@article {1537, title = {Pharmacognostic Approach to the Green Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Copper Sulphide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Catharanthus roseus Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {November 2025}, pages = {1-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Our study focused on the green synthesis of copper (II) complexes using the leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and alkaloids, which are believed to function as natural reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents in the synthesis process. These copper complexes were intended for use in antimicrobial dusting powders for wound healing applications. Materials and Methods: Multiple techniques were used to analyze the biosynthesized copper (II) complexes, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Results showed that the average size of the particles was 3.4 nm. Surface plasmon resonance peaks were identified at 312 and 330 nm for the biosynthesized copper complex and at 393 and 369 nm for the pure plant extract. The synthesized copper complex and plant extract were incorporated into a dusting powder formulation. Several physicochemical characteristics of the powder were studied, including particle size, surface area, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr{\textquoteright}s index, Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio, and volume. The well diffusion technique was used to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Plates inoculated with bacterial cultures were incubated at 37{\textordmasculine}C for 48 hr. Results: The copper complex remained stable over a six-month period, showing no agglomeration. The copper-enriched dusting powder demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, producing notable zones of inhibition compared to the plant extract formulation. The formulation displayed high permeability, rapid subcutaneous penetration, enhanced microcirculation, and accelerated histolytic tissue regeneration. Conclusion: The green-synthesized copper (II) complex derived from Catharanthus roseus exhibits promising antibacterial properties and enhanced wound healing potential. The copper-enriched dusting powder outperformed the pure plant extract formulation in antimicrobial activity and formulation characteristics, indicating its potential application in managing chronic wounds and preventing infections in medical and surgical contexts.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity., Copper complex, Dusting powder, Green synthesis, Spectroscopic characterization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20262371}, author = {Richa Kothari and Manoj Kumar Bajhaiya and Shubham Anand and Priya Thakur and Kanchan Thakur and Umesh Kushwaha and Ashish Goswami and Devendra Dhanorya} } @article {1484, title = {Green Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Vitex negundo Linn-An in vitro study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {1235-1240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1235}, abstract = {

Background: Nanotechnology offers innovative approaches for biomedical applications, including antimicrobial agent development. Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) exhibit strong antibacterial properties, but conventional synthesis methods rely on toxic chemicals and high energy consumption, raising environmental concerns. This study explores the green synthesis of CuO NPs using Vitex negundo Linn., a medicinal plant, as an eco-friendly alternative. Objectives: To synthesize and characterize CuO NPs using Vitex negundo Linn. leaf extract and evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Vitex negundo leaf extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for CuO NP synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against E. coli and S. aureus. Results: The synthesis of CuO NPs was confirmed by a UV-vis absorption peak at 277 nm. FTIR analysis indicated functional groups responsible for stabilization, and SEM imaging revealed spherical nanoparticles ranging from 50-100 nm. Antibacterial testing demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition, with the largest zones of inhibition observed at 100 μL CuO NP concentration. Conclusion: Green synthesis of CuO NPs using Vitex negundo Linn is a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional methods. The nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity, highlighting their potential for biomedical applications. Further research should explore scalability, mechanisms of action, and in vivo efficacy.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Copper oxide nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Nanotechnology, Sustainable Synthesis, Vitex negundo Linn}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252186}, author = {Pravallika Kakada and Abilasha R and Pratibha Ramani} } @article {1441, title = {Green Synthesis and in vitro Insights of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nutmeg and Flaxseed Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {816-822}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {816}, abstract = {

Background: Among various nanomaterials, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gained significant attention due to their unique properties. Traditional methods for synthesizing ZnO NPs often involve hazardous chemicals and energy-intensive processes, raising environmental and health concerns. In response to these issues, green synthesis methods have been developed as an eco-friendly alternative. Nutmeg and flaxseed are 2 plant sources known for their rich phytochemical content. This study aims to assess the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ZnO NPs synthesized with nutmeg and flaxseed. Materials and Methods: 5 mg of nutmeg and flaxseed powder were dissolved in 0.1 L of distilled water. This mixture was boiled at 60{\textordmasculine}C for 10 min and then filtered. 0.1 g of ZnO was added to 100 mL of filtered extract. After centrifugation, the concentrated nutmeg and flaxseed extract-mediated ZnO NPs were reduced to 100 mL. Various extract concentrations (25 μL, 50 μL and 100 μL) were then subjected to cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant assays. Results: Nauplii lethality was assessed over 2 days. At 25 μL, no mortality was observed on either day. However, on day 2, mortality increased by 10\% at both 50 μL and 100 μL extract concentrations. The antimicrobial action of nutmeg and flaxseed extract-mediated ZnO NPs against S. aureus, S. mutans and E. faecalis increased with concentrations from 25 μL to 100 μL. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the NPs also increased with higher concentrations, from 25 μL to 100 μL. Conclusion: The synthesized nutmeg and flaxseed extract-mediated ZnO NPs exhibited significant bioactivity, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and were non-cytotoxic.

}, keywords = {Green synthesis, Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, Phytotherapy, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252068}, author = {Mohamed Thaha and Johnisha Harris John Manohar and Arvina Rajasekar} } @article {1183, title = {Phyto-mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Afrohybanthus travancoricus Leaf Aqueous Extract and Screening of their in vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-diabetic Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {751-760}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

Aim: There are many uses for silver nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine due to their exceptional properties. A major application of silver nanoparticles is the increase of antibiotics that are clinically helpful against microbes and drug-resistant bacteria. However, environmentally friendly methods for their synthesis must be developed. Objectives: Current study, the major objective of this research is concentrated on to suggest an easy and well-organized biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by confirmed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. The ATSNPs (Afrohybanthus travancoricus silver nanoparticles) was biosynthesized with A. travancoricus plant like capping and reducing agent. Materials and Methods: The ATSNPs aqueous extract were mixed by water extract of 1mM AgNO3 solution led to appearance of greenish brown to dark brown colour indicates the synthesis of SNPs. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and EDX analysis. Antioxidant assay was tested through DPPH and ABTS+ assays, anti-inflammatory assay through albumin denaturation and antidiabetic assay by α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Results: A colour change of solution from dark brown to light brown, absorption peak of ATSNPs as 290 to 300 nm in UV-vis spectroscopy. ATSNPs showed 6 intense peaks in FTIR analysis and functional groups like phenols, alcohols, 1{\textdegree} amines, alkynes, aliphatic amines, aromatics, and alkyl halides were identified. In XRD analysis showed 5 intense peaks at 20.8{\textdegree}, 30.3{\textdegree}, 40.1{\textdegree}, 40.9{\textdegree}, 60{\textdegree}. The EDX analysis the presence of Ag at 3 kev and SEM analysis showed the size of ATSNPs ranges between 88 μm {\textendash} 242 μm. Antioxidant activity was observed the dose dependent manner in both assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of ATSNPs proved maximum inhibition through egg albumin denaturation. Antidiabetic activity exhibits maximum inhibition percentage of α-amylase and α- glucosidase at 10 μg/mL. The lowest IC50 value was noted in α amylase (170 μg/mL) and α glucosidase (134 μg/mL). Conclusion: The obtained results recommended that using ATSNPs, it is likely to represented silver nanoparticles with controlled characteristics and important pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Afrohybanthus travancoricus, Anti-diabetic activity, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.079}, author = {Balrajmani Davidson Raja and Devaraj Sathiya Sheela and Elumalai Shanthi Priya and Ammasaikutty Vanitha and Kandasamy Kalimuthu and Periannan Viswanathan} } @article {1083, title = {Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Polyphenolic Extract of Baliospermun solanifolium using Central Composite Design}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {405-411}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts contain a considerable amount of polyphenols. These polyphenols act as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the formation of silver nanoparticles. Objectives: The objective of the current study is biosynthesis, optimization, and evaluation of silver nanoparticles from the polyphenolic extract of Baliospermum solanifolium. Materials and Methods: Central composite design (CCD) was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the polyphenolic extract of Baliospermum. Preliminary screening was done to find out the upper and lower limits for the optimization study. Four independent variables like Silver nitrate concentrations (mM), Baliospermum extract (\%), stirring time (min), and stirring rate (RPM) were employed. As per the design expert, 30 experiments were performed and their effects on dependent variables were listed. Analysis of synthesized AgNPs was done by visual observation, UV-vis Spectroscopy, Zeta potential, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), FTIR, FESEM, etc. Results: The development of Baliospermum silver nanoparticles was confirmed by a color change from pale yellow to dark brown. Characteristic peak of silver nanoparticles observed at 432 nm. -15 mV Zeta potentials confirmed the stability of silver nanoparticles. The sizes of the produced nanoparticles were measured using a FESEM and ranged from 70 to 140 nm. The crystalline nature of nanoparticles was confirmed with the help of X-ray crystallography. FTIR data strongly revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the reduction, stabilization, and biosynthesis of AgNPs. Conclusion: Major Optimized factors offered by the Central composite design were 10mM AgNO3, 10 \% Baliospermum extract, 150 min, and 700 rpm. As per the data collected from FTIR and HPLC, silver nanoparticles could be capped with major phenolic groups like ellagic acid, catechins, and quercetin.

}, keywords = {Baliospermum, Central composite design, Design expert, Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.59}, author = {Sarika Ankushrao Nikam and Shilpa Pravin Chaudhari} } @article {1055, title = {Tinospora cordifolia Stem Extract-mediated Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and its Biological Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {289-296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Background: According to a literature review Tinospora cordifolia possess alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and steroids with anti-cancer potential. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from the stem of T. cordifolia and its biological activities. Objectives: This study is intended to synthesize Selenium Nanoparticles using T. cordifolia stem extract, characterise them, and evaluate them in-vitro for antioxidant and anticancer activity. Materials and Methods: The T. cordifolia Selenium Nanoparticles (TC-SeNPs) were synthesised by reducing selenious acid with T. cordifolia stem extract. TC-SeNPs were characterized by UV{\textendash}Vis, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX and ICP-AES, further evaluated for in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging test and reducing power capacity. The MTT assay of TC-SeNP was carried out in-vitro in the human breast cancer cells line (MCF-7) to determine the anticancer activity. Results: The UV-spectroscopy of TC-SeNPs showed maximum absorbance at 285 nm, which is the characteristic feature of SeNP. According to DLS, SEM, and TEM images, the size of TC-SeNPs was between 100-200 nm and was stable with a Zeta potential of -23.9mV. XRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity of TC-SeNPs. Selenium in TC-SeNP was verified in EDAX analysis (63.36\% weight) and ICP-AES 68.08 {\textpm}12.2 μg/ml selenium content. The IC50 value 28.62 {\textpm} 0.63 μg/mL and EC50 (62.50 {\textpm} 1.21 μg/mL) values indicated that the TC-SeNPs possess significant antioxidant capacity. MTT assay showed TC-SeNPs were cytotoxic to MCF-7 cell with IC50 values (31.29 {\textpm} 0.22μg/mL), suggesting that TC-SeNPs display moderate cytotoxicity that could dose-dependently inhibit cell proliferation. Conclusion: Thus, experimental evidence provides insight into the successful synthesis of the selenium nanoparticle from the stem of T. cordifolia, its potential therapeutic value, and the prospect of developing an anti-cancer TC-SeNPs formulation.

}, keywords = {anticancer, Antioxidant, Green synthesis, Phytonanoparticles, Selenium nanoparticles, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.42}, author = {Abhijeet Puri and Swati Patil} }