rahmani} } @article {1095, title = {Effect of Some Naturally Occurring Monoterpenes viz d-Limonene, p-Cymene and Terpinolene on the Glycemic and Hepatic Function in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {446-453}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {446}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly serious health problem in society with type 2 diabetes the most common type of diabetes. Objectives: Our main aim was to test the efficacy of some naturally occurring pure monoterpenes viz d-limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene in modulating glycemic and hepatic function. Materials and Methods: Rats were given soybean oil (as source of fat) for 28 days once daily per os and a single dose of 35mg/ kg streptozotocin i.p. at the end for diabetes induction. Post diabetes detection, animals were treated with d-limonene 300mg/kg, p-cymene (150mg/kg and 200mg/kg), terpinolene (12.5mg/kg and 25 mg/kg) and standard anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide (5mg/kg) once daily orally for a period of another 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood glucose, serum levels of insulin, HbA1c, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, total protein and albumin were determined. Liver was isolated for histopathology. Results: Biochemical profile revealed that d-limonene, p-cymene, and terpinolene significantly restored blood glucose, serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, albumin and total protein. However, d-limonene (300mg/kg) and terpinolene (25mg/kg) exhibited more pronounced activity than p-cymene (150mg/kg). Histopathology of diabetic group revealed binucleated cells, degeneration of parenchyma, clear cell foci, granular cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli and darkly stained nucleolus while d-limonene, p-cymene and terpinolene treated groups were successful in slowing down the progression of pathology associated with hepatic architecture. Conclusion: D-limonene, p-cymene and terpinolene have the potential to control parameters related to glycemia. Because of the fact that type 2 diabetics are at risk of several liver pathologies, d-limonene, p-cymene and terpinolene exhibited hepatoprotective activity also.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Histopathology, Liver, Rats, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.65}, author = {Sheeba Shakeel and Nahida Tabassum} } @article {130, title = {Antioxidative Properties of Thymus vulgaris on Liver Rats Induced by Paclitaxel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {315-320}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Background: Thymus vulgaris (Thym) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae with potent antioxidant, and it has been beneficial effects during short-term administration. Paclitaxel sold under the brand name Tax (Tax) is chemotherapy drug which capable to produce free radicals. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Thym against toxic effects of Tax to the liver of rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four male rats were assigned to eight groups: Control normal and Tax control groups (20 mg/kg); Thym groups (4.5, 9, 18 mg/kg), and Tax + Thym-treated groups (4.5, 9, 18 mg/kg). Treatments were administered intraperitoneally daily for 2 weeks. Griess technique was assessed for determined serum nitrite oxide (NO) level. Aspartate aminotransferase, ALANINE aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were determined for liver functional disturbances. In addition, liver malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the diameter of hepatocytes, and the central hepatic vein (CHV) were investigated. Results: Tax administration significantly improved liver MDA and NO level, the mean diameter of CHV and hepatocyte, liver enzymes, and decreased TAC level compared to the normal control group (P \< 0.001). The Thym and Thym + Tax treatments at all doses significantly reduced the mean diameter of hepatocyte and CHV, liver enzymes, liver MDA, and NO levels and increased TAC level compared to the Tax control group (P \< 0.001). Conclusion: It seems that Thym administration improved liver injury induced by Tax in rats.

}, keywords = {Liver, Oxidative stress, Paclitaxel, Thymus vulgaris.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_45_19}, author = {Mohammad Reza Salahshoor and Shiva Roshankhah, Cyrus Jalili} } @article {361, title = {Protective Effect of Sorrel Extract on Adult Rats Treated by Carbon Tetrachloride}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {200-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {200}, abstract = {

Context: Heart, kidneys, and liver are the vital organs present in vertebrates and some other animals. They have a wide range of functions, such as maintaining homeostasis, detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemical, that are necessary for digestion and maintaining circulation. These organs are necessary for the survival, and currently, there are no means to compensate for the absence of their functionalities in a long term. The damage of liver can affect other vital organs, including kidneys and heart. Aims: This study aimed at investigating the effect of sorrel extract in the treatment of some of the diseases of liver, kidneys, and heart using experimental animals. Settings and Design: This study is a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Materials and Methods: Forty mature male albino rats, weighing 150{\textendash}160 g, were used and divided into four equal groups. One group was kept as negative control (C -ve) group whereas the other three groups were injected subcutaneously (s/c) with carbon tetrachloride in 50\% V/V paraffin oil (2 ml/kg b.wt.). Tissue specimens were obtained from all the groups and fixed in 10\% formalin for histopathological examination. Statistical Analysis Used: The obtained data were statistically analyzed using computerized Superior Performing Statistical Software (SPSS) at SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. Effects of different treatments were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test using Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple range test, and P \< 0.05 was also used to indicate the significance level between different groups (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). Results: The resulting data showed that the sorrel extract demonstrated a significant enhancement in liver intoxication and all other tested parameters. In addition, it also helped in minimizing the structural tissue damages in the vital organs. Conclusions: According to these results, sorrel can impair the liver function and maintain the functions of the vital organs.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Heart, Histopathological changes, Kidneys, Liver, Sorrel}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204653}, author = {Abdullah Glil Alkushi} } @article {475, title = {Acute Sodium Arsenite-Induced Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Wistar Rats: Protective Effects of Ethanol Extract of Ageratum conyzoides}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {26-30}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Background: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) is an annual herbaceous plant used in folklore medicine for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Objective: To investigate the protective effect of the ethanol leaf extract of A. conyzoides (EEAC) against hematological, serum biochemical and histological alterations induced by Sodium arsenite administration to Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats each. Group I received propylene glycol and Group II rats were given the (EEAC, 100 mg/kg b.w.) orally for 7 days. Group III were given a single oral dose of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, 2.5 mg/kg b.w.). Animals in Group IV were pretreated with 100 mg/kg EEAC for 7 days followed by a single oral dose of sodium arsenite. Results: Arsenic exposure resulted in significant reductions (P \< 0.05) in values of packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) count, and elevation in total white blood cell (WBC) count with insignificant reductions in serum total protein, albumin, and globulin levels. Alterations in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transferase activities, as well as in serum levels of urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, were not statistically significant. EEAC significantly restored (P \< 0.05) the PCV, Hb, RBC, and WBC as well as serum albumin, globulin, and total protein to normal values. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that EEAC possess strong potentials to protect against toxicities induced by sodium arsenite.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Hematology, Histopathology, Liver, Serum Biochemistry, Sodium arsenite}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.178645}, author = {Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies and Akinleye Stephen Akinrinde} } @article {822, title = {A Comparative Study of the Effect of Come Nutritional Medicinal Plants Effect on Lead Accumulation in the Liver Following Different Modes of Administration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {August,2014}, pages = {306-311}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {306}, abstract = {

Context and Objectives: Lead (Pb) toxicity leads to cell damage in many organs of the body. Using different treatment interventions and modes of administration we comparatively examined the protective ability of some medicinal plants on liver Pb accumulation. Materials and Methods: Rats were fed on either 7\% w/w Zingiber officinale, 7\% w/w Allium sativum, 10\% w/w Lycopersicon esculentum, 5\%, w/w Garcinia kola (all in rat chow), while Pb (100 ppm) was given in drinking water. The additives were administered together with (mode 1), a week after exposure to (mode 2) or a week before metal exposure to (mode 3) the metal for a period of 6 weeks. The metal accumulations in the liver were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry and compared using analysis of variance. Results: Some additives significantly (P \< 0.05) reduced, while others enhanced Pb accumulation. Mode 2 yielded the highest mean \% protection and mode 3 the lowest, no significant interaction between modes of administration and time of measurement in their relationships to percentage protection, but there was statistically significant (P \< 0.05) interaction between modes of administration and additive used in their relationships to percentage protection. Conclusion: Protective effects of medicinal plants are varied and depend on the nature of lead exposure.

}, keywords = {Accumulation pattern, Allium sativum, Garcinia kola, Lead, Liver, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mode of administration, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.138278}, author = {Chukwuemeka Nwokocha and Novie Younger-Coleman and Magdalene Nwokocha and Daniel Owu and Moses Iwuala} } @article {781, title = {Investigation of Effects of Time of Measurement and Modes of Administration on Cadmium Accumulation in Rat Liver Under Some Medicinal Plants Food Supplemented Diet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {May,2014}, pages = {240-245}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {240-245}, abstract = {

Context and Objectives: Cadmium (Cd) toxicity leads to cell and organ damage, we comparatively examined the protection ability of different medicinal plants on Cd liver accumulation following different treatment interventions and modes of administration. Materials and Methods: Rats were fed either 7\% w/w Zingiber officinale, 7\% w/w Allium Sativum, 10\% w/w Lycopersicon esculentum, 5\%, w/w Garcinia kola (all in rat chow), while Cd (200 ppm) was given in drinking water. Additives were administered together with (mode 1), a week after (mode 2) or a week before metal exposure (mode 3) for a period of six weeks. Cd liver was determined using AAS and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: All additives significantly (P \<0.5) reduced the accumulation of Cd in the liver. After adjusting for time and mode of administration, mean \%protection for week 4 was significantly lower by 14.1\% (P=0.02) from that for week 2 but the means did not differ with respect to additive used or mode of administration, no statistically significant interaction between modes of administration and either of additives used or time of administration in their respective relationships to percentage protection from Cd. Conclusion: Additives significantly reduced Cd accumulation through a reduction in absorption and enhancement of metal excretion.

}, keywords = {Accumulation pattern, Allium sativum, Cadmium, Garcinia kola, Liver, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mode of administration, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.132604}, author = {Chukwuemeka R. Nwokocha and Novie Younger-Coleman and Magdalene Nwokocha and Daniel U. Owu and Moses Iwuala} } @article {642, title = {Comparative Analysis on the Effect of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) in Reducing Cadmium and Lead Accumulation in Liver of Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {October ,2012}, pages = {214-218}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {214}, abstract = {

Context: Palm oil from Elaeis guineensis is an edible nutrient substance with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We examined its protective effect against lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the liver. Materials and Methods: 12\% w/w of palm oil (PO) in rat chow concentrate was fed to rats exposed to Cd (200ppm) and Pb (100ppm) in drinking water at different feeding regimens. PO was administered either at the same time with the metals (group 2), post-treatment after exposure (group 3) or pre-treatment before exposure (group 4) for six weeks. The heavy metal accumulations in the liver were determined using AAS. Results: Weight losses induced by these metals were significantly (P\<0.05) reversed by PO administration. Analysis among the groups showed that post-treatment group had a significant (P\<0.05) higher percentage protection to Cd, but same time treatment for Pb (P\<0.05) when compared with other groups. The protective ability to PO was only significantly (P\<0.05) increased for Pb at week 2, but showed a time-dependent significant (P\<0.05) increase for Cd across all treatment regimens. Conclusion: PO is beneficial in reducing metal accumulation in the liver and has a higher hepatoprotective effect to Cd compared to Pb at the selected doses by possibly affecting the processes of uptake, assimilation and elimination of these metals.

}, keywords = {Accumulation, Cadmium, Heavy metals, Lead, Liver, Protection.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.102266}, author = {Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha and Magdalene I Nwokocha and Daniel U Owu and Joshua Obi and Bukola Olatunde and Chioma Ebe and Ozioma Nwangwu and Moses O Iwuala} } @article {639, title = {Comparative Study on the Hepatoprotection to Heavy Metals of Zingiber Officinale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {October ,2012}, pages = {208-213}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Context:Zingiber officinale\ (Zingiberaceae) is a herb used for culinary and therapeutic purposes due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials.\ Objectives:\ We examined its protective ability against mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the liver.\ Materials \& Methods:\ Ground\ Zingiber officinale\ (7\%, w/w of feed) was administered to rats either at the same time with the exposure ofheavy metals (group 2), a week after exposure to heavy metals (group 3) or given a week before heavy metal exposure (group 4) for six weeks. Animals were exposed to either of Hg (10 ppm), Cd (200 ppm) and Pb (100 ppm) in drinking water. The heavy metal accumulations in the liver were determined using AAS.\ Results:\ Weight losses induced by these metals were not reversed by\ Zingiber officinale\ administration. There was a significant (P\<0.01) increase in protection to Pb (97\%) and Cd (63\%) accumulation when compared to Hg (32\%) at week 2. The protective ability was significantly (P\<0.01) decreased at week 4 when compared to week 2 for Cd and Pb but not to Hg in groups 3 (50\%) and 4 (52\%). At week 6, hepatoprotection to Hg (44\%) and Cd (85\%) was significantly (P\<0.01) different but not to Pb which was only significant (P\<0.05) in week 2 of treatment for all groups.\ Discussion and Conclusion:Zingiber officinale\ affected the bioavailability, elimination and uptake of these metals in a time-dependent way with highest beneficial reducing effect to Cd followed by Hg and least protection to Pb in the liver.

}, keywords = {Accumulation, Cadmium, Lead, Liver, mercury, protection, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.102263}, author = {Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha and Daniel U Owu and Magdalene I Nwokocha and Chibueze S Ufearo and Moses O. E. Iwuala} } @article {743, title = {Modulation of Phosphatase Levels in Mice Liver by Genistein Treatment against Radiation Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {72-79}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Genistein is a soya isoflavone, which is found naturally in legumes, such as soybeans and chickpeas. The intraperitoneal administration of optimum dose (200 mg/kg body weight) of Genistein before 24 hrs and 15 minutes of irradiation (8 Gy at a dose rate of 1.02 Gy/min) increased the acid phosphatase (by 34.7 {\textpm} 12.39\%) and decreased the alkaline phosphatase (by 49.59 {\textpm} 13.82\%) in experimental group as compared to control group in liver of Swiss albino mice. Statistically analyzed survival data produced a dose reduction factor (DRF) = 1.24. The results indicate that Genistein against radiation effect may pave way to the formulation of medicine in radiotherapy for normal tissue and possible against radiomimetic drug induced toxicity. Present study also establishes the fact that Genistein may be used as a radioprotector before and after radiation exposure. Hence the possibility of its use as a radioprotectant and radiotherapeutic drug in accidental conditions or nuclear war conditions can not be ruled out.

}, keywords = {Acid and Alkaline phosphatases., Genistein, Liver, Oxidative stress, Radiation, Tyrosine kinase inhibitor}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Ajay Gaur and A.L. Bhatia} } @article {780, title = {Toxicity Study of the Aqueous Extract of Tithonia diversifolia Leaves using Selected Biochemical Parameters in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {143-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {143}, abstract = {

Tithonia diversifolia has manifold ethnomedicinal uses in traditional settings without much consideration about the possible adverse effects of the consumption of its crude extracts. In this study, effects of repeated oral administration of aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia leaves (100 and 200 mg/Kg body weight) for seven days on concentrations of serum electrolytes and biomolecules and the activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, heart, liver and kidney of rats were investigated. The extract significantly increased concentrations of serum calcium ion, potasium ion and HDL-cholesterol but reduced serum albumin concentration at both doses administered compared to controls. At 200 mg/Kg body weight, the extract significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activities in the liver and heart. The results of this study suggest that the extract may exert adverse effects on the functions of the liver, heart and kidney.

}, keywords = {Extract, Heart, Kidney, Liver, Tithonia diversifolia, Toxicity}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Adebayo, J.O and Balogun, E.A and Oyeleke, S.A.} }