@article {1129, title = {Abrogation of Acute Inflammation in ICR Mice with Topical Administration of Philippine Stingless Bee (Tetragonula biroi Friese) Honey}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {258-266}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Background: Honey, a sweet sugar-rich bee-derived product, has been widely recognized in the realm of Ayurveda and Pharmacognosy for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, arthritis, and gastric ulcer. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of Philippine honey obtained from local stingless bees remains unexplored and poorly investigated. Hence, this study delved on the anti-inflammatory potential of topically applied Philippine stingless bee honey (PSH) using the λ-Carrageenan-induced mouse model of paw edema. Materials and Methods: A total of 30, male ICR mice of six weeks of age were randomly divided into the following groups (n=10 per group) as follows: Distilled water-, 1\% Diclofenac sodium-, and Honey-treated group. All treatments were administered immediately after Carrageenan injection and then every 8 hr during the 24-hr test duration. Results: Repeated topical application of PSH significantly attenuated the gross hind paw swelling observed at the onset of the 6 hr post-induction (pi) until the 24 hr pi with Carrageenan in contrast to the Distilled water-treated group. This corresponded histologically to a marked reduction in dermal thickness, dermal edema, and leukocytic infiltration. Whereas, at the cytokine level, this correlated to significant suppression of the circulating blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Conclusion: Based on these results, honey from the Philippine stingless bees shows convincing anti-inflammatory activity which is partly mediated through the regulation of the expression of inflammation-associated cytokines.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Honey, IL-1β, IL-6, Philippine stingless bees, TNF-α.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.028}, author = {Mark Joseph Maranan Desamero and Mikaela Bernadette Andres Rabino and Maria Angelica Rimas Tayao and Mary Jasmin Cabillon Ang and Jussiaea Valente Bariuan and Roxanne Posilero Gapasin and Therese Marie Avena Collantes and Melissa Marie Risos Rondina and Cherry Pambid Fernandez-Colorado and Cleofas Rodriguez Cervancia and Maria Amelita Celino Estacio} } @article {1206, title = {Anti-arthritic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation in Laboratory Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {110-117}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Background: RD/M.ph.AA-01 is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, developed for amavata, which is associated with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Objectives: The study was planned to evaluate the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of RD/M.ph.AA-01 in laboratory animals. Materials and Methods: Anti-arthritic activity of RD/M.ph.AA-01 was evaluated at 270 and 405 mg/kg doses against Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied using cotton pellet granuloma and formalin-induced edema in rat models. The effect of topical application of RD/M.ph.AA-01 on Croton oil ear edema in mice was also investigated. Results: Arthritis induction caused a significant (p\<0.05) alteration in paw size, hematology, serum parameters, edematous tissue parameters, lipid peroxidation in the liver and histopathology of joints. These alterations were significantly (p\<0.05) prevented by treatment with RD/M.ph.AA-01. In the cotton pellet granuloma, RD/M. ph.AA-01 supplementation caused significant (p\<0.05) improvement in the weight of granuloma tissue, serum parameters, lipid peroxidation in the liver and histopathological changes in granuloma tissue. A significant (p\<0.05) improvement in paw size, serum parameters and liver lipid peroxidation were observed by RD/M.ph.AA-01 treatment in the formalin-induced edema model. The RD/M.ph.AA-01 also significantly (p\<0.05) suppressed Croton oil-induced ear edema. Conclusion: These findings showed that RD/M.ph.AA-01 possesses potent anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Anti-inflammatory, Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.13}, author = {Chandrasekar Sandanapalli Basavarajaiah and Anil Tukaram Pawar and Harisha Ramappa and Vani Setty} } @article {1209, title = {Elucidation of the Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Inhibiting Potentials of Cichorium intybus Extract on Human Cancer Cell Line(s)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {132-139}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {132}, abstract = {

Background: Cichorium intybus L. is cultivated in various temperate regions of the world for use of its different parts (mostly roots/seeds) as medicines or food. However, the anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-inhibiting potential of C. intybus extracts have not been extensively studied at molecular level using suitable human cancer cell-line models. Objectives: Elucidation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and EMT inhibiting potential of C. intybus extract using human cancer cell-line models. Materials and Methods: We prepared Methanolic Extract (MKE) of C. intybus leaves and studied its anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-EMT activities in THP-1 and U87MG cell lines through real time expression analysis and various functional assays including cell viability, cytotoxicity, colony forming and wound healing assays. Results: MKE significantly reduced the LPS-induced transcription of proinflammatory cytokines; TNF-α, and IL-6 from macrophage turned THP-1 cells. Also, expression of TGF-β gene was significantly downregulated by MKE in both THP-1 macrophages and U87MG cells. In U87MG glioma cells, MKE significantly downregulated the expressions of proliferation (Ki67, and PCNA), and EMT markers (LIX1, VIM, ZEB1, SNAIL, and SLUG), which are associated with aggressiveness, histological grade and poor prognosis in glioma. Conclusion: It should be emphasized that this is the first study done on examining the potential of C. intybus anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-EMT activities against the THP-1 macrophages and U87MG glioblastoma cells. Our findings strongly suggest C. intybus leaves as an efficient source of pharmaceutical formulations that can contribute to the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer and could add in improving human health significantly.

}, keywords = {Anti-EMT, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-neoplastic, Anti-proliferative, Cichorium intybus}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.16}, author = {Ankita Harishchandra Tripathi and Amrita Kumari and Rahul Anand and Ramesh Chandra Rai and Poonam Gautam and Penny Joshi and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay} } @article {1165, title = {Pharmaceutico-Analytical Assessment of Jeevanthyadi ghrita-A Polyherbal Ayurveda Formulation and its Potential Benefits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {591}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Background: Standardization and documentation of Traditional medicines have caught pace in recent past and yet remain a subject of discussion. Jeevanthyadi ghrita is a commonly prescribed empirically for debilitating health conditions. However, its pharmaceutical and analytical data remains untraced. Hence an attempt was made to prepare, screen the active biological constituents and review the recent activities of ingredients of the Jeevanthyadi ghirta to rationalize the classical indications. Results: Prepared Jeevanthyadi ghrita showed presence of Alkaloids and terpenoids. HPTLC analysis detected the presence of 7 and 11 active biological constituents at 254 nm and 366 nm respectively, which remains to be identified. No significant difference was noted between plain ghrita and prepared Jeevanthyadi ghrita in relation to AGMARK parameters. Conclusion: Recent activities of ingredients showed strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect that has a relation to ceasing the pathology of debilitation.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Anti-inflammatory, Debilitation, Immunomodulatory, Jeevanthyadi ghrita, Pharmaceutico-Analytical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.062}, author = {Santosh F Patil and Suhaskumar Shetty and Purnachandra T} } @article {1183, title = {Phyto-mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Afrohybanthus travancoricus Leaf Aqueous Extract and Screening of their in vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-diabetic Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {751-760}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

Aim: There are many uses for silver nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine due to their exceptional properties. A major application of silver nanoparticles is the increase of antibiotics that are clinically helpful against microbes and drug-resistant bacteria. However, environmentally friendly methods for their synthesis must be developed. Objectives: Current study, the major objective of this research is concentrated on to suggest an easy and well-organized biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by confirmed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. The ATSNPs (Afrohybanthus travancoricus silver nanoparticles) was biosynthesized with A. travancoricus plant like capping and reducing agent. Materials and Methods: The ATSNPs aqueous extract were mixed by water extract of 1mM AgNO3 solution led to appearance of greenish brown to dark brown colour indicates the synthesis of SNPs. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and EDX analysis. Antioxidant assay was tested through DPPH and ABTS+ assays, anti-inflammatory assay through albumin denaturation and antidiabetic assay by α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Results: A colour change of solution from dark brown to light brown, absorption peak of ATSNPs as 290 to 300 nm in UV-vis spectroscopy. ATSNPs showed 6 intense peaks in FTIR analysis and functional groups like phenols, alcohols, 1{\textdegree} amines, alkynes, aliphatic amines, aromatics, and alkyl halides were identified. In XRD analysis showed 5 intense peaks at 20.8{\textdegree}, 30.3{\textdegree}, 40.1{\textdegree}, 40.9{\textdegree}, 60{\textdegree}. The EDX analysis the presence of Ag at 3 kev and SEM analysis showed the size of ATSNPs ranges between 88 μm {\textendash} 242 μm. Antioxidant activity was observed the dose dependent manner in both assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of ATSNPs proved maximum inhibition through egg albumin denaturation. Antidiabetic activity exhibits maximum inhibition percentage of α-amylase and α- glucosidase at 10 μg/mL. The lowest IC50 value was noted in α amylase (170 μg/mL) and α glucosidase (134 μg/mL). Conclusion: The obtained results recommended that using ATSNPs, it is likely to represented silver nanoparticles with controlled characteristics and important pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Afrohybanthus travancoricus, Anti-diabetic activity, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.079}, author = {Balrajmani Davidson Raja and Devaraj Sathiya Sheela and Elumalai Shanthi Priya and Ammasaikutty Vanitha and Kandasamy Kalimuthu and Periannan Viswanathan} } @article {1152, title = {Therapeutic Potential of Alstonia scholaris Latex in the Management of Inflammatory Diseases: An in vitro Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {478-483}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {478}, abstract = {

Background: The different parts of Alstonia scholaris (AS) viz. leaf, bark root, and latex are used traditionally to treat pain, swelling, stiffness, immune deficiency, malaria, ulcer, and arthritis. The traditional healers in Dhemaji district of Assam prescribe raw AS latex for topical treatment of inflammatory diseases. The unique feature of this study is that the AS latex has been evaluated scientifically for the first time for its anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: The present investigation evaluates the anti-inflammatory potential of the AS latex in arthritis using in vitro assays. Materials and Methods: Anti-arthritic potential of AS latex was evaluated using in vitro assays of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation, egg albumin denaturation, and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization. Results: It was observed that the standard diclofenac sodium and the AS latex showed good anti-arthritic potential. In BSA denaturation method, the latex, and diclofenac sodium showed 71.59\% and 85.23\% inhibition of proteinase enzyme at 250 μg/mL, respectively. In the egg albumin denaturation method, the latex, and standard showed the maximum percentage of inhibition of protein denaturation of 70.42\% and 81.32\%, respectively, at 250 μg/mL. In the HRBC membrane stabilization model, the latex produced considerable anti-arthritic potential in a concentration{\textendash}dependent manner. At 250 μg/ mL in hypotonic solution, latex, and diclofenac sodium showed 68.77\% and 72.12\% membrane stabilization, respectively. Conclusion: The present investigation proved the antiarthritic activity of AS latex. It may also be used in the management of other inflammatory diseases.

}, keywords = {Alstonia scholaris, Anti-arthritic, Anti-inflammatory, in vitro., Latex}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.049}, author = {Bapan Banik and Malay Kumar Das} } @article {1010, title = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-pyretic Activities of Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. Bulb Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {24-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Background: Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. bulbs are used for the topical management of inflammation by traditional healers in the southern region of Ghana. Objectives: This study aims to assess the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of different solvent extracts of Crinum pedunculatum. Methods: The analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of the bulb extracts of Crinum pedunculatum were determined in rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. The acetic acid induced writhing test was used to determine the analgesic activity, carrageenan was employed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity, and Brewer{\textquoteright}s yeast-induced pyrexia was studied to evaluate the extract{\textquoteright}s anti-pyretic activity. Results: All solvent extracts of Crinum pedunculatum significantly decreased (P \< 0.001) the frequency of writhing in rats at all doses with 400 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract showing a 98\% inhibition comparable to that obtained with diclofenac sodium at 94\%. These extracts also caused the inhibition of the increase in paw diameter induced by the administration of carrageenan with 400 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate extract of Crinum pedunculatum causing a 97\% inhibition of paw oedema. All doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the methanol extract caused a significant decrease (P \< 0.0001) in the temperature of rats induced via the administration of yeast with ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts also showed a significant reduction (P \< 0.001) in rectal temperature. Conclusion: These results obtained indicate that the methanolic, ethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts of Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Crinum pedunculatum, Rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.5}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres1415.html}, author = {Peace Doe and Cynthia Amaning Danquah and Kwasi Adomako Ohemeng and Ako Ernest Opare and Ahmed Sharif and Dorcas Akua-Abora and Asamoah Kwame Akuoko and Aaron Kpabitey and Emmanuel Quarshie and Oliver Opoku Asante and Elvis Kwadwo Amponsah and Mariyana Mutwaliku and Charlotte Nuro-Brefo and Micheal Ofori} } @article {1072, title = {Anti-inflammatory Potential of Euphorbia helioscopia Extracts against RAW264.7 Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {338-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: Euphorbia helioscopia, commonly known as sun spurge, is one of the largest species of an annual herb in the family Euphorbiaceae, which is extensively distributed worldwide. In folk medicine, it is used to treat various ailments such as malaria, osteomyelitis, and gastrointestinal ailments. The anti-inflammatory potential of Euphorbia helioscopia extracts on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was investigated in this work. Results: The ethanol extract was found to markedly inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) production compared to the aqueous extract treated cells. Moreover, extracts downregulated the nitric oxide levels. Finally, in this study, we have shown that Euphorbia helioscopia exerts a potent pharmacological effect on reducing the inflammatory response in macrophages. Conclusion: The results of the experiment revealed that the Euphorbia helioscopia extracts used in this study have anti-inflammatory characteristics, with the ethanolic extract having the most. The ethanolic extract had the strongest anti-inflammatory impact in terms of greatest reduction of proinflammatory indicators including IL-6, TNF-, and NO.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, ELISA, Euphorbia helioscopia, IL-6, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.50}, author = {Iram Jan and Nusrit Iqbal Andrabi and Yassir Arfath and Tazeem Akram and Tusharika Kotra and Zabeer Ahmed and Mithilesh Kumar} } @article {111, title = {Evaluation of Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antipyretic Activity of Piperine: An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {176-180}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {176}, abstract = {

Background: Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of piperine in comparison to aspirin. Materials and Methods: Albino Wistar rats of either sex weighing 180{\textendash}200 g and Swiss mice weighing 25{\textendash}30 g were used. The tail-flick method and hot plate method in rats and acetic acid-induced writhing method in mice were used for the evaluation of analgesic activity. The carrageenan-induced paw edema method, cotton pellet-induced granuloma method, and formalin-induced arthritis method were used for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. Baker{\textquoteright}s yeast-induced pyrexia model was used to evaluate antipyretic activity. Results: Piperine showed significant analgesic effect of 40\%{\textendash}55\% in tail-flick method, 58\% in hot plate method, and 54\% in acetic acid-induced writhing model, when compared to negative controls. The percentage inhibition of inflammation, in comparison to controls, was significant at 56\% for carrageenan-induced paw edema model and 40\% for formalin-induced arthritis model. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, however, it was only 10\%. In the yeast model of pyrexia, piperine significantly reduced rectal temperature at 4 h. However, aspirin had better effect than piperine in all these models. Conclusion: Piperine exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity though not comparable to aspirin.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Black pepper, Piper nigrum, Piperine}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_94_19}, author = {Nikhil Dhargawe and Sunil Mahakalkar and Bhagyashree Mohod and Jeffrey Pradeep Raj} } @article {168, title = {Chemical Analysis and Biological Potentials of Extracts from Colpomenia sinuosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Background: Colpomenia sinuosa is a brown alga rich in molecules of pharmacological, nutraceutical, and functional properties. Despite its therapeutic potentials, this alga is poorly studied in this area of the Mediterranean. Objectives: The study objective was to investigate the physicochemical properties and biological potentials of different extracts of the brown seaweed C. sinuosa. Materials and Methods: Crude extracts and fractions were obtained by different types of solvent extractions. Proximal analysis was adopted to reveal the ash content. Protein and carbohydrate contents were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method and Lowry and Bradford methods, respectively. The mineral content was assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy, where the total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu reagent, antioxidant properties by radical scavenging assay, and antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by albumin denaturation test. Results: Proximal analysis revealed high levels of total ash content (20.03 {\textpm} 0.79\%), protein content (10.77 {\textpm} 0.18\%), total lipids (4.35 {\textpm} 0.212\%), and total carbohydrates (40.367 {\textpm} 0.421\%). Magnesium concentration (16.79 {\textpm} 0.721 mg/g) was highest among macro minerals. The TPC of fractions and extracts ranged from 17.78 {\textpm} 0.092 to 39.02 {\textpm} 0.199 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight. The highest scavenging activity reached 84.1\% {\textpm} 0.83 at 750 μg/mL. Maximal anti-inflammatory activity was noted in aqueous extract (59.38 {\textpm} 4.35 μg/mL). Conclusion: This significant scavenging activity increased in polar extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The aqueous extracts showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and highest albumin denaturation inhibition, whereas the highest bactericidal activity was found in the methanolic extracts. Our results represent the first report on Lebanese C. sinuosa extract as a promising source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant potential.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Biochemical analysis, Phaeophyta}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_91_19}, author = {Reem Monal Al Monla and Zeina T Dassouki and Hala Gali-Muhtasib and Hiba R Mawlawi} } @article {157, title = {Kaempferol {\textendash} A Dietary Flavonoid Isolated from Blepharis integrifolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {250-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {250}, abstract = {

Background: Blepharis integrifolia is in the preparation of traditional formulation for the treatment of various diseases, including digestive disorders such as flatulence and dysentery. Although a very few studies have assessed the pharmacological properties, nothing is known about the phytochemicals present and the effect of extracts on its pharmacological activities. Objectives: Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to assess the role of methanol extract of B. integrifolia (MBI) for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Materials and Methods: The phytochemicals present in the extract were evaluated using high-resolution liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS). The extract and the isolated compound were subjected to antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory studies. Results: MBI exhibited an effective antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities at a more significant level than the standards. HR-LCMS analysis of MBI revealed the presence of kaempferol, rutin, and several phytochemicals. The activity-guided repeated fractionation of the methanol extract by silica gel column chromatography yielded a compound that exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Based on various physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses (ultraviolet, infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], carbon-13 NMR, and MS), the bioactive compound isolated was elucidated as 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (kaempferol). Furthermore, the molecular docking studies for kaempferol revealed that it binds β-lactamase at MEG binding site and was found to interact with binding site residues PHE91, TRP94, ASN109, MET148, GLU147, ASN36, and ILE201. Conclusion: The results from the present study suggest that the potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities observed are a result of the presence of these bioactive compounds within the extract. In addition, these results also demonstrate the antioxidant potency of kaempferol which could be the basis for its alleged health-promoting potential.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Flavonoid, Free radicals, Kaempferol, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_114_19}, author = {KM Anil Kumar and Ramith Ramu and S Chandan and Shivaraju Harikaranahalli Puttaiah} } @article {559, title = {Therapeutic Significance of Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798) Ink Extract: A Biomedical Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s105-s109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s105}, abstract = {

Background: The squid ink extract is well known for its biomedical properties. Objective: In this study, squid Loligo vulgaris was collected from Tuticorin costal water, Bay of Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: Proximate composition of the crude squid ink was studied and found to have protein as the major component over lipid and carbohydrates. Further, bioactive fractions of squid ink were extracted with ethanol, and therapeutic applications such as hemolytic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties were analyzed using standard methods. Results: In hemolytic assay, the squid ink extract exhibited a maximum hemolytic activity of 128 hemolytic unit against tested erythrocytes. In DPPH assay, the ethanolic extract of squid ink has exhibited an antioxidant activity of 83.5\%. The squid ink was found to be potent antibacterial agent against the pathogens tested. 200 {\textmu}L of L. vulgaris ink extract showed remarkable antibacterial activity as zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (28 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm). The 68.9\% inhibition of protein denaturation by the squid ink extract indicated that it has very good in vitro anti-inflammatory properties. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the squid ink indicated the presence of functional groups such as 1{\textdegree} and 2{\textdegree} amines, amides, alkynes (terminal), alkenes, aldehydes, nitriles, alkanes, aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids, and alkyl halides, which complements the biochemical background of therapeutic applications. Conclusion: Hence, results of this study concluded that the ethanolic extract of L. vulgaris has many therapeutic applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, DPPH, Hemolytic activity, Ink extracts, Loligo vulgaris}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_81_17}, author = {Sri Kumaran Nadarajah and Vijayaraj Radha and Jayaprakashvel Mani} } @article {491, title = {Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {142-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

Background: Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds. Objective: This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl- 1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. Results: The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity. Conclusion: J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine. Key words:

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Jatropha multifida, wound}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.172657}, author = {Kokou Anani and Yao Adjrah and Yaovi Am{\'e}yapoh and Simplice Damintoti Karou and Amegnona Agbonon and Comlan de Souza and Messanvi Gbeassor} } @article {734, title = {Margaritaria Discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) Stem Bark Extract Attenuates Allergy and Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced Arthritis in Rodents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {March,2014}, pages = {163-171}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

Background: Various parts of Margaritaria discoidea find use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and oedema. This study evaluated the anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of a 70\% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of the stem bark of Margaritaria discoidea, MDE in rodents. Materials and Methods: Systemic anaphylaxis was induced by the injection of compound 48/80 into mice and their survival rate was monitored to evaluate the anti-allergic action of the extract. The effect of MDE assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the mouse carrageenan-induced paw oedema was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the extract while the Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis model was employed to study the anti-arthritic effects of MDE. Results: MDE dose-dependently increased the time for compound 48/80-induced mortality in mice. MDE suppressed the mean maximal swelling and the total paw swellings induced over 6 h in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. MDE caused a reduction in serum levels of TNFα and IL-6 and significantly suppressed Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis. Conclusion: Margaritaria discoidea suppresses allergy and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in mice. In addition it attenuates Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis through a reduction in serum levels of TNFα and IL-6 in rats.

}, keywords = {Allergy, Anaphylaxis, Anti-inflammatory, Arthritis, Margaritaria discoidea}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.129039}, author = {David D Obiri and Newman Osafo and Joshua Oppong-Sarfo and Jude K Prah} } @article {648, title = {Evaluation of Marine Brown Algae Sargassum ilicifolium Extract for Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May 2013}, pages = {146-149}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {146}, abstract = {

Background\ : The methanolic extract of\ Sargassum ilicifolium\ (Pheophyceae) was used to evaluate its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in the present study.\ Materials and Methods:\ Analgesic activity was tested using Acetic acid writhing method and Eddy hot plate method in Male albino mice and Wister rats respectively at a dose level of 1, 10, 50, 100mg/kg p.o. At the same dose, its anti-inflammatory activity was also tested using Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method Result Acetic acid writhing test and Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate episodes were significantly and dose dependently reduced. Carrageenan (a standard inflammatory agent) induced paw edema in rats was significantly reduced after intraperitonal administration of methanolic extract.\ Results:\ showed dose dependant significant activity in comparison with standard and control.\ Conclusion:\ Methanolic extracts of the brown seaweeds\ Sargassum ilicifolium\ have potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at moderate doses.

}, keywords = {Acetic acid Writhing, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Granuloma, Hot Plate, Paw edema, Sargassum Ilicifolium}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.112413 }, author = {Chandraraj C Simpi and Channabasappa V Nagathan and Santosh R Karajgi and Navanath V Kalyane} } @article {677, title = {Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Decoction Shows Immunomodulatory Properties on an Experimental Animal Model and in Human Peripheral Mononuclear Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {december,2011}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background:\ Black tea (Camellia sinensis) has been used as a daily beverage for time immemorial. Immunomodulatory effects of tea are recognized as it stimulates the proliferation of cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anti-inflammatory effects of tea have also been depicted in the available literature. Therefore, we designed this study to examine the potential immunemodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of black tea in a rat model and in human peripheral mononuclear cells.\ Aims:\ The purpose of the study was to determine (1) evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects of black tea on rats, (2) evaluation of immunemodulator effects of black tea on rats, and (3) evaluation of immunemodulator effects of black tea on human peripheral mononuclear cells.\ Materials and Methods:\ Black tea decoction (10\% and 20\%) was prepared. Acute anti-inflammatory activity of tea decoction was evaluated using carrageenan and dextran whereas chronic anti-inflammatory (Immunomodulatory) effects were evaluated in a complete Freunds{\textquoteright} adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Immunostimulatory role was evaluated in cultured human (in vitro) peripheral mononuclear cells (T-lymphocytes) by using methyl thioazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Trypan blue assay.\ Study Design:\ An experimental study was designed.\ Results:\ Black tea decoction (10\% and 20\%) strength has shown significant anti-inflammatory effects (64.8\% and 77\% reduction, respectively), on carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory models (rat paw edema) which can be comparable with the standard drug indomethacin (89.1\%). In a chronic anti-inflammatory model, black tea decoction (10\% and 20\%) has shown significant suppressive effects on rat paw edema (38.56\% and 69.53\%) observed on 21\ st\ day. Lymphoproliferative action of tea was evaluated on human peripheral mononuclear cells using an MTT assay where the number of living cells were expressed in terms of optical density at 570 nm. An experiment has shown that black tea increases the maximum number of T-lymphocytes at 72 h with a maximum strength of 20\%. Maximum number of viable cells (T-lymphocytes) was observed with black tea at 20\% strength at 72 h. The results were expressed as mean {\textpm} SD, and the significance was evaluated by Student{\textquoteright}s\ t-test\ versus\ control, with\ P\ \< 0.05 implying significance.\ Conclusions:\ Taken together, our data indicate that black tea has potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action and this corroborates with the current trend of tea being promoted as a {\textquoteright}health drink{\textquoteright}.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Black tea, Immunomodulation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.91029}, author = {Chandan Chattopadhyay and Nandini Chakrabarti and Mitali Chatterjee and Sonali Mukherjee and Kajari Sarkar and A Roy Chaudhuri} } @article {619, title = {Vitex negundo Inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 Inflammatory Cytokine-mediated Inflammation on Carrageenaninduced Rat Hind Paw Edema}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {July,2012}, pages = {134-137}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {134}, abstract = {

Background: Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) is a hardy plant widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent and used for treatment of a wide spectrum of health disorders in traditional and folk medicine, some of which have been experimentally validated. In present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of V. negundo in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, and to investigate the probable mechanism of anti-inflammatory action. Materials and Methods: Paw edema was produced by injecting 1\% solution of carrageenan, and the paw volume was measured before and after carrageenan injection up to 5 hr. V. negundo leaf oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus and administered by a trans-dermal route to Wistar rats and the percentage of inhibition of inflammation was observed using a Plethysmometer by comparing a compound aerosol-based formulation with 1 mg diclofinac diethylamine BP and 7 mg methyl salicylate IP/kg body weight served as a standard drug whereas paraffin oil served as the placebo group. After withdrawing of blood, serum was separated and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities were measured by the enzyme immuno assay (EIA) method by using a COX inhibitor screening assay kit. Results and Discussion: V. negundo leaf oil significantly (P \< 0.05) reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema as compared to the placebo group (paraffin oil) and 1 mg diclofinac diethylamine BP and 7 mg methyl salicylate IP showed the maximum inhibition of paw edema as compared to the V. negundo leaf oil treated group and the control group. Also in the present study V. negundo leaf oil showed significantly (P \< 0.05) inhibits COX-1 pathways rather than COX-2 pathways as compared to the V. negundo leaf oil treated group. Conclusion: It is suggested that the V. negundo leaf oil is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and acts via inhibition of COX-2 without much interfering COX-1 pathways.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, Vitex negundo}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.99072}, author = {Pronobesh Chattopadhyay and Soilyadhar Hazarika and Sunil Dhiman and Aadesh Upadhyay and Anurag Pandey and Sanjeev Karmakar and Lokendra Singh} } @article {930, title = {Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivities of Myrtus communis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {325-329}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Background: Myrtus species are characterized by the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, volatile oils and fatty acids. They are remedies for variety of ailments. This study therefore investigated medicinal effects of Myrtus communis L. Methods: Bioactivity studies of Myrtus communis L. leaves were carried out on volatile oil, 7\% methanol and aqueous extracts and the isolated compounds myricetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-∝-rhamnopyranoside and gallic acid. Results: Determination of the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) revealed that the volatile oil, alcoholic and aqueous extracts were practically nontoxic and highly safe as no lethality was observed. The tested materials (volatile oil, alcoholic and aqueous extracts, myricetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-∝-rhamnopyranoside and gallic acid) showed significant antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects as compared with control groups and reference drugs. Conclusion : Administration of extracts of M. communis leaves could be safe at the dose used in this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antihyperglycemic, Antinociceptive, LD 50, Myrtus communis, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75449}, author = {Mahmoud I Nassar and El-Sayed A Aboutabl and Rania F Ahmed and Ezzel-Din A EL-Khrisy and Khaled M Ibrahim and Amany A Sleem} } @article {918, title = {A Study of the Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. on Experimental Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {November 2010}, pages = {313-317}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {313}, abstract = {

Introduction : The aim is to study the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Psidium guajava (PGE) on experimental animal models. Materials and Methods : Fresh leaves were collected, air-dried, powdered, and percolated in 95\% ethanol. Acute toxicity test was done according to OECD guidelines. Four groups of animals of either sex, weighing 150-200g of the species Rattus norvegicus were taken for the study (n = 6). Group A was taken as control (3\% gum acacia in 10 mL/kg body weight), Group B as test group (PGE 250 mg/kg body weight), Group C as test group (PGE 500 mg/kg body weight), and Group D as standard (Aspirin 100 mg/kg body weight). The animals were studied for acute inflammation by Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, subacute inflammation by Granuloma pouch method, and chronic inflammation by Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis method. Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison tests. Results : In acute inflammation, there was significant inhibition of paw edema in Groups B, C, and D in comparison with Group A (P \< 0.05). In subacute inflammation, there was significant inhibition of exudate formation in Groups B, C, and D in comparison to Group A (P \< 0.05). In chronic inflammation, there was significant inhibition of paw edema and inhibition of weight reduction in Groups B, C, and D compared with Group A. Downregulation of arthritis index was also significant in Groups B, C, and D in comparison with Group A (P \< 0.05). Conclusion : The ethanolic extract of PGE has significant anti-inflammatory activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Arthritis, Carrageenan, Granuloma, Psidium guajava}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.72331}, author = {Sarmistha Dutta and Swarnamoni Das} }