@article {1534, title = {Study of Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Two Selected Ethnobotanical Plants of Asteraceae from West Bengal, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {November 2025}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative analysis of some phytochemicals and antibacterial properties of two medicinal plants Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp and Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir under Asteraceae family from Purulia, West Bengal, India. Preliminary phytochemical analysis (alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenol, phlobatannins, saponin, terpenoids, and tannin) and quantitative analysis of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were done by using appropriate experimental protocols according to the standard methods found in literature study. The antibacterial activity was observed using agar well diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also done to detect that concentration which showed complete bacterial growth inhibition. The preliminary phytotochemical analysis of these two experimental plants revealed the presence of the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenol, phlobatannins, saponin, terpenoids, and tannin in ethanolic extract. The estimation of total phenol and flavonoid content in the ethanolic root extract of Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp and the ethanolic leaf extract of Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir also showed good results. The antibacterial activity test showed good results in the ethanolic root extract of Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp and ethanolic leaf extract of Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp, Grangea maderaspaterna (L.) L poir, Medicinal plants, Pathogenic Bacteria., Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20262204}, author = {Tulika Bhattacharjee and Ghanashyam Mahato and Nilanjana Banerjee} } @article {1484, title = {Green Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Vitex negundo Linn-An in vitro study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {1235-1240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1235}, abstract = {

Background: Nanotechnology offers innovative approaches for biomedical applications, including antimicrobial agent development. Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) exhibit strong antibacterial properties, but conventional synthesis methods rely on toxic chemicals and high energy consumption, raising environmental concerns. This study explores the green synthesis of CuO NPs using Vitex negundo Linn., a medicinal plant, as an eco-friendly alternative. Objectives: To synthesize and characterize CuO NPs using Vitex negundo Linn. leaf extract and evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Vitex negundo leaf extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for CuO NP synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against E. coli and S. aureus. Results: The synthesis of CuO NPs was confirmed by a UV-vis absorption peak at 277 nm. FTIR analysis indicated functional groups responsible for stabilization, and SEM imaging revealed spherical nanoparticles ranging from 50-100 nm. Antibacterial testing demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition, with the largest zones of inhibition observed at 100 μL CuO NP concentration. Conclusion: Green synthesis of CuO NPs using Vitex negundo Linn is a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional methods. The nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity, highlighting their potential for biomedical applications. Further research should explore scalability, mechanisms of action, and in vivo efficacy.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Copper oxide nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Nanotechnology, Sustainable Synthesis, Vitex negundo Linn}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252186}, author = {Pravallika Kakada and Abilasha R and Pratibha Ramani} } @article {1227, title = {Anti-Bacterial Attributes of Phytochemicals from Bougainvillaea spectabilis: Computational Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {384-390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Background: The escalating issue of antibiotic resistance has spurred research into alternative antimicrobial agents, including phytochemicals from various plant sources. Bougainvillaea spectabilis, a plant renowned for its medicinal properties, is attracting attention for its potential antibacterial attributes. Materials and Methods: This study employs a computational approach to investigate the antibacterial potential of B. spectabilis phytochemical compounds derived from OSADHI and IMPPAT databases. Using advanced computational tools, we systematically screened and analyzed the phytochemical constituents of B. spectabilis for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth. An effective drug like phytochemicals screened by SwissADME and its target was identified. The molecular structure of quercetin was subjected to virtual docking experiments with bacterial target protein, single strand DNA binding protein. The binding affinity and interaction were assessed to predict the likelihood of antibacterial activity. To predict the possibility of antibacterial activity, the binding affinity and interaction were evaluated. Results: Several phytochemicals with antibacterial properties were discovered in our study. The binding affinity of quercetin was -6.81 kcal/mol, and it performs critical roles in bacterial growth and survival. This computational analysis sheds light on the possible antibacterial effects of phytochemicals derived from B. spectabilis. The results demonstrated additional experimental validation as well as the synthesis of novel antibacterial agents obtained from natural sources. Conclusion: This research contributes to ongoing efforts to prevent antibiotic resistance and lays the path for the identification of novel therapeutic alternatives to address bacterial infections by leveraging the power of computational tools.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bougainvillaea spectabilis, Phytochemical, Quercetin, Single-stranded DNA binding protein.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.48}, author = {Ravikumar P.M and Pratheep Thangaraj} } @article {1070, title = {Physicochemical Properties and Inhibitory Effects of Oregano Oil against Uropathogenic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {328-332}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Background: Natural oil is an aromatic by-product of highly volatile plants. It can be easily extracted from a variety of natural sources using a variety of distillation processes due to its volatility. Oregano oil is a substance derived from the oregano plant, also known as Origanum vulgare. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of oregano oil and to relate them to its chemical composition. Moreover, to examine its antibacterial activity against urinary tract pathogens. Materials and Methods: Commercial natural oregano oil (purity >=98\%) was obtained from Bluray food products operating under the brand name Bluray Food Products. The physico-chemical characteristics of oregano oil were determined using different techniques. GC-MS was used to analyze the chemical properties of oregano oil as well as analysis of saponification value, peroxide value, p- Anisidine value, pH value, and organoleptic properties (color, odor, consistency, nature, and solubility) were performed. Results: According to the results, GC-MS identified 66 different chemicals in oregano oil, accounting for 100\% of the overall composition. It was found that oregano oil has a saponification value of 187.94 mg KOH/g, a peroxide value of 6.22, and a P-Anisidine value of 3.645. In addition, the oil of oregano was found to have inhibitory activity against all uropathogenic bacteria tested. E. coli has an inhibitory zone of 29 mm, P. aeruginosa 27 mm, K. pneumoniae 20 mm, P. mirabilis 22 mm, E. aerogenes 21 mm, E. faecalis 21-mm, A. baumannii 22-mm, N. gonorrhoeae 24-mm, S. aureus 26 mm, and S. epidermis 20-mm. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that oregano oil was found to have optimal antibacterial activities against all tested urinary pathogenic bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, GC-MS, Oregano oil, Physicochemical properties}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.48}, author = {Rana Thamer Hadi Alkhafaji and M. Jayashankar} } @article {572, title = {Chemical Composition Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Essential oil of Atalantia monophylla Correa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {s52-s56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s52}, abstract = {

Background: Atalantia monophylla Correa. a small tree belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is distributed throughout India and in Tamil Nadu the species is commonly seen in foothills of dry vegetation. Objective: The aim was to hydrodistillate and analyze the chemical composition of essential oil from the fresh leaves of A. monophylla Correa. collected in two different seasons (December, 2013 and May, 2014) and to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of isolated essential oil. Materials and Methods: Chemical composition of isolated essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activity of oil was assessed using five different antioxidant test systems. Antibacterial activity of oil was tested against six pathogenic bacteria by broth dilution method. Results: Essential oil obtained from the leaves collected during May, 2014 had shown more compounds. Antioxidant activity of oil was moderate when compared with positive control. Minimum inhibitory concentration value of oil was ranges between 139.32 {\textpm} 0.001 and 541.11 {\textpm} 0.003 {\textmu}g/mL against all the tested bacteria. Conclusion: Result clearly indicates essential oil collected during May, 2014 showed more bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant, Atalantia monophylla, Essential oil, Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.152009}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Ramya Gunasekar and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath} } @article {573, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antidiabetic Potential of Two Traditional Medicinal Plants of India: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {s57-s62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s57}, abstract = {

Background: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita are temperate Himalayan medicinal plants used as potent herbal drugs in Indian traditional systems of medicine (Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha). Objective: Assessment of Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita. Materials and Methods: Phytochemicals of methanolic and aqueous extracts of the two Swertia species were analyzed. The antioxidant potential of all the extracts was assessed by measuring total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging potential was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antibacterial activity was assessed against various pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro by Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method and antidiabetic activity was assessed by α-amylase inhibition. Results: Methanolic leaf extracts of both the species of Swertia contain significant antibacterial as well as anti-diabetic potential, whereas methanolic root extracts of both species were found to have potential antioxidant activity. However, Swertia chirayita showed better activities than Swertia cordata although both species have good reputation in traditional Indian medicine. Conclusion: Both the species are having high medicinal potential in terms of their antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities. Studies are required to further elucidate antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antibacterial potentials using various in-vitro, in-vivo biochemical and molecular biology techniques.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic activity, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant, Chirata, Swertia chirayita, Swertia cordata}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.157997}, author = {Priyanka Roy and Fatima I Abdulsalam and DK Pandey and Aniruddha Bhattacharjee and Naveen Reddy Eruvaram and Tabarak Malik} }