@article {993, title = {In-silico Molecular Docking Studies of some Isolated Phytochemicals from Biophytum veldkampii against Cyclooxygenase-II Enzyme and in vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {192-198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: The current study estimate the anti-inflammatory activity of whole plant of Biophytum veldkampii on carageenan induced inflammation on rats compiled by molecular docking studies of phytocompounds from the plants with Cyclooxygenase II (PDB ID: 3LN1). Methods: In this research Biophytum veldkampii was subjected to extraction using methanol. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using carageenan induced inflammation on rats and in-silico molecular docking studies was performed by using of Autodock 4.0. Results: The outcomes revealed that the methanolic extract has most prominenant anti-inflammatory activity at various doses. Among all the substances 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone revealed the most effective docking rating of -6.8, which is near to Diclofenac, i.e. - 6.9, ensuring that 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone has a strong binding fondness in between protein and ligand. Conclusion: From the results, a conclusion can be drawn that the anti-inflammatory activity of Biophytum veldkampii in both in vivo and in silico methods. This information sustains 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone to be a useful anti-inflammatory compound beneficial to future clinical studies.

}, keywords = {2, 3{\textquoteright}, 4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2 benzylcoumaranone, 6, Autodock4.0, Carageenan, Cyclooxygenase II, In-silico, Inflammation, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.11}, author = {Nagaraju Bandaru and D.S.N.B.K Prasanth and A.Rajasekhar Reddy and G.S.N Koteswara Rao and Kumar V.S Nemmani and Alla Narayana Rao} } @article {197, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Aerial Parts of Euphorbia tirucalli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {409-415}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {409}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic profile of aerial parts of Euphorbia tirucalli (ET) as per World Health Organization guidelines for ensuring the quality and identification of adulteration. Materials and Methods: Standardization parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the study plant were evaluated. Hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Further, the extracts were used to analyze total phenol and flavonoid contents, and their antioxidant activities were estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide assay. Results: Shape, size, color, odor, surface characteristics, and microscopic images exhibited useful diagnostic characteristics of aerial parts of plants. Total ash, water-soluble, and acid-insoluble ash were found to be 16.65{\textquoteright} {\textpm} 1.050{\textquoteright}, 5.623{\textquoteright} {\textpm} 1.11{\textquoteright}, and 2.56{\textquoteright} {\textpm} 0.706, respectively. The loss on drying was 9.6{\textquoteright}, and water and alcoholic extractive values were 4.0{\textquoteright} and 26{\textquoteright}, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, steroidal triterpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids. Total flavanoid and phenol content in hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts of ET was found to be 246 mg rut/g, 120 mg rut/g, 81.36 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, and 279.58 mg GAE/g respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and nitric oxide scavenging assay revealed the IC50 values of hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts as 69.599 μg/ml, 20.454 μg/ml, 17.017 μg/ml, and 17.562, respectively. Conclusion: The findings obtained from the present study help to authenticate and establish the pharmacopeia standards for the ET plant.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ethyl acetate extracts, Euphorbia tirucalli, Flavonoid content, Hydroalcoholic, Nitric oxide assay, Phenol}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_59_20}, author = {B Swapna and R Harisha and Satvik Kotha and M Raghavendra Rao and S Ramachandra Setty} } @article {109, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Origanum elongatum Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {283-289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {283}, abstract = {

Background: In recent years, antioxidants have become essential in nutrition because of their ability to protect the body against oxidative cell damage that can produce dangerous diseases. Medicinal plants are a major source of many bioactive molecules that act directly on the body. Objective: The main objective of our work is to highlight the antioxidant potential of the essential oil (EO) of Origanum elongatum Emb and Maire (endemic plant of Morocco), determine its composition, and carry out fractionation operations to isolate the molecule (s) responsible for this activity. Materials and Methods: The measurement of the antioxidant activity of the EO is carried out by trapping the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the composition of the EO is determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The fractionation of the EO was carried out by various chromatography techniques. Results: The results show that the EO has an interesting antioxidant activity with an EC50 in the order of 1.2 in comparison with a reference antioxidant, δ-tocopherol whose EC50 is 0.26. The EO of O. elongatum consists of 11 compounds, of which 3 are the majority: carvacrol (60.42\%), para-cymene (13.9\%), and γ-terpinene (9.4\%). Conclusion: Fractionation of the oil made it possible to isolate a purified antioxidant molecule consisting mainly of carvacrol (95\%).

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antioxidant activity, Essential oil composition, Fractionation, Origanum elongatum.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_157_18}, author = {Hanane Oualili and Rachid Nmila and Fatima Chibi, Mariama Lasky and Abderrahmane Mricha and Halima Rchid} } @article {94, title = {Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activities of Pomelo Peel Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {244-247}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Background: There is an increasing interest in the antioxidant measurement of some plant constituents. Plant component, especially fruit, has antioxidant components which are safe, economic, and powerful to reduce oxidative stress and replace synthetic ones. Objectives: To quantitatively measure the flavonoids, Vitamin C, and carotenoid content of hydroalcoholic extract and to estimate the antioxidant activity of pomelo peel extract (PPE) and minimum inhibitory concentration 50\% (IC50) of the extract using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ethanolic solution. Materials and Methods: Hydroalcoholic PPE was prepared; total flavonoids using aluminum chloride method, Vitamin C using thiourea and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method, and carotenoid content of the extract were estimated using 95\% ethanol solution. All measurements were estimated using ultraviolet{\textendash}visible spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity and IC50 of PPE were measured using DPPH method. Results: Flavonoids, Vitamin C, and carotenoid content were measured as 21.20 mg/100 g, 15.13 mg/100 g, and 62.98 μg/g, respectively, of dry PPE. The DPPH radical scavenging activity exhibits a significant dose-dependent inhibition of DPPH radical color, with IC50 being at a concentration of 68.55 μg/ml of the extract, comparable to 55.87 μg/ml IC50 of Vitamin C standard antioxidant. Conclusion: From the study results, we could conclude that pomelo peel possesses high antioxidant properties and it is potentially rich sources of natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antioxidant capacity, Ascorbic acid, Citrus maxima., Flavonoids}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_180_18}, author = {Zead Helmi Abudayeh and Ihab Ibrahim Al Khalifa and Shaimaa M. Mohammed and Asser Ashraf Ahmad} } @article {285, title = {High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fingerprint Analyses, In vitro Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts of Two Cestrum Species Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {179-180}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer diseases and microbial resistance are serious health disorders associated with oxidative stress and infectious diseases. Their risks can be reducing via using polyphenols-rich plants. Methodology: Different solvent extracts from two Cestrum species (Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum elegans) were evaluated for their biological and chemical activities. Also, the chemical profiles of the most promising extracts were investigated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fingerprint analyses. Results: The tested extracts showed weak to moderate cytotoxicity against Vero cell line with IC50 values ranged from 133.67 μg/ ml to 57.634 μg/ml. The only noncytotoxic extractive fraction was the dichloromethane extract of C. elegans leaves with an IC50 value of 204.732 μg/ml, while the most toxic extract was the ethyl acetate extract of C. elegans flowers with an IC50 value of 19.22 μg/ml. The antimicrobial activity results revealed that the n-BuOH extract of C. nocturnum was the most active against four tested microbial strains with inhibition zones (10{\textendash}13 mm). Also, the water and n-BuOH extracts of C. elegans leave exhibited moderate activities with inhibition zones (7{\textendash}9 mm), while for C. elegans flowers both of water and methanol extracts showed strong activities (9{\textendash}14 mm). In the 2,2{\textquoteright}-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, the most active fraction was EtOAc with IC50 values of 100.52 μg/ml and 64.40 μg/ml for C. elegans leaves and flowers respectively, while for C. nocturnum the most active fraction was methanol with an IC50 value of 161.16 μg/ml, all relative to 7.60 μg/ml of ascorbic acid. HPLC-fingerprint analyses revealed that the major identified compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of C. elegans flowers are caffeic acid, coumaric acid, vanillin, and rutin, while for the n-butanol extract of C. nocturnum leaves are coumaric acid and vanillin. Conclusion: The obtained results revealed that the two species can be used as natural sources of antioxidant compounds with low cytotoxic effect on the mammalian cell line.

}, keywords = {2, 2{\textquoteright}-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antimicrobial, Cestrum species, cytotoxicity, high-performance liquid chromatography-fingerprint analyses, Solanaceae}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_145_17}, author = {Sami M. Nasr and Mosad A. Ghareeb and Mona A. Mohamed and Nehal M. Elwan and Abd El-Wanes Anter Abdel-Aziz and Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz} } @article {223, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Isolated Compounds and Various Extracts of Peel of Punica granatum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {44-48}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Background: Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) peel has been proven to exhibit widespread pharmacological application against multitude of diseases due to the presence of bioactive principles. Objective: The objective is to isolate the bioactive compounds from the pericarp of P. granatum and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various extracts. Materials and Methods: Dried peel of P. granatum was extracted with aqueous acetone and chromatographed on Diaion HP-20. Enriched fractions were rechromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 and purified on preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to identify individual compounds. The dried peel was extracted with different solvents to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Results: On the chemical investigation, three compounds were isolated and characterized as punicalagin, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, and punicalin, using various spectroscopic techniques. Conclusion: Results indicate that the isolated compounds have possessed antioxidant activity, and aqueous, methanol, and aqueous acetone extract showed significant scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals.

}, keywords = {2, 3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, Antioxidant, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Punica granatum}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_36_17}, author = {Janani Jacob and P. Lakshmanapermalsamy and Ramanaiah Illuri and Ramanaiah Illuri and Gopala Krishna Sangli and Deepak Mundkinajeddu} } @article {484, title = {Characterization of Anticancer Principles of Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {97-104}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Background: An Indian origin, Celosia argentea is a weed growing during rainy season traditionally claimed for treating several ailments. Early researches on C. argentea were focused on the anti-cancer screening of seeds, with few reports on aerial parts. Objective: To isolate and characterize bioactive compounds of aerial parts of C. argentea and evaluate their anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: The methanolic aerial part extract was fractionated on column chromatography using chloroform: methanol mixture. The fractions; 80:20 and 95:5 were purified on MCI-HP20 HPLC column. Chromatographically pure compounds were pooled, concentrated and characterized spectroscopically. The compounds were further screened for antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Results: Isolated compounds were confirmed as: (1) Luteolin-7-O-glucoside and (2) phenolic, 1-(4-hydroxy- 2-methoxybenzofuran-5-yl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. Both exhibited significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 20.80 and 21.30 μg/ml for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (***P \< 0.001) and significant Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values for 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (*P \< 0.05) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay (****P \< 0.0001). In 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide assay, Compound 1 and 2 showed potent cytotoxicity against SiHa, HCT, MCF-7 cancer cell lines at 20 μg/ml (****P \< 0.0001) and 18 μg/ml (**P \< 0.01), respectively, without affecting the normal Vero cells. Both compounds enabled maximum reduction in cell viability at 50 μg/ml against HT-29 (***P \< 0.001) and MCF-7 cell lines (**P \< 0.01) in try pan blue viability assay. Apoptosis occurred at concentrations of 47.33 {\textpm} 0.8 μg/ml and 56.28 {\textpm} 1.2 μg/ml for Compound 1 and 35.15 {\textpm} 0.4 μg/ml and 28.05 {\textpm} 0.3 μg/ml for Compound 2 for HT-29 and MCF-7 respectively. Conclusion: A novel anticancer phenolic compound; (1-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzofuran-5-yl)-3-phenylpropane- 1,3-dione), isolated from aerial parts of C. argentea was a valuable finding of the research.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylDPPH, 3(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromideMTT, anti-oxidant, anticancer, Celosia argentea}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.172659}, author = {Rukhsana A. Rub and Manohar J. Pati and Areej A. Siddiqui and Alpana S. Moghe and Nasreen N. Shaikh} } @article {488, title = {Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Datura metel Linn. and Cynodon dactylon Linn. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Aim: To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Datura metel L. and Cynodon dactylon L. extracts. Materials and Methods: The extraction of plants parts (datura seed and fruit pulp) and areal parts of durva was carried out using soxhlet and cold extraction method using solvents namely methanol and distilled water. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by established methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed in vero cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was performed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. Results: We found that the highest amount of TPC and TFC in methanolic extracts of seed (268.6 μg of gallic acid equivalence/mg of dry plant material) and fruit pulp (8.84 μg of quercetin equivalence/mg dry plant material) of D. metel, respectively prepared by Soxhlet method. The methanolic extract of C. dactylon prepared using soxhlation has shown potent free radical scavenging activity with 50\% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 100 μg/ ml. The IC50 of a methanolic cold extract of datura fruit was found to be 3 mg/ml against vero cell line. Conclusion: We observed that plant parts of C. dactylon and D. metel have a high antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of these plant extracts.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.175610}, author = {Soumen Roy and Sandip Pawar and Abhay Chowdhary} } @article {494, title = {Evaluation of Skin Anti-aging Potential of Citrus reticulata Blanco Peel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {160-168}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Background: The peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco is traditionally used as tonic, stomachic, astringent, and carminative. It is also useful in skin care. Objective: To study the anti-aging potential of alcoholic extracts of C. reticulata Blanco peel using in vitro antioxidant and anti-enzyme assays. Materials and Methods: Plant extracts were obtained by Soxhlation (CR HAE- Hot Alcoholic Extract of Citrus reticulata) and maceration method (CR CAE- Cold Alcoholic Extract of Citrus reticulata). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was performed. Further, in vitro antioxidant, anti-enzyme, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of CR HAE were found to be higher than CR CAE. EC50 value of CR HAE and CR CAE for 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, Superoxide anion, and 2, 2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays were 250.33 {\textpm} 40.16 μg/ml and 254.73 {\textpm} 15.78 μg/ml, 221.27 {\textpm} 11.25 μg/ml and 354.20 {\textpm} 23.79 μg/ml, and 59.16 {\textpm} 2.17 μg/ml and 59.12 {\textpm} 6.21 μg/ml, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity values for CR HAE and CR CAE were found to be 1243 and 1063 μmoles 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra methylchromane-2-carboxylic acid equivalent/g of substance, respectively. Anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities were evaluated for both CR HAE and CR CAE. EC50 values of CR HAE and CR CAE for anti-collagenase and anti-elastase were 329.33 {\textpm} 6.38 μg/ml, 466.93 {\textpm} 8.04 μg/ml and 3.22 {\textpm} 0.24 mg/ml, 5.09 {\textpm} 0.30 mg/ml, respectively. CR HAE exhibited stronger anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activity than CR CAE. GC-MS analysis of CR HAE was carried out because CR HAE exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-enzyme potential than CR CAE. Conclusion: C. reticulata peel can be utilized in anti-wrinkle skin care formulations.

}, keywords = {1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2, 2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), anti-wrinkle, elastase, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, oxygen radical absorbance capacity}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.182913}, author = {Vinita D. Apraj and Nancy S. Pandita} } @article {380, title = {In vitro and In vivo Antioxidant Evaluation and Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoidal Content of Mimosa pudica L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {22-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Objective: Mimosa pudica Linn. (Mimosaceae) is traditionally used as a folk medicine to treat various ailments including convulsions, alopecia, diarrhea, dysentery, insomnia, tumor, wound healing, snake bite, etc., Here, the study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of M. pudica leaves extract against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (in vitro) and its modulatory effect on rat brain enzymes. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and in vitro antioxidant potential against DPPH radical were evaluated from various extracts of M. pudica leaves. In addition, ethyl acetate extract of Mimosa pudica leaves (EAMP) in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day were administered orally for 7 consecutive days to albino rats and evaluated for the oxidative stress markers as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) from rat brain homogenate. Results: The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content among other extracts of M. pudica leaves. The percentage inhibition and IC50 value of all the extracts were followed dose-dependency and found significant (P \< 0.01) as compared to standard (ascorbic acid). The oxidative stress markers as SOD, CAT, and GSH were increased significantly (P \< 0.01) at 200 and 400 mg/kg of EAMP treated animals and decreased significantly the TBARS level at 400 mg/kg of EAMP as compared to control group. Conclusion: These results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of M. pudica exhibits both in vitro antioxidant activity against DPPH and in vivo antioxidant activity by modulating brain enzymes in the rat. This could be further correlated with its potential to neuroprotective activity due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic contents in the extract.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Brain homogenate, Flavonoids, Mimosa pudica, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171099}, author = {Ganesh Patro and Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra and Bijay Kumar Mohanty and Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo} } @article {387, title = {Methanolic Extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb. Prevents the Toxicity Caused by Cyclophosphamide to Bone Marrow Cells, Liver and Kidney of Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {43-49}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Introduction: With an ever increasing cause of cancer, it has been recommended to treat with conventional drugs, however because of the side effects caused by the conventional drugs, the research on medicinal plants has been intensified due to their less adverse and toxic effects. Objectives: The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the medicinal plant Curcuma caesia Roxb. against free radicals ABTS+ and O2 -. Also it was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of C.caesia Roxb. against the chemotherapeutic drug Cyclophosphamide and its side effects in liver and kidney. Methods: The rhizomes of the plant was extracted with methanol through soxhlet and its antioxidant activity was tested against ABTS+ and O2 - . For antigenotoxic studies, animals were divided into eight groups and micronucleus assay was employed and for biochemical analysis serum sample was collected from the blood and SGOT, SGPT analysis was performed. Also the biochemical analysis was performed from both the liver and kidney. Results: The methanolic extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb. was found to scavenge the free radicals ABTS+ and O2 - . the micronuclei formation was found to be increased in the positive control group as compared to the negative control group significantly (P\<0.002) however increase in the number of micronuclei was found to be decrease with the pretreatment of the extract at different concentrations significantly as compared to the negative control groups (P\<0.01, P\<0.005,P\<0.001). The increased level of serum SGPT and SGOT as well as peroxidation level in both liver and kidney due to treatment of cyclophosphamide was also found to be decreased with the pretreatment of the extract significantly as compared to the positive control groups. There was decreased in the level of endogenous antioxidant such as GSH and GR in the positive control group however decreased level of GSH and GR was found to be increased with the pretreatment of the methanolic extract of C. caesia Roxb. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the methanolic extract of C. caesia Roxb has not shown any genotoxicity and reduces the genotoxicity caused by cyclophosphamide. It was also to have the protective effects against the liver and kidney. So it could be provided as one of the herbal supplementation in chemoprevention of CP to ameliorate the side effects of it.

}, keywords = {2, 2{\textquoteright} azino bis (ethylbenzthiazolene-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation assay, Curcuma caesia Roxb., Cyclophosphamide, micronucleus assay, Oxidative stress, Superoxide dismutase assay}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171106}, author = {Heisanam Pushparani Devi and Pranab Behari Mazumder} } @article {898, title = {Extract from peel of Citrus natsudaidai alleviates experimental chronic allergic dermatitis in mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {September 2011}, pages = {155-159}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Background: Citrus natsudaidai (natsumikan) is a typical citrus fruit containing several antioxidative nutrients which are found in higher concentration in the peel than in the pulp of the fruit. In this study, we examined whether extract from immature natsumikan peel prevents development of chronic allergic dermatitis in mice. Materials and Methods: Chronic allergic dermatitis was induced by repeated application of 2, 4, 6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene in BALB/c mice and natsumikan was administrated orally for 30 days. Ear swelling and dermatitis score were measured after each challenge. The level of derivative-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) in serum was measured on day 30. Results: Treatment of natsumikan significantly attenuated the increase in ear swelling and improved dermatitis scores. In addition, increases in serum d-ROM were attenuated by a treatment of natsumikan. Although the routine treatment with dexamethasone resulted in a clear and significant reduction in body weight, natsumikan treatment did not have such effects. Conclusion: Immature natsumikan peel is beneficial for the treatment of chronic allergic dermatitis.

}, keywords = {2, 4, 6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene, Citrus natsudaidai, experimental model, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.84999}, author = {Noriyuki Nakayama and Katsunori Yamaura and Maki Shimada and Koichi Ueno} }