@article {1433, title = {Extraction and Quantification of Allicin: A Bioactive Component of Allium sativum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {728-739}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Allicin, a bioactive compound found in garlic, exhibits remarkable pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Its therapeutic potential has garnered substantial attention, leading to efforts to refine extraction and quantification methods for precise analysis in garlic-based products. This review examines advanced techniques for allicin extraction from garlic, including Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Supercritical Water Extraction (SCWE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE). UAE employs ultrasonic waves to improve mass transfer and solvent penetration, optimizing allicin yield while reducing extraction time. SCWE utilizes the unique properties of water above its critical point to extract allicin efficiently and selectively, providing an eco-friendly alternative. MAE uses microwave energy to rapidly heat solvents, enhancing allicin extraction through improved penetration and dissolution. Alongside these extraction methods, this review highlights analytical techniques for allicin quantification, including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. HPLC offers exceptional sensitivity and specificity for splitting and measuring allicin in complex matrices, making it invaluable for accurate pharmacokinetic studies and quality control of pharmaceutical formulations. HPTLC offers quick screening with minimal sample preparation, ideal for routine investigation and batch testing of garlic extracts. UV spectroscopy, a cost-effective technique, detects allicin through its characteristic absorption spectra, enabling quick evaluations of garlic product quality and stability. This review consolidates recent advancements in allicin extraction and quantification techniques, emphasizing their applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food sectors. Future research aims to optimize extraction parameters to maximize allicin yield and develop robust analytical methods to address the growing demand for quality assurance and therapeutic efficacy in garlic-based products.

}, keywords = {Allicin, Extraction, Garlic, Quantification}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252211}, author = {Dhanya B. Sen and Deven K. Parmar and Ashim Kumar Sen and Rajesh A. Maheshwari and Aarti S. Zanwar and Krupa Joshi and Shaileshkumar K. Koradia} } @article {1348, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Present in the Different Extracts of the Whole Plant Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {126-132}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: The systematic assessment of herbs utilized in the traditional medicine could provide more promising data regarding their therapeutic properties helping to address the increasing need for innovative treatments for infections and illnesses. Considering this perspective, Impatiens minor, an important medicinal plant distributed in the wet wastelands throughout India and also in the wet forests of Western Ghats was selected for our research. Materials and Methods: In this study, the plant I. minor in whole was collected, authenticated and subjected to shade drying for powdering which was done by mechanical grinder. Soxhlation technique was employed for the extraction of powdered plant material using different solvents to prepare the dried extract which was subjected to preliminary phytochemical evaluation and GC-MS analysis. Results: Presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols and carbohydrates was found in the preliminary phytochemical evaluation of different extracts. In the GC-MS analysis, presence of eight major compounds were found in the petroleum ether extract, while the chloroform extract showed the presence of six major compounds and twelve major compounds were found in the ethanol extract. Conclusion: It is worth noting that certain compounds identified in the GC-MS analysis have been documented to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in previous studies. This study has the potential to contribute valuable insights for future in-depth investigations.

}, keywords = {Extraction, GC-MS Analysis, Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet, Preliminary phytochemical evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251952}, author = {Akila Sukumaran and Ansa Mathew and Sebastin Varghese and Ajithbabu Tharackal Kannankutty} } @article {1497, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Tissue Restoration Activity of Nelumbo nucifera Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic substances are among the several secondary metabolites that have been identified by phytochemical analysis of Nelumbo nucifera. The hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and antioxidant qualities of these bioactive components are well-known. Since oxidative stress is a major contributor to tissue and cellular damage, these substances antioxidant activity is especially important in reducing it, especially when it comes to organ repairs, wound healing, tissue restoration. Materials and Methods: The purpose of the study was to assess the phytochemical components and potential for tissue restoration of Nelumbo nucifera extract. N. nucifera plants were collected, cleaned, dried in the shade, and ground into powder. Soxhlet extraction was used to extract the powdered material using a hydro-alcoholic solvent. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was undertaken using standard qualitative methods to determine the presence of bioactive components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and terpenoids. The tissue restoration activity was conducted on Wistar albino rats. Results: The qualitative and quantitative analysis of Nelumbo nucifera extract revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds. Total tannin Content of Nelumbo nucifera Extract was found 16.93, 37.34, and 42.44 (μg/mL) for hydro alcoholic, Ethanolic and Aqueous extract. Nelumbo nucifera extract significantly enhanced tissue restoration. Conclusion: Nelumbo nucifera extract is abundant in bioactive phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, which are recognized for their restorative and antioxidant qualities, as the current study has effectively shown. As demonstrated by the improved healing and regeneration in the treated tissues, the extract demonstrated strong healing and repair activity. According to these results, Nelumbo nucifera may be used therapeutically for wound healing and tissue restoration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extraction, Nelumbo nucifera, Tissue restoration}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252311}, author = {Archana Shantaram Gadakh and Abhijeet Dattatray Kulkarni} } @article {1109, title = {BBD Driven Optimization of Extraction of Therapeutically Active Xanthanoid Mangiferin from Mangifera indica L. Leaves and its Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {84-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {84-93}, abstract = {

Background: Mangiferin, a C-glucosyl xanthone present in Mangifera indica leaves exhibits profuse pharmacological activities. Our research highlights the process parameter at which high yield of Mangiferin can be extracted from Mangifera indica leaves in "one run." Objectives: The study compares the efficacy of different modern and traditional methods for mangiferin extraction. Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was employed for optimizing the process parameters for the Mangiferin extraction from Mangifera indica leaves. Materials and Methods: Extraction conditions (extraction temperature, drug to solvent ratio, and extraction time) were optimized by Response-Surface Methodology (RSM), specifically BBD. Quantification analysis of Mangiferin in different extracts was done using HPLC. Further, the antioxidant potential of M. indica extracts in different solvents were evaluated using DPPH method. Results: Reflux technique, a hot solvent extraction method, conferred the highest yield of Mangiferin and ethanol was found to be the most efficient extractive solvent. Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for mangiferin extraction were established as extraction time- 63.653 min, extraction temperature- 63.563{\textdegree}C and drug to solvent ratio- 1:22.634 g/ml. Under such conditions, Mangiferin was yielded as 90.31 mg/g, which was nearly close to the predicted value of 91.096 mg/g. The ethanolic extract has revealed significant antioxidant potential with a percentage inhibition of 59.76 \%. Conclusion: The reflux technique stood out to be the best amongst all the other thermal and non-thermal modes of extraction used, and ethanol proves to be the most efficient extracting solvent. Additionally, Mangiferin extraction was significantly affected by all three different variables. Our study highlights the use of RSM, a modern-day statistical technique in the extraction field of therapeutically potent phytocompounds, which makes the optimization method cheap and less laborious than the traditional optimization method.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Mangifera indica, Mangiferin, Optimization, Response surface methodology.}, doi = {10.5530/097484900279}, author = {Syeda Nashvia Adin and Isha Gupta and Mohd Aqil and Mohd Mujeeb and Abdul Ahad} } @article {1116, title = {QbD Based Extraction of Naringin from Citrus sinensis L. Peel and its Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {145-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Background: Naringin, a bioflavanoid possessing multifaceted pharmacological properties present in Citrus sinensis peel. Our research demonstrates the process parameter at which high yield of naringin can be extracted from Citrus sinensis peel in "one run." Objectives: The study compares the efficacy of different modern and conventional methods for naringin extraction. Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was availed for optimization of process parameters for the extraction of naringin from Citrus sinensis peels. Materials and Methods: Extraction conditions (extraction time, solvent-to-drug ratio and extraction temperature) were optimized by Quality by Design (QbD), specifically BBD. Quantification analysis of naringin in different extracts was done using HPLC. Further, the antioxidant potential of different extracts of C. sinensis were assessed with the DPPH method. Results: Ultrasound-assisted extraction method gives the highest yield of naringin and ethanol found to be the most effective extractive solvent. Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for naringin extraction were established as extraction temperature- 65.508{\textdegree}C, solvent-to-drug ratio- 25.880 mL/g and extraction time- 29.978 min. Under such conditions, naringin was yielded as 2.021 mg/g, which was nearly contiguous to the predicted value of 2.20 mg/g. The ethanolic extract has unveiled significant antioxidant activity with a percentage inhibition of 71.54\%. Conclusion: The Ultrasound-assisted extraction method stood out to be the best amongst all the other thermal and non-thermal modes of extraction used, and ethanol was proved to be the most efficient extracting solvent. Furthermore, naringin extraction was significantly affected by all three different variables. The present work highlights the use of QbD, a multivariate statistical technique in the extraction field of therapeutically potent phytoconstituents, which makes the optimization method less laborious and time-saving than the traditional optimization method.

}, keywords = {Citrus sinensis, Extraction, Naringin, Optimization, Response surface methodology}, doi = {10.5530/097484900241}, author = {Isha Gupta and Syeda Nashvia Adin and Mohd Aqil and Mohd Mujeeb} } @article {1082, title = {Development of a Gastroretentive Polyherbal Formulation and its Standardization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {379-390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Background: Phytopharmaceuticals within the shape of the entire herb, plant parts, or separated bioactive constituents have been utilized broadly in therapeutics since antiquated times till date. The appealing use of drugs of the natural root has driven the requirement for standardization as per the WHO guidelines. Objectives: The main aim of the existing study was to formulate polyherbal gastroretentive capsules by using Carbopol 934 and 971P in different concentration ranges to get desired buoyancy rate. Materials and Methods: The prepared formulation was characterized by physico-chemical parameters and pharmaceutical quality control tests. Standard procedures were used to estimate the organoleptic properties, extractive values, and ash values of the crude drugs used in formulations. Extraction was carried out using Soxhlation followed by preliminary phytochemical evaluation and HPTLC fingerprinting of the extracts. The extracts were formulated into a gastroretentive polyherbal capsule and assessed for physical parameters. Results: The phytochemical assessment established the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides. Rf values obtained from the HPTLC studies of the extracts signified the presence of important phytoconstituents such as Shogaols, 6-Gingerol, 8-Gingerol, Glycyrrhizin, Andrographolides, Marmelosin, and Conessine. Percent Carr{\textquoteright}s consolidation index ranging from 8.111 {\textpm} 0.157 to 8.827 {\textpm} 0.186, Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio between 1.088 {\textpm} 0.002 to 1.097 {\textpm} 0.002, and angle of repose below 30 are indicative of excellent flow property of the granules. Conclusion: The gastroretentive capsules PHF4 containing granules formulated using 75 mg Carbopol 971P showed a buoyancy effect of more than 24 hr with desired structural integrity.

}, keywords = {Extraction, HPTLC fingerprinting, Polyherbal formulation, Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.56}, author = {Manish Kumar Gupta and Medha Amol Khade and Birendra Srivastava and Supriya Rajesh Hyam and Prashant Basappa Gurav} }