@article {954, title = {Influence of Sonication on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa L. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {368-373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from T. catappa leaves obtained by different intervals of sonication. Methods: Three commonly used methods were followed to evaluate phenolic content and four in vitro methods like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant potency (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity assays for measuring the antioxidant activities. Antioxidant values of these assays were expressed in terms of milligrams vitamin C equivalent (VCE) antioxidant activities. Results: This study showed that extract obtained with 40 minutes of sonication possessed significant (P \< 0.05) polyphenolic contents compared to 20 and 60 minutes sonication and control (24 hour maceration). Moreover, sonication of T. catappa leaf above 40 minutes was found to be unsuitable for extracting out phenolic contents. Even the results of antioxidant assays showed that 40 minutes of the sonicated extract exhibited significant (P \< 0.05) VCE values compared to extracts obtained at different intervals of sonication and control. Conclusions: In sonication extraction method 40 minutes is an ideal time to obtain extract enriched with high polyphenolic content with good antioxidant activity from T. catappa leaves.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, FRAP, Sonication, T. catappa, Vitamin C}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75457}, author = {HV Annegowda and LN Anwar and MN Mordix and MN Mordi and S Ramanathan and SM Mansor} } @article {105, title = {Identification and Characterization of Polyphenols and Volatile Terpenoid Compounds in Different Extracts of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {149-157}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {149}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb, used in various food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries for its potential antioxidant properties. Leaves are the source of essential oils and polyphenols, used as a raw material in food and pharmaceutical industries. Materials and Methods: The study aimed to develop a complete phytochemical profile of S. officinalis leaves through liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Soxhlet and sonicated extract were analyzed using UHPLC, data-independent acquisition in negative electrospray ionization mode. Essential oil profiling of leaves in comparison with leaves+ stem was carried out using GC-FID. Results: Among the extraction methods, Soxhlet extraction yielded significantly high levels of caffeic acid (92.45 {\textpm} 1.92 μg/g), rosmarinic acid (18821.33 {\textpm} 150.20 μg/g), luteolin-7-glucoside (635.13 {\textpm} 11.20 μg/g), carnosic acid (27.48 {\textpm} 2.37 μg/g), carnosol (1347.67 {\textpm} 30.04 μg/g), and ursolic acid (14938.67 {\textpm} 82.20 μg/g). Among the 43 identified phenolic compounds, two flavonoids, diosmetin and pectolinarigenin and two triterpenoids benthamic and micromeric acids have been first time detected in S. officinalis leaves. The results of essential oil analysis indicated the presence of α-thujone (34.43- 38.93 \%), β-thujone (6.03-7.58 \%), camphor (15.77-18.12 \%), 1,8-cineole (5.45-6.21 \%), α-humulene (5.20 \%), and camphene (4.29-5.10 \%) as major volatile terpenoid components in S. officinalis. Conclusion: Soxhlet extraction found to be the best method for polyphenol extraction and the essential oil extracted only from leaves best suitable for therapeutic purposes due to less α-thujone and β-thujone content.

}, keywords = {Garden sage, Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, Polyphenols, Sonication, Soxhlet extraction, Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_92_19}, author = {Yashaswini Sharma and Ravikishore Velamuri and John Fagan and Jim Schaefer and Christoph Streicher and John Stimson} }