@article {1327, title = {Antimicrobial, Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves and Stems Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {985-991}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {985}, abstract = {

Background: Ruta chalepensis L. is considered as a medicinal plant with many important secondary metabolites and essential oils which widely used against many diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to examine different polar extracts of Ruta chalepensis L. leaves and stems to identify different secondary metabolites, evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the prepared extracts and study the active extracts by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Materials and Methods: The leaves and stems of R. chalepensis were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus using different solvents of varying polarity, were phytochemically screened and, also tested against bacteria namely Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella sp. and one fungus Candida albicans using diffusion method. Results: The phytochemical screen showed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids and coumarins. The antimicrobial assay revealed that the plant extracts exhibited efficacy against only Salmonella sp., showing resistance to other tested bacteria and fungus. The methanolic extract of leaves and stems was the most active against Salmonella sp., with a high inhibition zone (25{\textpm}0) mm and (24{\textpm}0) mm respectively, thus it was subjected to GC-MS analysis which exhibited the presence of approximately six and thirteen phytochemical constituents respectively. Conclusion: Both leaves and stems extract showed activity against Salmonella sp. The phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis indicate the presence of various secondary metabolites. Subsequently, the therapeutic efficacy compounds isolated and purified from\ Ruta chalepensis L. could be used as an important source against bacterial ailments in humans and plants.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, GC-MS, Phytochemical analysis, Ruta chalepensis L}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.112}, author = {Sara Hussein Altayeb and Fatima Abdalgalill Khleefa and Solima Ibrahim Yagoob and Rasha Abdelnaser Abdelhadi and Omrana Ahmad Kamli and Husham Elraih Homeida and Husham Elraih Homeida and Noha Abdullah Arishi and Lolah Nasser Ogdi} } @article {1200, title = {Analysis of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Properties of an Ethnobotanical Herb Cotula anthemoides L. Occurring in Purulia District of West Bengal, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {51-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Since antiquity, traditional healers use herbs for the treatment of various ailments. Cotula anthemoides L., an ethnobotanical herb, widely used by traditional healers of Purulia district, West Bengal, India for the treatment of skin ailments. Plants contain broad range of bioactive constituents which is mainly responsible for its versatile properties. Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to analyze the phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the Aerial Part (AP) and underground Root Part (RT) of C. anthemoides. Materials and Methods: Total Phenol (TPC) and Flavonoid Contents (TFC) were estimated against Gallic acid and Quercetin. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antibacterial properties were examined by well-diffusion method. Secondary metabolites and fatty acids were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. Results: Both aerial and root part exhibited effective zone of inhibition against gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus and gram {\textendash}ve Escherichia coli bacteria. There is a positive correlation between total phenol and flavonoid content with free radical scavenging properties. Aerial part contains comparatively higher concentration of phenolic compounds which is verified by assessment of DPPH antioxidant properties. HPLC and LC-MS study revealed the presence of phenolic acids, phenol alcohols and flavonoids. The FA analysis identified the presence of saturated FAs in the range of C12 to C26 and unsaturated FAs of C16, C18, C20 and C22. Conclusion: Definite range of phenolic compounds beside with other bio active constituents in the herb keep up the ethnobotanical status done by local healers.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, Cotula anthemoides, Fatty acids., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.7}, author = {Ghanashyam Mahato and Rajani Kanta Mahato and Bangamoti Hansda} } @article {1188, title = {Phytochemical Screening, in vitro Anti-bacterial, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Solanum virginianum L. Aerial Vegetative Parts Extracted in Four Solvents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum virginianum is a key component of Ayurveda{\textquoteright}s "Dasmul Asava," used to treat inflammation, respiratory, and gastric problems. Being a repository of countless bioactive compounds, the plant is well known for its traditional medicinal value. Modern pharmacological properties like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory have also claimed its traditional uses. Objectives: The current research was designed to perform a comparative assessment of in vitro anti-bacterial, and antioxidant potential as well as the phytoconstituents make up of plant extracts prepared in four solvents. Materials and Methods: Freshly prepared plant extracts were subjected to standard qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening protocols to identify significant phytocompounds. Different functional groups and chemical entities in plant extracts, were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. Anti-bacterial potential was assessed using disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assay. DPPH decolorization assay was adopted to determine free radical scavenging potential of plant extracts. Results: Methanolic plant extract exhibited highest number of total phenols and flavonoids. Plant extracts were also found to be effective against some ampicillin-resistant bacterial strains. Methanolic extract showed highest DPPH scavenging ability comparable to ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Although all plant extracts were endowed with good antioxidant and anti-bacterial activity but methanolic extract was found to be more potent free radical scavenger and anti-bacterial agent as it possessed appreciable levels of phenols and flavonoids. The current research could facilitate researchers to identify and isolate new bioactive compounds of medicinal importance and their predicted mode of action against various biological activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, FTIR, Phytochemical, Solanum virginianum}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.084}, author = {Preety Rohilla and Ashmita Chhikara and Pushpa Dahiya} } @article {1136, title = {Revealing Anti-Microbial Potential of Traditional Siddha Formulation Pancha Karpa Chooranam against Infectious Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {399-404}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Infectious diseases are considered to be the most significant threat to human health due to the fact that they are responsible for one-half of all deaths in tropical countries. The majority of the currently available antibiotics have significant drawbacks in terms of antimicrobial spectrum and side effects. Over usage of such antibiotics has contributed to the development of clinical resistance in formerly sensitive microorganisms. Siddha system of medicine offers interesting possibilities to combat drug{\textendash}resistant pathogens. Medicinal herbs constitute an essential component of Siddha preparations are known for its diverse range of biological activity. One such potential formulation that exists in the Siddha system is Pancha Karpa Chooranam (PKC) which comprises a unique blend of five (pancha) potential herbal ingredients. Materials and Methods: The main objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of the formulation PKC using the disc diffusion method. Results: Results of the study clearly emphasise that the drug PKC exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms. Potency was measured in terms of zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (15{\textendash}23 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (13{\textendash}19 mm), B. subtilis (12{\textendash}19 mm), Salmonella typhi (16{\textendash} 23 mm), and Candida albicans (17{\textendash}21 mm). It was concluded from the results of the present investigation that the Siddha formulation PKC reveals broad spectral anti-bacterial activity against both gramme-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi) pathogens. Conclusion: Further, it was evident that the formulation advocates potential anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans represented by the maximal zone of inhibition which attributes to the existence of structurally diverse phytochemicals present in the preparation. Hence traditional formulations like PKC shall be recommended for clinical management of drug{\textendash}resistant pathogens in near future.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal., Infectious diseases, Medicinal herbs, Pancha Karpa Chooranam, Phytochemicals, Siddha formulation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.043}, author = {Sattanathan Iyswarya and Sampath Meena and Shanmugasundaram Visweswaran and Narayanan Jagathambal Muthukumar} } @article {978, title = {Antimicrobial Evaluation of Piper betel Leaves and Lime Based Hand Sanitizer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {265-267}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {265}, abstract = {

Background: The needs of hand sanitizer increase significantly during the COVID-19 outbreak. Objectives: In this study, we prepared Piper betel and lime based hand sanitizer with a simple maceration technique. Materials and Methods: After soaking Piper betel in the hot water for 24 h, the water was collected and lime juice was added into the mixture to prepare samples with concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80\%. Results: The anti-bacterial activity test showed that sample of 60\% exhibited the best result among other samples with pH of 4.1. Conclusion: From this study, the sample of 60\% was promising to be developed as hand sanitizer.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Hand sanitizer, Lime juice, Maceration, Piper betel}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.20}, author = {Henny Rochaeni and Hanafi and Rachmawati Dwi Estuningsih and Muhammad Ichsan Farizi and Annisa Nurafifah and Singgih Wibowo} }