@article {1109, title = {BBD Driven Optimization of Extraction of Therapeutically Active Xanthanoid Mangiferin from Mangifera indica L. Leaves and its Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {84-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {84-93}, abstract = {

Background: Mangiferin, a C-glucosyl xanthone present in Mangifera indica leaves exhibits profuse pharmacological activities. Our research highlights the process parameter at which high yield of Mangiferin can be extracted from Mangifera indica leaves in "one run." Objectives: The study compares the efficacy of different modern and traditional methods for mangiferin extraction. Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was employed for optimizing the process parameters for the Mangiferin extraction from Mangifera indica leaves. Materials and Methods: Extraction conditions (extraction temperature, drug to solvent ratio, and extraction time) were optimized by Response-Surface Methodology (RSM), specifically BBD. Quantification analysis of Mangiferin in different extracts was done using HPLC. Further, the antioxidant potential of M. indica extracts in different solvents were evaluated using DPPH method. Results: Reflux technique, a hot solvent extraction method, conferred the highest yield of Mangiferin and ethanol was found to be the most efficient extractive solvent. Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for mangiferin extraction were established as extraction time- 63.653 min, extraction temperature- 63.563{\textdegree}C and drug to solvent ratio- 1:22.634 g/ml. Under such conditions, Mangiferin was yielded as 90.31 mg/g, which was nearly close to the predicted value of 91.096 mg/g. The ethanolic extract has revealed significant antioxidant potential with a percentage inhibition of 59.76 \%. Conclusion: The reflux technique stood out to be the best amongst all the other thermal and non-thermal modes of extraction used, and ethanol proves to be the most efficient extracting solvent. Additionally, Mangiferin extraction was significantly affected by all three different variables. Our study highlights the use of RSM, a modern-day statistical technique in the extraction field of therapeutically potent phytocompounds, which makes the optimization method cheap and less laborious than the traditional optimization method.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Mangifera indica, Mangiferin, Optimization, Response surface methodology.}, doi = {10.5530/097484900279}, author = {Syeda Nashvia Adin and Isha Gupta and Mohd Aqil and Mohd Mujeeb and Abdul Ahad} } @article {122, title = {Genetic, Chemical, and Biological Diversity in Mangifera indica L. Cultivars}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {186-193}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Context: Mango is a valuable plant with vital economic importance; the leaves of its cultivars show several morphological similarities. Aims: Full differentiation of the leaves of eight Mangifera indica L. cultivars depending on genetic, chemical, and biological bases. Settings and Design: Chemometric analysis was applied to fully distinguish the diversity among cultivars; also, their gastroprotective activity was studied. Subjects and Methods: DNA fingerprinting of eight mango cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA{\textendash} polymerase chain reaction technique and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were compared using chemometric analysis. Furthermore, estimation of total polyphenolics and flavonoids and gastroprotective activity was studied. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance was used, followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Results: Primers OPA-O7 and OPA-O8 showed 100\% polymorphism. Total polyphenolics and flavonoids concentrations varied greatly (14.58 in Tommy atkins to 29.54 in Fagrklan g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract and 22.49 in Tommy atkins to 93.40 in Fagrklan g rutin equivalent/100 g extract, respectively). HPLC quantification revealed that Kent had relatively high mangiferin content (732.446 mg/kg), and caffeic acid was recorded in the tested cultivars (2266.66 in Keitt to 1106.94 mg/kg in Naaomy). Pylorus ligation model in rats was used to assess gastroprotective potential at a dose of 200 mg/kg using standard ranitidine. High percentage protection was observed in Kent (65.62\%), whereas Keitt showed the lowest percentage protection (45.31\%). No direct correlation could be deduced between concentration of detected metabolites and the gastroprotective effect, so this activity might be attributed to synergistic effect between all secondary metabolites. Conclusions: This study spots the light on the great variation among the tested extracts; in addition, it provides effective techniques that pave the way for complete discrimination of these mango cultivars.

}, keywords = {Chemometric analysis, Gastroprotection, High-performance liquid chromatography, Mangifera indica L., Mangiferin, Random amplified polymorphic DNA}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_99_19}, author = {Seham S El-Hawary and Rehab M S Ashour and Sabah H El-Gayed and Haidy A Gad and Gehad A Abdel Jaleel and Rania A El Gedaily} } @article {258, title = {Evaluation of Cholesterol-lowering Activity of Standardized Extract of Mangifera indica in Albino Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {21-26}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cholesterol lowering activity of Mangifera indica L. has been determined by earlier researchers and kernel, leaf and bark have shown significant activity. However, the specific cholesterol lowering activity of leaf methanol extract has not been determined. Materials and Methods: The present study involved evaluation of cholesterol lowering potential of methanol extract of M. indica leaves using high cholesterol diet model in albino Wistar rats. The acute oral toxicity at a dose of 5000 mg/ kg body weight was also determined in female albino Wistar rats. Phytoconstituents Iriflophenone 3-C-β-D-glucoside and mangiferin were quantified in methanol extracts of different varieties of mango leaves using high performance liquid chromatography. Results and Discussion: Significant cholesterol lowering activity was observed with methanol extract of M. indica leaves, at dose of 90 mg/kg body weight in rats and it was also found to be safe at dose of 5000 mg/kg rat body. Iriflophenone 3-C-β-D-glucoside and mangiferin were found to be in the range of 1.2 to 2.8\% w/w and 3.9 to 4.6\% w/w, respectively which along with 3 β taraxerol and other sterols could be contributing to the cholesterol lowering activity of mango leaves extract. Conclusions: The phytosterols rich extract of Mangifera indica leaves is a good source of nutraceutical ingredient that have the potential to lower serum cholesterol levels.

}, keywords = {Hypercholesterolemia, Mangifera indica, Mangiferin, Mango leaves}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.199770}, author = {GM Gururaja and Deepak Mundkinajeddu and A Senthil Kumar and Shekhar Michael Dethe and J Joshua Allan and Amit Agarwal} } @article {367, title = {Rapid Development and Validation of Improved Reversed-Phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Quantification of Mangiferin, a Polyphenol Xanthone Glycoside in Mangifera indica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {215-219}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {215-}, abstract = {

Mangiferin, a polyphenolic xanthone glycoside from Mangifera indica, is used as traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases. The present study was aimed to develop and validate a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the quantification of mangiferin from the bark extract of M. indica. RP-HPLC analysis was performed by isocratic elution with a low-pressure gradient using 0.1\% formic acid: acetonitrile (87:13) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The separation was done at 26{\textdegree}C using a Kinetex XB-C18 column as stationary phase and the detection wavelength at 256 nm. The proposed method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and robustness by the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. In linearity, the excellent correlation coefficient more than 0.999 indicated good fitting of the curve and also good linearity. The intra- and inter-day precision showed \<1\% of relative standard deviation of peak area indicated high reliability and reproducibility of the method. The recovery values at three different levels (50\%, 100\%, and 150\%) of spiked samples were found to be 100.47, 100.89, and 100.99, respectively, and low standard deviation value \<1\% shows high accuracy of the method. In robustness, the results remain unaffected by small variation in the analytical parameters, which shows the robustness of the method. Liquid chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of mangiferin with M/Z value of 421. The assay developed by HPLC method is a simple, rapid, and reliable for the determination of mangiferin from M. indica.

}, keywords = {Liquid chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry, Mangifera indica, Mangiferin, Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, Validation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204652}, author = {P Naveen and HB Lingaraju and K Shyam Prasad} } @article {860, title = {C-Glucoside xanthone from the Stem Bark Extract of Bersama engleriana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {September 2010}, pages = {229-232}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {229}, abstract = {

Background: The genus Bersama belongs to the Melianthaceae family and comprises of four species (B. swinnyi, B. yangambiensis, B. abyssinica, and B. engleriana) all of which are very high trees; the latter two detected species are found in Cameroon. Previous phytochemical investigation on B. yangambiensis, B. swinnyi, and B. abyssinica led to the isolation of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, and xanthones. Method: The stem bark of B. engleriana were collected in the village, Baham near Bafoussam city, Cameroon in August 2003 and identifi ed by Dr. Onana National Herbaruim, Yaound{\'e}, Cameroon. The air dried and powdered stem bark of B. engleriana (1 kg) was extracted at room temperature with CH2Cl2{\textendash}MeOH (1:1) 5 L for 48 hours. The mixture of the solvent was removed by evaporation to yield 200 g of crude extract. The latter was then dissolved in CH2Cl2 to give the CH2Cl2 soluble fraction of 5 g and a remaining gum of 195 g. Part of the remaining gum (22 g) was dissolved in water and extracted four times with butanol to give 12 g of red oil; which was then separated by paper chromatography, with butanol-acetic acid-water (4:1:5), to give 3 g of orange gum; purification was carried out on HPLC with MeOH (100\%) to yield 2 g of mangiferin (1) as red oil. The CH2Cl2 soluble extract was eluted on silica gel n-hexane-CH2Cl2 gradient ratio and Sephadex LH-20 (n-hexane -CH2Cl2 -MeOH, (7:4:0.5) to afford compounds swinniol (2), Δ4-stigmaster-3β-ol (3), 4-methylstigmaster-5,23-dien-3β-ol(4). Results: Herein, we carried out a phytochemical study of the stem bark of B. engleriana, and we report herein the isolation and structural elucidation of mangiferin, in addition to three triterpenes, previously reported from other species of the genus.[3,5] The assignment of the signals of mangiferin was determined using 1H, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR spectral data (HMQC, COSY, HMBC). The terpenoids were identifi ed by comparison of their 1H and 13C-NMR spectra with the literature data. Fractionation of the CH2Cl2{\textendash}MeOH (1:1) extract of the stem bark of B. engleriana Guike gave mangiferin (1), in addition to three previously reported triterpenes, swinniol (2), Δ4-stigmaster-3β-ol (3), and 4-methylstigmaster-5,23-dien-3-β-ol (4). Conclusions: A chemical investigation of the CH2Cl2-MeOH extract of the stem bark of Bersama engleriana afforded a xanthone C-glucoside (mangiferin) and fi rst isolation of three terpenoids from this species: swinniol (2), Δ4-stigmaster-3β-ol (3), and 4-methylstigmaster-5,23- dien-3-β-ol (4). The complete 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments of mangiferin were determined using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, DEPT). The structures of the terpenoids were determined from their 1H and 13C NMR data and compared with the literature data.

}, keywords = {Bersama engleriana, Mangiferin, Melianthaceae, Terpenoids, Xanthone}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.69110}, author = {Pierre C Djemgou and Taha A Hussien and Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy and Fran{\c c}ois Ngandeu and Gilles Neguim and Pierre Tane and Abou-El-Hamd H. Mohamed} }