@article {1230, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Morinda pubescence Extract as Potential Agent for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s and Diabetes Mellitus Dual Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {254-263}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {254}, abstract = {

Background: Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that metabolic disturbances associated with the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are recognized to be linked with brain atrophy as well as the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD). Therefore, development of multi-targeted agents found to be one of the best options to combat co-occurring disorders like DM and AD concurrently. These enthused us to investigate the potency of M. pubescence against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), α-Glucosidase and β-Glucosidase enzymes, important pathological targets of AD and DM. Objectives: In this study, methanolic extract (MPM) and its derived fractions of Morinda pubescence were assessed for their capacities to inhibit target enzymes AChE, BuChE and α- and β- glucosidases and the active fraction was also screened for its phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract (MPM) and chloroform fraction (MPC) were evaluated for their inhibitory capacities against AChE and BuChE, and α- and β-glucosidases besides kinetic analysis of inhibition using methods of Elmann and Shibano, respectively. Antioxidant ability was estimated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotective abilities were tested by the MTT assay using human nueroblastoma cell lines. Phytochemical screening was done with the aid of spectrophotometric methods. Results: The MPC of titled plant had prominent inhibitory potencies against AChE, BuChE, α- and β-glucosidase enzymes. Kinetic study inferred the pattern of inhibition as mixed. Significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were found for MPC (86.95{\textpm}1.9 mg TE/g and 3.6{\textpm}0.1mg AAE/g). In MTT assay, the active MPC fraction disclosed remarkable cell viability and neuroprotective abilities in SK-N-SH cells. Phytochemical profiling showed that the fraction MPC had highest amount of flavonoids (41.9{\textpm}1.8 mg RE/g dry matter) and phenolics (85.5{\textpm}0.98 mg GAE/g dry matter) and had the significant impact on enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The results provided valuable evidence for the potential of chloroform fractions of methanolic extract of M. pubescence as prospective material for further development of multifunctional agents to control both Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) simultaneously.

}, keywords = {Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Morinda pubescence, Neuroprotective., Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.32}, author = {Raveendra Babu Zinka and Mohan Penumala and Jeelan Basha Shaik and Yelamanda Rao Kandrakonda and Sree Lakshmi Mothukuru and Verri Krishna Priya and Siddhartha Eadlapalli and Ramakrishna Vadde and Gangaiah Damu Amooru} } @article {1263, title = {Standardization of Madhumukthi Kudineer Chooranum Using Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and HPTLC Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {531-539}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Background: Siddha system of medicine is considered to be foremost among other systems of medicine. Many medicines are available in traditional systems for all kind of diseases. Most people show their interest towards Siddha medicine for non-communicable diseases especially for diabetes, hypertension, etc., Poly herbal formulations like Avarai kudineer has been authorized for prescription for Madhumegam. Madhumukthi Kudineer Chooranum (MKC) is one such medicine which has been found efficacious in Madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus). The current study is aimed at standardizing MKC employing pharmacognostic and chemical analyses with the aim of developing standards for quality control of this important medicine of Siddha. Materials and Methods: MKC was analyzed for pharmacognostic, physiochemical and HPTLC standards following standard procedures mentioned in Pharmacopoeias. Results: Macroscopy, powder microscopy was matched with the characters of these ingredients as reported in pharmacopoeias. The physicochemical standards were correlated with standards. TLC of MKC showed 10 spots under UV 254 nm, 13 spots under UV 366 nm and after spray with 5\% vanillin sulphuric acid solution. Conclusion: The reported results will be supportive for standardization and future studies of MKC.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Kudineer chooranum, Madhumegam, Polyherbal formulation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.63}, author = {Rajamanickam Baskar and Govindaraju Bharathkumar and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Ramachandran Shakila and Manekshah Yovas Rajammal and Sikkal Selvaraaju Selvapriya and Thangarasu Hema Devi} } @article {1143, title = {HPLC-DAD Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic and Anti-quorum Sensing Properties of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) and Kolanut (Cola acuminata)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {373-383}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Background: Eating Cola acuminata and Garcinia cola nuts in African societies symbolizes in socio-cultural hospitality. They stimulate the nervous system, reduce fatigue and sleep. Objectives: To determine the phenolic composition and bioactivities of G. kola and C. acuminata. Materials and Methods: Hydro-ethanol extracts of the nuts were prepared and their phenolic profiles determined using HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties were determined. Results: The most abundant phenolic compound was caffeic acid (105.4{\textpm}0.75 mg/g) in C. acuminata and myricetin (277.2{\textpm}0.90 mg/g) in G. kola. The extracts showed good antioxidant activity in five complementary assays and G. kola was more active than both α-tocopherol and BHA standards in the DPPH{\textbullet}, CUPRAC and ABTS{\textbullet}+ assays while C. acuminata was more active than only the α-tocopherol standard in the same assays. Activities were close to those of standards in the β-Carotene-linoleic acid and metal chelation assays. Both extracts had good inhibition of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values 63.27{\textpm}0.98 μg/mL and 94.15{\textpm}1.05 μg/mL for C. acuminata and G. kola respectively compared to 5.50{\textpm}0.25 μg/mL for galantamine in the AChE assay. In the BChE assay, the inhibitory activity was higher for G. kola (IC50 = 38.66{\textpm}0.80 μg/ mL) that the standard galantamine (IC50 = 42.20{\textpm}0.48 μg/mL) while that for C. acuminata (IC50 = 87.31{\textpm}0.77 μg/mL) was moderate. The extracts inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase with G. kola (IC50=18.43{\textpm}0.74 μg/mL) being more active than standard acarbose (IC50=20.52{\textpm}0.84 μg/mL in the α-glucosidase assay. The nuts could inhibit expression of virulence factors in Chomobacterium violaceum CV12472 by disrupting violacein production and flagellated Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 by disrupting swarming motility. Conclusion: The results indicate good nutraceutical potential of both nuts.

}, keywords = {Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Cola acuminata, Garcinia kola, Quorum-sensing inhibition.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.040}, author = {Sameh Boudiba and Selcuk Kucukaydin and Alfred Ngenge Tamfu and Kom Blaise and Aristide Mfifen Munvera and Yasmine Arab and Ozgur Ceylan and Rodica Mihaela Dinica} } @article {120, title = {In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Dioecious Morus alba (Moraceae) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research,}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {13-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Background:\ Diabetes mellitus, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a serious metabolic disorder affecting large populations worldwide. Mulberry food and supplement products known for their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties are commonly used in Asian and other countries.\ Objectives:\ The present study investigated for the first time the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of dioecious (male and female) mulberry (Morus alba, Moraceae) extracts from leaf and stem tissues collected in two different seasons.\ Materials and Methods:In vitro\ α-amylase, α-glucosidase, polyphenol content analyses, and free radical scavenging activities were performed.\ Results:\ All extracts showed higher inhibition of α-glucosidase than α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Fall female stem, fall male stem, and fall female leaf extracts exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Fall male and fall female leaf extracts showed the highest ferric reducing activity. 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were more potent for all extracts compared to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities were induced by fall male leaf extracts. Spring extracts contained more phenolics and fall extracts more proanthocyanidins. Correlations between IC50\ values of extracts used\ in vitro\ antidiabetic and antioxidant activities and polyphenol chemical classes were both positive and negative. In general, male extracts were more potent in their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than female extracts.\ Conclusion:\ Overall, results showed that growing season, sex and organ of mulberry trees influence antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts, knowledge that could be used in formulating effective dietary supplements for treating diabetes, and oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Dioecious, Flavonoids, Mulberry, Phenolics}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_103_20}, author = {Paramita Basu and Charitha Thallapareddy and Camelia Maier} } @article {155, title = {Antidiabetic and Antidyslipidemic Activities of Hexane/Ethyl Acetate/Methanol Fractions of Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. Grains in High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {230-235}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

Background: Dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle are the major causes of increasing obesity, which in turn causes diabetes and cardiovascular problems. With this alarming increase, there is a need for alternative therapies to treat diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Objectives: To evaluate antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic effects of fractions of Paspalum scrobiculatum grains in rats. Materials and Methods: Different doses of Hexane: Ethyl acetate fraction of P. scrobiculatum (HEPS) and Ethyl acetate: Methanol fraction of P. scrobiculatum (EMPS) fractions of P. scrobiculatum were administered to the high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/ kg)-induced diabetic rats with glibenclamide at 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w) as a standard reference. Biochemical and histopathological changes were assessed after 5 weeks of treatment. Results: Daily oral treatment with HEPS and EMPS each at 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w for 5 weeks was found to be significant in the reduction of plasma glucose levels, HbA1c, increased plasma insulin levels, and normalized lipid profile and liver function parameters in HFD and STZ-induced diabetic rats. In addition, degenerative histopathological changes seen in liver, kidney, and pancreas of diabetic rats were found to be normalized in HEPS and EMPS as comparable to that of glibenclamide-treated rats. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that HEPS and EMPS fractions of P. scrobiculatum grains possess promising antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic potential without apparent toxic effects, which may prove the claimed use of the plant in treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antidyslipidemic, High-fat diet, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_6_20}, author = {G Jyothi Reddy and K Bhaskar Reddy and G V Subba Reddy} } @article {103, title = {Alpha Glucosidase Inhibiting Activity and in vivo Antidiabetic Activity of Fraxinus floribunda Bark in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {273-278}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem being the third largest cause of death worldwide. Natural sources of antidiabetic agents are of high demand due to side effects of modern drugs. Bark of Fraxinus floribunda (FF) is conventionally used in Sikkim to treat diabetes, but there is not a single documented report on the same. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of FF bark. Materials and Methods: FF bark was extracted through four methods, namely normal boiling, pressure boiling (PB), soxhlet, and cold percolation to be subjected to α-glucosidase inhibiting assay. The extract showing the highest in vitro antidiabetic activity was selected for in vivo antidiabetic activity. Results: Extract from PB showed the highest antidiabetic activity (10.25 {\textpm} 4.56 mg/ml FWT); thus, it was selected for antidiabetic property in animal model. The extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly (P \< 0.05) reduced plasma glucose concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (0.50 mg/kg) was used as standard. Decrease in bodyweight during diabetes was significantly controlled by the extract which was comparable with the standard at the same concentration. Changes in lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein) of the diabetic rats were also maintained almost to the level of normal rats by the extracts. Histopathology of liver sections of diabetic rats showed damage in the hepatic architecture (swelling of sinusoids, vacuolization of cytoplasm, and inflammation of the central vein) which was controlled by the extracts. Conclusion: This study agrees with the traditional use of FF bark as an antidiabetic agent.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Fraxinus floribunda, Lipid profile, Liver histopathology, Streptozotocin, α-glucosidase.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_32_19}, author = {Arunika Subba and Ram Kumar Sahu and Shiv Bhardwaj and Palash Mandal} } @article {129, title = {In vitro Studies on the Inhibition of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase by Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Pluchea lanceolata, Alhagi pseudalhagi, Caesalpinia bonduc}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Pluchea lanceolata (Rasna), Alhagi pseudalhagi (Jawasa), and Caesalpinia bonduc (Latakaranja) important medicinal plants widely used in India as folk medicine. These plants have been used to control diabetes in traditional medicinal systems. Objective: In the present study, 50\% volume per volume ethanolic extracts of P. lanceolata, A. pseudalhagi, and C. bonduc subjected to in vitro analysis of antidiabetic effect by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay. Materials and Methods: Inhibitory activity of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the all three plants individually against alpha-amylase enzyme and alpha-glucosidase enzyme were examined in different concentrations (3.90{\textendash}500 {\textmu}g/mL), where acarbose used as a positive control. Results: The percentage inhibition of P. lanceolata showed the highest alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration value P. lanceolata was found to be 4.83 {\textmu}g/ml and 11.94 {\textmu}g/ml for alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Conclusion: This study suggests that the hydro-ethanolic extract of all three plants have antidiabetic property, among these three plants P. lanceolata showed potent enzyme inhibition as compared to other plant extracts and standard acarbose.

}, keywords = {Alpha-amylase, Alpha-glucosidase, Antidiabetic, Hydro-ethanolic, in vitro.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_31_19}, author = {Anupam Kumar Sachan and Ch. V. Rao and Nikhil Kumar Sachan} } @article {347, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Oligopeptides Derived from Different Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Cultivars}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {361-364}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Several plant peptides have been known to exhibit various pharmacological activities. However, the bioactivity of mulberry peptides is not yet reported. Objective: In the present study, the peptides from different mulberry cultivars, namely S1, V1, S1635, and Dudhiya, were isolated and assessed for their in vitro free radical scavenging capacity and inhibitory activity of two key enzymes (α-amylase [AA] and α-glucosidase [AG]) associated with type-II diabetes. Materials and Methods: The 0.5{\textendash}3 kDa ranged oligopeptides were isolated using cation exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration system and further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and protein sequencer. The peptides were investigated for their in vitro antioxidant potential by 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity and reducing power, metal chelating, and anti-lipid peroxidation activity along with in vitro antidiabetic activity by AA and AG inhibition. Results: The results revealed that the peptides were found to possess significant free radical scavenging as well as AA and AG inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the peptide isolated from S1 cultivar exhibited the most promising therapeutic potential. Further, the variation in amino acid composition of the oligopeptides could be associated with the observed variation in their bioactivity. Conclusion: These natural peptides may constitute an important part of the antioxidant defense system as well as antidiabetic agent and further could be used for the formulation of functional food and nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, High-performance liquid chromatography, Mulberry, Oligopeptide, Ultrafiltration}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_70_18}, author = {Suchisree Jha and Saran Kumar Gupta and Phalguni Bhattacharyya and Amitava Ghosh and Palash Mandal} } @article {882, title = {Cardioprotective Effects of Gallic Acid in Diabetesinduced Myocardial Dysfunction in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {November,2011}, pages = {239-245}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {239}, abstract = {

Background: Normalization of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress is an important objective in preventing diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. Objective: This study was undertaken to examine the effects of gallic acid in myocardial dysfunctions associated with type-1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced by single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg i.v.). Gallic acid was administered daily at three different doses (100, 50, and 25 mg/kg p.o.) for 8 weeks at the end of which blood samples were collected and analyzed for various biochemical parameters. Results: Injection of STZ produced significant loss of body weight (BW), polyphagia, polydypsia, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, bradycardia, and myocardial functional alterations. Treatment with gallic acid significantly lowered fasting glucose, the AUCglucose level in a dose-dependent manner; however, the insulin level was not increased significantly at same the dose and prevented loss of BW, polyphagia, and polydypsia in diabetic rats. It also prevented STZ-induced hyperlipidemia, hypertension, bradycardia, structural alterations in cardiac tissue such as increase in force of contraction, left ventricular weight to body weight ratio, collagen content, protein content, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine kinase levels in a dose-dependent manner. Further, treatment also produced reduction in lipid peroxidation and increase in antioxidant parameters in heart of diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that gallic acid to be beneficial for the treatment of myocardial damage associated with type-1 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, Emblica officinalis, Left ventricular hypertrophy, Myocardial dysfunction, Oxidative stress, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.89743}, author = {Snehal S. Patel and Ramesh K. Goyal} }