@article {1380, title = {Phyto-Analytical Studies and in vitro Wound Healing Activity of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {519-531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Background: Traditionally among the Nigerian population Synedrella nodiflora is prominently used for treating Putrefied Wound. Objectives: The present work was designed to evaluate the In vitro Wound healing activity of Synedrella nodiflora leaf extracts. Materials and Methods: The current research work was aimed to perform the Qualitative phytochemical screening, FTIR, ICP-OES, Quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content and in vitro pharmacological assay includes Antioxidant assay, Protein denaturation assay, cell line scratch assay for wound healing of EAE and EEs of Synedrella nodiflora. Results: Secondary phytochemicals like Flavonoid, Alkaloid, Tannin, Phenols, Terpenoids and Steroids were reported. The ICP-OES analysis concluded that the presence of elements like Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and heavy metals like Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd were within their limits as per WHO. The EAE and EE of Synedrella nodiflora were assessed for their total phenolic and flavonoid content. The Antioxidant activity of EAE and EE showed IC50 value 2.24{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL and 3.72{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL compared with standard Ascorbic Acid of 42.76{\textpm}0.01 μg/mL. The \% Inhibition of standard Diclofenac shows IC50 value 27.99{\textpm}0.026 μg/mL. whereas the IC50 values of EAE and EE were found to be 294.98{\textpm}0.02 μg/mL and 138.98{\textpm}0.05 μg/mL respectively. The relative cell migration of EAE and EE were 0.041{\textpm}0.05 mm and 0.036{\textpm}0.01 mm at 2mcg. Conclusion: These studies concluded that the Synedrella nodiflora leaf extracts were rich in various phytochemicals and can be used for treating wounds due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Phenolics, Phytochemical screening, Synedrella nodiflora, Wound healing}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251916}, author = {Joshna Koodathil and Lathika Ramadass and Sindhu Jayachandran and Jaganath Sekar} } @article {120, title = {In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Dioecious Morus alba (Moraceae) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research,}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {13-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Background:\ Diabetes mellitus, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a serious metabolic disorder affecting large populations worldwide. Mulberry food and supplement products known for their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties are commonly used in Asian and other countries.\ Objectives:\ The present study investigated for the first time the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of dioecious (male and female) mulberry (Morus alba, Moraceae) extracts from leaf and stem tissues collected in two different seasons.\ Materials and Methods:In vitro\ α-amylase, α-glucosidase, polyphenol content analyses, and free radical scavenging activities were performed.\ Results:\ All extracts showed higher inhibition of α-glucosidase than α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Fall female stem, fall male stem, and fall female leaf extracts exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Fall male and fall female leaf extracts showed the highest ferric reducing activity. 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were more potent for all extracts compared to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities were induced by fall male leaf extracts. Spring extracts contained more phenolics and fall extracts more proanthocyanidins. Correlations between IC50\ values of extracts used\ in vitro\ antidiabetic and antioxidant activities and polyphenol chemical classes were both positive and negative. In general, male extracts were more potent in their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than female extracts.\ Conclusion:\ Overall, results showed that growing season, sex and organ of mulberry trees influence antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts, knowledge that could be used in formulating effective dietary supplements for treating diabetes, and oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Dioecious, Flavonoids, Mulberry, Phenolics}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_103_20}, author = {Paramita Basu and Charitha Thallapareddy and Camelia Maier} } @article {987, title = {Phytochemical and GC-MS Analysis of Hydro Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ocimum sanctum (L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {233-237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Background: The pharmacological efficiency of herbal drugs has shown to be effective as conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Preliminary screening of herbal extracts helps in analysing the bioactive compounds present. Ocimum sanctum, the queen of herbs keeps a spiritual importance in Indian culture and have important place in traditional medicinal system of India. Objectives: The present study was implement to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract of O. sanctum to determine the phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Leaves collected were dried, crushed and mixed with ethanol and water and further applied for extract preparation. The prepare extract was used for phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. Results: In qualitative phytochemical analysis tannins, carbohydrate, quinine, anthraquinones, coumarins, phlobatanins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, diterpenes, phenols were found present while GC-MS analysis showed Eugenol, Cyclohexane, bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene, Oxatricyclo[ 8.2.0.0(4,6)]dodecane,,12-trimethyl-9-methylene, Tetracontane, Phytol were present in majority. Conclusion: The study concluded that O. sanctum leaf extracts contain many biological active compounds which could be exploited for a development of plant based drug.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, GC-MS Analysis, Herbal drugs, Phenolics, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.16}, author = {Atul Srivastava and Subhashini and Anand Kumar Keshari and Ragini Srivastava} } @article {500, title = {Enhanced Synthesis of Curculigoside by Stress and Amino Acids in Static Culture of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Kali Musli)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {193-198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {193}, abstract = {

Background: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Kali musli; Family: Hypoxidaceae) is an endangered medicinal plant used for many medicinal purposes such as impotency, aphrodisiac, tonic, jaundice, and skin ailments. Its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-cancerous potential have also been evaluated by many scientists. Objective: The objective of this study is to enhance the curculigoside content in tissue culture of C. orchioides. Materials and Methods: The present study deals with the enhancement of an active compound of C. orchioides by incorporating various concentration of phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine, (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/100 ml), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm) into Zenk media in controlled and aseptic conditions. Results: Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and industrially important biochemicals. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. A significantly remarkable enhancement in all induced samples was noted. Curculigoside content was maximum in the 6-week-old tissue induced with 3 ppm of Cr (7.63\%) followed by 4 weeks tissue of tissue fed with 4 ppm of Ni (5.66\%) and 4-week-old tissue fed with tyrosine 7.5 mg/100 ml (2.38\%) among all samples used. These results suggest that tyrosine is better enhancer than Phe in the biosynthetic pathway of curculigoside. The presence of curculigoside in all extracts was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis with standard compound of curculigoside and histology of treated samples. Conclusion: This investigation was carried out for the 1st time, and it is a significant step in understanding the biochemistry of curculigoside. The developed protocol will be beneficial for marketing in pharmaceutical industries.

}, keywords = {Curculigo orchioides, curculigoside, enhancement, intermediate compound, Medicinal plant, metal stress, Phenolics}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.182915}, author = {Pratibha Chaturvedi and Vincent Briganza} } @article {379, title = {Quantitative and Qualitative analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid content in Moringa oleifera Lam and Ocimum tenuiflorum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {16-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Background: Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as natural antioxidants. Moringa oleifera Lam. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. are known for their wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Objective: To compare phenolic and flavonoid content in M. oleifera Lam and O. tenuiflorum L. by quantitative and qualitative analysis. Materials and Methods: Phenolic and flavonoid content were studied spectrophotometrically and by paper chromatography in M. oleifera Lam. and O. tenuiflorum L. Results: Higher phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in Moringa leaf and flower. Ocimum flower showed higher phenolic content and low flavonoid in comparison to Moringa. Flavonoids such as biflavonyl, flavones, glycosylflavones, and kaempferol were identified by paper chromatography. Phytochemical analysis for flavonoid, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, and anthraquinones were tested positive for Moringa and Ocimum leaf as well as flower. Conclusions: In the present study higher phenolic and flavonoid content, indicated the natural antioxidant nature of Moringa and Ocimum signifying their medicinal importance.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Ocimum, Phenolics, Phytochemicals, Qualitative analysis}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171095}, author = {Sangeeta Sankhalkar and Vrunda Vernekar} } @article {669, title = {Screening Togolese Medicinal Plants for Few Pharmacological Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {april,2012}, pages = {116-122}, chapter = {116}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia macroptera Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceae), Sida alba L. (Malvaceae), Prosopis africana Guill et Perr. Taub. (Mimosaceae), Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), and Vetiveria nigritana Stapf. (Asteraceae) are traditionally used in Togolese folk medicine to treat several diseases including microbial infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hemolytic properties of the crude extracts of the above-mentioned plants. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities were assayed using the NCCLS microdilution method and the DPPH free radical scavenging, respectively. Human A+ red blood cells were used to perform the hemolytic assay. Phenolics were further quantified in the extracts using spectrophotometric methods. Results: Minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 230-1800 μg/ml were recorded in the NCCLS broth microdilution for both bacterial and fungal strains with methanol extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging assay yielded interesting antioxidant activities of the extracts of P. africana and T. macroptera (IC 50 values of 0.003 {\textpm} 0.00 μg/ml and 0.05 {\textpm} 0.03 μg/ml, respectively). These activities were positively correlated with the total phenolic contents and negatively correlated with the proanthocyanidin content of the extracts. The hemolytic assay revealed that great hemolysis occurred with the methanol extracts of T. macroptera, S. longepedunculata, and B. ferruginea. Conclusion: These results support in part the use of the selected plants in the treatment of microbial infections. In addition, the plant showed an interesting antioxidant activity that could be useful in the management of oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hemolytic, Phenolics}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.94737}, author = {Simplice D Karou and Tchadjobo Tchacondo and Micheline Agassounon Djikpo Tchibozo and Kokou Anani and Lassina Ouattara and Jacques Simpore and Comlan de Souza} } @article {847, title = {Determination of Radical Scavenging Activity of Hydroalcoholic and Aqueous Extracts from Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis Using the DPPH Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {238-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {238}, abstract = {

Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis are medicinal plants widely distributed in Mexico and they are used because of its potential hypoglycemic action; however, no free radical scavenging activity (RSA) studies over these plants are known. Thus, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from leaf and stem samples were evaluated for their RSA using 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH{\textbullet}). Total phenolics and flavonoids extracts were determined too. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical program with the significance level set at P\<0.05. Bauhinia divaricata stem aqueous extracts with total phenols content of 12.98 mg GAE/g DW had the highest amount between samples. The same behavior was shown in flavonoids determination. However, when RSA was estimated it was found that stem aqueous extracts from Bougainvillea spectabilis produced more DPPH absorbance reduction (95.66\%), with an IC50 (the concentration to inhibit the oxidation of DPPH by 50\%) and AP (reciprocal of IC50) values of 0.03 μg/mL and 33.33, respectively. These results were superior to common synthetic antioxidants used in the food industry like butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, IC50=62 μg/mL) and can be useful for further applications of these plants or its constituents in pharmaceutical and alimentary preparations.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Bauhinia, Bougainvillea, Flavonoids, Phenolics}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Chaires-Mart{\'\i}nez L and Monroy-Reyes E and Bautista-Bringas A and Jim{\'e}nez-Avalos H. A and Sepulveda-Jim{\'e}nez G} }