@article {1171, title = {Alternanthera sessilis: A Review of Literature on the Phytoconstituents, Traditional Usage and Pharmacological Activities of Green and Red Cultivar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {636-652}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {636}, abstract = {

The weed Alternanthera sessilis, having Green (ASG) and Red (ASR) cultivars, is a member of the Amaranthaceae. Both cultivars are known to possess high medicinal and nutraceutical values as they are widely utilized in traditional medicine. Populations from various Asian regions commonly consume this medicinal weed as part of diet and as therapeutic agent. In general, both cultivars have been employed for treating a broad range of human ailments including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammatory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis and hepatitis apart from its administration as a painkiller. Following its ethnomedicinal uses, an attempt was made to review and consolidate the phytochemical constituents of ASG and ASR discovered from previous studies that utilized advanced technologies, respective traditional application among different ethnicities of Asia and their established pharmacological properties. All the information in this study was acquired through a literature search of research databases, namely ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords such as Alternanthera sessilis, Alternanthera sessilis red, dwarf copperleaf and sessile joyweed. The results of each study were reviewed to identify its relevance and the cultivar that was being investigated. All relevant studies were collected and its subsequent results were reported and discussed to provide insights into the health enhancing qualities of ASG and ASR. Inspection of phytoconstituents in ASG and ASR showed the presence of polyphenol, flavonoid, carotenoid, terpenes and alkaloid with polyphenol being the major chemical group found in both cultivars. It was also revealed that whilst ASR is traditionally consumed in China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan, indigenous usage of ASG is more common in nations such as Sri Lanka, India, and Indonesia. Both ASG and ASR showed potent anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, antimicrobial, antifungal and hepatoprotective effects while the anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and analgesic properties were disclosed in ASG only. Further processing and commercialization of this remedial weed as a product benefiting the wellbeing of humans is recommended as Alternanthera sessilis has high potential to be utilized as a curative agent while being a vital ingredient that can be included in daily consumption.

}, keywords = {Alternanthera sessilis, Dwarf copperleaf, Pharmacological properties, Phytoconstituents, Sessile joyweed}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.067}, author = {Omilla Ragavan and Sze Cheng Chan and Yi En Goh and Vuanghao Lim and Yoke Keong Yong} } @article {1150, title = {Bryonia laciniosa: A Ethnopharmacological Approach of Ayurvedic Shivlingi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {462-467}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {462}, abstract = {

Bryonia laciniosa Linn., also known as Bryonopsis laciniosa which in traditionally called to be Shivlingi, because the upper surface of the seeds looks like a "Shivling," a popularly worshipped Hindu divinity which is Lord Shiva. It is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is used to uterine tonic and boost in mental function in reducing stressed women infertility. Its main chemical component is bryonin, which is linked with lymphadenopathy, fever, asthma, bronchitis, epilepsy, cholera, colic, consumption, convulsions, cough, delirium, infertility, headache, splenomegaly, paralysis, pulmonary tuberculosis, snakebite. It has been pharmacologically proven as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, weight problem, and primarily as a treatment for infertility. All men or women have an innate, passionate desire to preserve their race. Becoming a mother is one of every woman{\textquoteright}s greatest love dreams. Herbal medicines are much cheaper and less difficult to obtain and have no known ill effects. Many herbs that promote infertility are also used in folk remedies that are mostly undiscovered. It is a little-known conventional drug that has been proven to be effective in treatment.

}, keywords = {Bryonia laciniosa, Bryonopsis laciniosa, Pharmacological properties, Phytoconstituents, Shivlingi.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.047}, author = {Prasad Vijay Kadam and Prachi Vikas Bhapkar and Sameer Khamroddin Shaikh and Kavita Nilesh Yadav and Damini Kallyanrao Giram}, editor = {Abhijit Sampatrao Karanje} } @article {1195, title = {Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Herbal Plants in Managing Blood Sugar Levels: A Comprehensive Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {10-18}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Hyperglycemia, characterized by persistently high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin release or insulin resistance, is a major global health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a substantial increase in the number of diabetic patients, from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, and further to 463 million in 2020. As a result, there has been a growing demand for medicinal plants to address this issue. Traditional medicine has long recognized and utilized various medicinal herbs with hypoglycemic properties. This review focuses on eight specific medicinal plants: Ficus religiosa (Moraceae), Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae), Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae), Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae), Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (Fabaceae), and Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae), which have been found to play a significant role in managing hyperglycemia. The article explores the phytochemical constituents of these plants responsible for their hypoglycemic effects and elucidates their mechanisms of action. By providing a comprehensive review of these medicinal plants, this article offers valuable insights into their potential use for managing hyperglycemia.

}, keywords = {Herbal plants, Hyperglycemia, Insulin resistance, Phytoconstituents, Therapeutic potential.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.2}, author = {Archita Katrolia and Ved Pal and Vikesh Kumar Shukla and Rohit Singh} } @article {1166, title = {Kapikacchu: The Brain Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {601-606}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {601}, abstract = {

Ancient civilizations throughout the world have survived for so many years, on the wisdom of nature in every field. Natural ways of living and managing disease have been the mainstay of all these cultures. In today{\textquoteright}s era too almost 80\% of the world population relies on herbal medicine to sustain their health care needs. Herbal medication in the form of folklore medicine or home remedies is the mainstay of disease cure in Asian, African continents as continues to be the first line of treatment in mild to moderately severe illnesses.[1,2] Kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens Linn.) is an important herb mentioned in the Ayurvedic medical literature.[3] The plant is beneficial in parkinsonism, male infertility, neurological disorders etc. The negative effects are caused due to the exposure to the pod hair that{\textquoteright}s known to cause skin allergy, basically irritation and itching. That explains the name Kapikacchu. M. pruriens is widely used to manage impotency. The aphrodisiac properties of this herb are known to improve the semen quality in terms count and quality, motility etc.,[4] and is also useful in the management of diabetes mellitus and known to possess antitumour properties too. The seeds exhibit multi-systemic functions like inflammatory arthritis, diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders like parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, fever and inflammations.[5,6] This review study is an attempted to provide detailed information about this herb collected from various Ayurvedic texts and its corelative studies through the lens of pharmacology in terms of its phytoconstituents and pharmacological actions.

}, keywords = {Kapikacchu, Mucuna pruriens, Neurotransmitter, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.063}, author = {Rupali Patil and Gautam P. Vadnere and Kundan Patil and Nalini More} } @article {992, title = {Phytochemical and Network Pharmacology Based Evaluation of Antiepileptic Potential of Identified Metabolites in Argimone mexicana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {208-217}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Background: Quality-based assessment of herbal drugs or products is being more concerning for their quality, safety and regulatory purpose. A. mexicana is a traditional herbal medicine that has a long history in the treatment of arthritis, anti-fungal anti-cancer and brain disorders. Aim: Due to lack of scientific evidence based on phytopharmacology, the study is aimed for phytochemical and antiepileptic evaluation of identified metabolites in A. mexicana. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical identification was done using MS, FTIR and 1H-NMR and quantitated using HPTLC densitometric analysis. Further, ADME and network pharmacology studies were performed to evaluate biological response of identified metabolites. Results: The resulted outcomes of the spectral analysis suggest isolated compounds as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, berberine and angoline. In HPTLC quantitative analysis, the content of ferulic acid, caffeic acid, berberine and angoline was found as 3.475 {\textpm} 0.028, 1.036 {\textpm} 0.013, 0.714 {\textpm} 0.014 and 0.738 {\textpm} 0.081 μg/mg of A. mexicana extract. In ADME analysis, berberine and angoline showed good bioavailable response while in network pharmacology analysis, except angoline, all the metabolites significantly interacted with several genes (SOD1, NOS, MAPK3, UGT1As, G6PD, ACOT2, BAAT etc) associated with brain ischemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress or the genes response for elimination of toxins from the body. Conclusion: Hence, the study enlightens that A. mexicana possess several major and minor metabolites and which can be the key parameter for further quality and regulatory based assessment of A. Mexicana and biological role against oxidative and inflammatory stress induced epileptic seizure.

}, keywords = {ADME analysis, Argemone mexicana L., HPTLC, Network pharmacology, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.13}, author = {Vinod Gahlot and Dinesh Kumar Yadav} } @article {1005, title = {Preventive Medicinal Plants and their Phytoconstituents against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Reviews}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {173-191}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

Pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered virus {\textquotedblleft}Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2){\textquotedblright}. Considering the present scenario of COVID-19 outbreak and its impact on humankind, holistic remedies with respect to herbal medicine validated from ethnopharmacological rationale are now targeting approaches globally as a preventive care against SARS-CoV-2. Aim: This review is primarily focused on to deliver a concise fact of the coronaviridae family, pathophysiology, mechanism of action, ethnopharmacological validated Indian herbs for inhibiting the virus with possible targets. Experimental procedure: In this study, science mapping tool Bibliometrix R-package was used to perform bibliometric analysis and building data matrices for keywords co-occurrence investigation, country-wise scientific production; collaboration between the countries worldwide, co-word analysis on topic {\textquotedblleft}keywords associated with SARS-CoV-2 and medicinal plants{\textquotedblright}. Results and Conclusion: Our findings is to deliver a concise knowledge about the coronaviridae family, pathophysiology, possible targets for managing the SARS-CoV-2, in addition to potential medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents against COVID-19. Target-specific inflammatory pathways due to post infection of SARS e.g. NLRP3, p38-MAPK, Metallopeptidase Domain 17; endocytosis pathways e.g. Clathrin, HMGB1 pathways are primarily highlighted along with relevant interleukins and cytokines, which directly/indirectly triggering to immune system and play a significant role. Based on selective pathways and potential lead, the outcome of our elaborated study put forward selected Indian medicinal plants that hold a very high probability as preventive care in this global crisis.

}, keywords = {Biblioshiny, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Medicinal plants, Phytoconstituents, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.10}, author = {Neelesh Kumar Nema and Ghouse Modin Nabeesab Mamdapur and Smitha Sarojam and Swapnil Devidas Khamborkar and Linson Cheruveettil Sajan and Sachithra Sabu and Baby Kumaranthara Chacko and Viju Jacob} } @article {71, title = {A Review of the Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Properties of Cynodon dactylon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {104-112}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {104}, abstract = {

Background: Cynodon dactylon is the scientific name of the common perennial grass whose lustre of green pasture covers the land. In layman{\textquoteright}s language, it is seen as a surface pasture in a sports field, garden lawns or terrace gardens, or as an unwanted weed in gardens. Many are unaware of its phytoconstituents, pharmacological and nutraceutical properties which progressively make science to aim for C. dactylon{\textquoteright}s enormous nutraceutical potential in curing problems like ulcers, diabetes, arrhythmia, diarrhoea, inflammation, edema and etc. Objectives: To discuss the constituents of phytochemicals and nutraceutical properties of C. dactylon with its curative investigation for various common ailments. Materials and Methods: Different kinds of extracts i.e. aqueous extract, ethanolic extract, alcoholic extract, hydro-alcoholic extracts etc. of C. dactylon were taken into account to study their curing potential against ailments organically. Results: Having its origin from east of Africa, it contains large amounts of biologically active compounds or phytochemical compounds, which has attracted many researchers to study its curative nutraceutical properties. Experiments conducted on animals have resulted in the effect of C. dactylon is, in the field of whether treating ailments or healing up excision or incision wounds, reducing ulcers, or improving the functioning of the muscular system and the circulatory system of the body. Conclusion: Biologically active phytocontituents in C. dactylon effective against the bodily ailments and are of high importance once the products are made easily available.

}, keywords = {Cynodon dactylon, Extracts, Nutraceutical, Pharmacological, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.1}, author = {Shweta Das and Sonia Morya and Arno Neumann and Vijay Kumar Chattu} } @article {39, title = {{\textquotedblleft}Haripriya{\textquotedblright} God{\textquoteright}s Favorite: Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. - At a Glance}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Resea}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {1-16}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The Kadam tree is highly regarded as religiously and culturally in India being sacred to Lord Krishna, and hence, the tree is also known as Haripriya, God{\textquoteright}s favorite. This article provides a detailed review of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb) Miq. (family {\textendash} Rubiaceae) that covers taxonomical classification, vernacular names, geographical distribution, botanical description, ethnobotanical information, pharmacological studies, and phytochemistry. Several parts of this plant have a number of traditional applications for treating humanity, which includes mouth ulcer, subdermal inflammatory deposits, stomatitis, fever, gastric disturbance, astringent, febrifuge, antiseptic, diuretics, anemia, uterine complaints, increase breast milk in lactating women, improvement of semen quality in men, nanotechnology, and agroforestry. The plant parts produce various pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, nephrotoxicity, diuretic and laxative, antihepatotoxic, hypolipidemic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antifilarial antimalarial, sedative, antiepileptic, urolithiatic, immunomodulatory, antivenom, gastroprotective, anthelminthic, wound healing, antimicrobial, geranyl acetate esterase inhibition along with toxicological studies, nanotechnology, and agroforestry, which are newly added applications. Many phytoconstituents were isolated using various solvents and obtained compounds, such as cadambine, 3α-dihydrocadambine, isodihydrocadambine, β-sitosterol, amygdalin, phelasin, ursolic acid, linalool, and geraniol that belong to alkaloids, coumarins, terpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenes glycosides, sterols, flavonoids, amides, and fatty acids. Various solvent extracts and their gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry studies have confirmed structures of some important phytoconstituents. Hence, this review can be a good reference for researchers who are willing to continue further research about A. cadamba.

}, keywords = {Anthocephalus cadamba, Ethnobotanical information, Haripriya, Pharmacological activities, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_102_19}, author = {Sumanta Mondal and Kausik Bhar and Ashes Sinha Mahapatra and Joy Mukherjee and Prasenjit Mondal and Syed Tazib Rahaman and Aishwarya P Nair} } @article {270, title = {Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Aerial Parts of Senecio acaulis (L.f.) Sch.Bip}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {130}, abstract = {

Background: Genus Senecio is known by its phenolic constituents, terpenoids, essential oil (EO), and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. No previous reports could be traced about the phytochemical study of Senecio acaulis. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition and biological potentiality of EO of S. acaulis aerial parts and to study the phytoconstituents of the plant extract and its spasmolytic activity. Materials and Methods: The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In-vitro screen of antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities was determined against positive controls. Column chromatography was used to isolate the phytoconstituents from chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions; their structures were elucidated using physical and spectral methods. Spasmolytic activity was measured before and after K+-induced contractions on isolated rabbit jejunum. DNA-fingerprint was established by RAPD-PCR technique using 12 primers. Results: The study of EO revealed the detection of 22 compounds representing 81.08\% of the oil composition. The major constituents were D-limonene (13.32\%), β-pinene (11.54\%), and sabinene (10.79\%). Eight compounds were isolated from the plant extract and identified as β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, lupeol, oleanolic acid, β-amyrin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin. The oil exhibited moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The oil showed a significant antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans and weak antileishmanial activity. In isolated rabbit jejunum, the ethanol extract produced a relaxation of spontaneous and moderate effect against high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions. Amplification of DNA yielded 87 RAPD fragments. Conclusion: Senecio acaulis (L.f.) Sch.Bip essential oil can be used as antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, the spasmolytic activity of its ethanolic extract suggests its incorporation in antidiarrheal preparations. Further clinical trials are required to evaluate these effects on humans. Identification of twenty two compounds in its essential oil, isolation of eight compounds for the first time as well as authentication of the plant via DNA finger print may play an important role in its chemotaxonomic classification.

}, keywords = {DNA-fingerprinting, Essential oil, Phytoconstituents, Senecio acaulis, Spasmolytic activity}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_149_17}, author = {Rehab M. S. Ashour and Abeer M. El Sayed and Mohamed F. Elyamany and Dina R. Abou-Hussein} } @article {418, title = {Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) and Prediction of Biological Activity of its Phytoconstituents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {156-165}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {156}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) and prediction of biological activities of its phytoconstituents using in vivo anti-diabetic model and in silico analysis respectively. Materials and Methods: The leaves of O. tenuiflorum were extracted with 60\% ethanol, and the extract was used for further pharmacological screening. The acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated as per the guidelines set by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, revised draft guidelines 423. The oral anti-diabetic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of O. tenuiflorum (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) was studied against streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg; i.p.) + nicotinamide (120 mg/kg; i.p.) induced diabetes mellitus. The animals were treated with the investigational plant extract and standard drug (glibenclamide) for 21 consecutive days and the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of O. tenuiflorum on blood glucose levels was measured at regular intervals. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from all the animals for biochemical estimation, then the animals were sacrificed and the liver and kidney were collected for organ weight analysis. Prediction for pharmacological and toxicological properties of phytoconstituents of O. tenuiflorum was carried out using online web tools such as online pass prediction and lazar toxicity prediction. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of O. tenuiflorum showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity at 250 and 500 mg/kg, and this effect was comparable with that of glibenclamide. Predicted biological activities of phytoconstituents of O. tenuiflorum showed presence of various pharmacological actions, which includes anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. Prediction of toxicological properties of phytoconstituents of O. tenuiflorum did not show any major toxic effects. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of O. tenuiflorum showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity against STZ + nicotinamide induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Further studies are required to confirm the anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of individual phytoconstituents of O. tenuiflorum

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic activity, Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity, In silico analysis, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.151457 }, author = {Subramani Parasuraman and Subramani Balamurugan and Parayil Varghese Christapher and Rajendran Ramesh Petchi and Wong Yeng Yeng and Jeyabalan Sujithra and Chockalingam Vijaya} } @article {362, title = {Review on Polygonum minus. Huds, a commonly used food additive in Southeast Asia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Polygonum minus (Polygonaceae), generally known as {\textquoteleft}kesum{\textquoteright} in Malaysia is among the most commonly used food additive, flavoring agent and traditionally used to treat stomach and body aches. Raw or cooked leaves of P. minus are used in digestive disorders in the form of a decoction and the oil is used for dandruff. The pharmacological studies on P. minus have demonstrated antioxidant, in vitro LDL oxidation inhibition, antiulcer activity, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro antiplatelet aggregation activity, antimicrobial activity, digestive enhancing property and cytotoxic activity. The spectroscopic studies of essential oil of P. minus showed the presence of about 69 compounds, which are responsible for the aroma. The phytochemical studies showed presence of flavonoids and essential oils. This review is an effort to update the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data of the plant P. minus.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Antiulcer, Phytoconstituents, Polygonum.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147125}, author = {Parayil Varghese Christapher and Subramani Parasuraman and Josephine Maria Arokiaswamy Christina and Mohd. Zaini Asmawi and Murugaiyah Vikneswaran} }