@article {1456, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Dhanwanthari Taila: Identification of Bioactive Compounds Supporting its Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Chronic Low Back Pain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {955-960}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {955}, abstract = {

Background: The scientific validation of traditional Ayurvedic formulations is crucial for integrating them into modern therapeutic practices. Dhanwanthari Taila, a widely used Ayurvedic medicated oil, is traditionally used for pain management, particularly in musculoskeletal disorders like Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP). Aim and Objectives: This study utilizes Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the chemical composition of Dhanwanthari Taila, aiming to establish correlations between its bioactive compounds and its therapeutic effects in pain relief. Materials and Methods: A sample (100 mL) of Dhanwanthari Taila was procured from KLE GMP certified Ayurveda Pharmacy and subjected to GC-MS analysis using standard analytical protocols to identify its bioactive components. Results and Discussion: The analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including Glycidyl palmitoleate, Oleic acid, 1-Decyne, 3-Tridecene, and Hexadecanoic acid derivatives, which are known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The high concentration of Glycidyl palmitoleate suggests its potential contribution to the oil{\textquoteright}s therapeutic efficacy. These findings align with the traditional use of Dhanwanthari Taila in alleviating pain, inflammation, and stiffness, supporting its role in managing CLBP and related conditions. Conclusion: The presence of these bioactive molecules validates the therapeutic application of Dhanwanthari Taila as an effective pain-relieving formulation. Further research is essential to explore its clinical efficacy and potential integration into conventional pain management strategies.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Chronic Low Back Pain, Dhanwanthari Taila, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252192}, author = {Ramesh Shivappa Killedar and Pradeep Shahjirao Shindhe and Vijay Kage and Raj Joshi} } @article {1010, title = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-pyretic Activities of Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. Bulb Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {24-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Background: Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. bulbs are used for the topical management of inflammation by traditional healers in the southern region of Ghana. Objectives: This study aims to assess the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of different solvent extracts of Crinum pedunculatum. Methods: The analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of the bulb extracts of Crinum pedunculatum were determined in rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. The acetic acid induced writhing test was used to determine the analgesic activity, carrageenan was employed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity, and Brewer{\textquoteright}s yeast-induced pyrexia was studied to evaluate the extract{\textquoteright}s anti-pyretic activity. Results: All solvent extracts of Crinum pedunculatum significantly decreased (P \< 0.001) the frequency of writhing in rats at all doses with 400 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract showing a 98\% inhibition comparable to that obtained with diclofenac sodium at 94\%. These extracts also caused the inhibition of the increase in paw diameter induced by the administration of carrageenan with 400 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate extract of Crinum pedunculatum causing a 97\% inhibition of paw oedema. All doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the methanol extract caused a significant decrease (P \< 0.0001) in the temperature of rats induced via the administration of yeast with ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts also showed a significant reduction (P \< 0.001) in rectal temperature. Conclusion: These results obtained indicate that the methanolic, ethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts of Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Crinum pedunculatum, Rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.5}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres1415.html}, author = {Peace Doe and Cynthia Amaning Danquah and Kwasi Adomako Ohemeng and Ako Ernest Opare and Ahmed Sharif and Dorcas Akua-Abora and Asamoah Kwame Akuoko and Aaron Kpabitey and Emmanuel Quarshie and Oliver Opoku Asante and Elvis Kwadwo Amponsah and Mariyana Mutwaliku and Charlotte Nuro-Brefo and Micheal Ofori} } @article {111, title = {Evaluation of Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antipyretic Activity of Piperine: An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {176-180}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {176}, abstract = {

Background: Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of piperine in comparison to aspirin. Materials and Methods: Albino Wistar rats of either sex weighing 180{\textendash}200 g and Swiss mice weighing 25{\textendash}30 g were used. The tail-flick method and hot plate method in rats and acetic acid-induced writhing method in mice were used for the evaluation of analgesic activity. The carrageenan-induced paw edema method, cotton pellet-induced granuloma method, and formalin-induced arthritis method were used for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. Baker{\textquoteright}s yeast-induced pyrexia model was used to evaluate antipyretic activity. Results: Piperine showed significant analgesic effect of 40\%{\textendash}55\% in tail-flick method, 58\% in hot plate method, and 54\% in acetic acid-induced writhing model, when compared to negative controls. The percentage inhibition of inflammation, in comparison to controls, was significant at 56\% for carrageenan-induced paw edema model and 40\% for formalin-induced arthritis model. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, however, it was only 10\%. In the yeast model of pyrexia, piperine significantly reduced rectal temperature at 4 h. However, aspirin had better effect than piperine in all these models. Conclusion: Piperine exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity though not comparable to aspirin.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Black pepper, Piper nigrum, Piperine}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_94_19}, author = {Nikhil Dhargawe and Sunil Mahakalkar and Bhagyashree Mohod and Jeffrey Pradeep Raj} } @article {88, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Three Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {248-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plant species with antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties contemplate in high number of flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acids. This present study has been designed to evaluate antioxidant and analgesic activities of three Bangladeshi medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: In this study, after the phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of the crude methanol extracts of three medicinal species naming Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae), Licuala grandis (Arecaceae), and Anthurium crystallinum (Araceae) were evaluated using the spectrophotometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-free radical scavenging assay. In addition, total phenolic and total tannin contents have also been determined using standard gallic acid. Finally, analgesic activities of these plants have also been evaluated by acetic acid writhing inhibition and tail flick test in mice. Results: The inhibitory concentration 50\% values of methanol crude extract of B. glabra, L. grandis, and A. crystallinum were 1.72, 2.18, and 13.21 μg/mL, whereas the standard (ascorbic acid) showed the value 3.90 μg/mL. The extracts of B. glabra, L. grandis, and A. crystallinum also showed the total phenolic contents as 40.97 {\textpm} 0.004, 247.272 {\textpm} 0.016, and 302.22 {\textpm} 0.011 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g, and the total tannin contents as 2172 {\textpm} 0.002, 435.7 {\textpm} 0.01, and 2414.98 {\textpm} 0.028 mg GAE/100 g of dried plant extract, respectively. The three-plant extracts have reduced the pain by both these methods in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: In sum, it can be said that the three-plant species showed potent antioxidant and analgesic activities.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anthurium crystallinum, Antioxidant, Bougainvillea glabra, Licuala grandis.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_164_18}, author = {Amir Hossain and Akbar Hossain and Sultana Juhara Mannan} } @article {229, title = {Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Properties, and Phytochemical Characterization of Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of Anthocleista nobilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {81-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Background: Anthocleista nobilis (Loganiaceae) is used by Mbano people of Imo State, Nigeria, for the treatment of various ailments. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of the methanol extract, fractions, and subfractions of A. nobilis. Materials and Methods: The powdered stem bark was extracted with methanol and sequentially fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions. The constituents of the fractions were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the components were identified by dereplication. Antioxidant potential of the extracts and fractions was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging method. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extract and fractions were also investigated using xylene-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced writhing models, respectively. Results: A total of five compounds isovitexin (Rt = 18.77 min), isovitexin-2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-O-xyl (Rt = 19.68 min), p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Rt = 11.88 min), Sarasinoside L (Rt = 19.64 min), isovitexin (Rt = 18.77), and apigenin monoglycoside (Rt = 19.64 min) were identified by HPLC analysis and dereplication. The ethyl acetate fraction and subfraction elicited the best anti-inflammatory activity. The ethyl acetate subfraction also inhibited acetic acid-induced pain by 79\% and 85.0\% at the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, which was better than 71.1\% and 81.3\% observed for diclofenac at similar doses. Conclusion: A. nobilis could be a potential source of anti-inflammatory and analgesic lead compounds.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anthocleista nobilis, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_73_17}, author = {Kenneth Gerald Ngwoke and Amaka Godsaveus Akwagbulam and Ernest Oghenesuvwe Erhirhie and Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku and Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye and Charles Okechukwu Esimone} } @article {322, title = {Innovative Research on Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Bioactivity in the Isolated Constituent from Methanol Extract of Galphimia glauca cav. Stems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July 2018}, pages = {265-274}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {265}, abstract = {

Background: Galphimia glauca Cav (GG) is naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of the world including India. Objective: The present study has been opted to shed light on GG stems to isolate, characterize, and explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of the isolated phytomolecule using in vivo models. Materials and Methods: The bioactive fraction of the active stem methanol extract was subjected to column chromatography followed by preparative thin layer chromatography to separate the phytoconstituent. The isolated phytoconstituent was characterized and evaluated for toxicological studies, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The isolated phytoconstituent {\textquotedblleft}BS-1{\textquotedblright} was characterized by melting point, Rf value, IR spectra, mass spectra, 1H-NMR spectrum, and 13C NMR spectrum. The LD50 of BS-1 was found to be \>2000 mg/kg. The results were significant (P \< 0.001 and P \< 0.01) in hot plate test and tail clip test. The central analgesic effect of BS-1 was further proved through reversal actions of naloxone. The peripheral analgesic actions exhibited by BS-1 were significant (P \< 0.001) in formalin and writhing test when compared to control group. In carrageenan test, BS-1 exhibited significant (P <= 0.05) dose-dependent activity on comparison of the high dose with respective low dose. The BS-1 exhibited significant (P <= 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity, when correlated with the standard drug in cotton pellet induced granuloma test. Conclusion: The BS-1 exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in central and peripheral models of analg

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Column chromatography, Formalin test, Galphimia glauca Clav, Hotplate test, Isolation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_151_17}, author = {Baba Shankar Rao Garige and Keshetti Srisailam and Vattikuti Uma Maheshwara Rao} } @article {395, title = {Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Glinus Oppositifolius}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {138-147}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {138}, abstract = {

Objectives: To isolate the secondary metabolites from the dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of Glinus oppositifolius; to test for the cytotoxicity of a new triterpene, oppositifolone (1); and to test for the hypoglycemic, analgesic, and antimicrobial potentials of 1, DCM and aqueous leaf extracts of G. oppositifolius. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity potential of 1 was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Triterpene 1, DCM, and aqueous leaf extracts were tested for hypoglycemic potential using the oral glucose tolerance test; analgesic potential using the tail-flick assay, and antimicrobial potential using the disc diffusion method. Results: The DCM extracts of G. oppositifolius afforded 1, squalene, spinasterol, oleanolic acid, phytol, and lutein from the leaves; squalene and spergulagenin A from the stems; and spinasterol from the roots. Triterpene 1 was cytotoxic against human colon carcinoma 116 with an IC50 value of 28.7 but did not exhibit cytotoxicity against A549. The aqueous leaf extract at 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) exhibited hypoglycemic activity with a pronounced \% blood glucose reduction of 70.76\% {\textpm}17.4\% within 0.5 h after introduction. The DCM leaf extract showed a lower \% blood glucose reduction of 18.52\% {\textpm}13.5\% at 200 mg/kg BW within 1.5 h after introduction, while 1 did not exhibit hypoglycemic activity. The samples did not exhibit analgesic property and were inactive against multiple drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Conclusion: The compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of G. oppositifolius which are fast acting (0.5 h) are found in the aqueous leaf extract.

}, keywords = {3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Analgesic, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Glinus oppositifolius Linn, Hypoglycemic, Molluginaceae, Oppositifolone}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.150520}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Esperanza C. Cabrera and Oscar B. Torres and Adiel Inah Buluran and Dinah L. Espineli and Dennis D. Raga and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {389, title = {Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity on Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {126-130}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. is an important medicinal plant of family Boraginaceae. Traditionally, its leaves are used to treat fever, headache, and joint pain but its medicinal activities have not been proven by research. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of C. dichotoma G. Forst. leaf extract. Materials and Methods: The various extracts of leaf powder were prepared by using soxhlet apparatus. The methanol extract was selected for pharmacological study. To evaluate analgesic activity, Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate method, to study anti-inflammatory activity, carageenan-induced rat paw edema method, and to study antipyretic activity, yeast-induced pyrexia method was used. SD female rats (180-200 g) were used for the study. Results: In all three tests, the methanol extract high dose (400 mg/kg) was found to be highly significant as compared to standard drug. Conclusion: This study proved the traditional uses of plant leaves and concluded the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of the leaf methanol extract.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Boraginaceae, Cordia dichotoma.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147227}, author = {Richa Gupta and Jagjit Kaur} } @article {563, title = {Preclinical screening of phyllanthus amarus ethanolic extract for its analgesic and antimicrobial activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {October 2015}, pages = {378-384}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: To discover a new agent which possesses dual property of analgesic and antimicrobial activity, thereby reducing the burden of polypharmacy. Phyllanthus amarus was screened for its analgesic and antimicrobial activities. Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the analgesic and antimicrobial activity, of P. amarus ethanolic extract (PAEE). Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. amarus was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. An in vivo study using Swiss albino mice was done to screen the central and peripheral analgesic activity of P. amarus extract. The extract was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight orally. The peripheral analgesic activity was assessed using acetic acid induced writhing test. The central analgesic activity was assessed using Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate apparatus. An in vitro study was carried out to study the antimicrobial activity of the above extract using selected species of Streptococcus mutans, and S. salivarius. The antimicrobial activities were determined using the agar well method. Results: The ethanolic extract of P. amarus showed significant (P \< 0.05) peripheral and central analgesic activity. In vitro antimicrobial screening indicated that the ethanolic extract had shown a zone of inhibition against S. mutans and S. salivarius in the agar wells. Conclusion: This study showed that PAEE exhibited significant analgesic and antimicrobial activities.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antimicrobial activity, Ethanolic extract, Phyllanthus amarus.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.159577}, author = {S. Sham Bhat and K. Sundeep Hegde and Sharath Chandrashekhar and S. N. Rao and Shyamjith Manikkoth} } @article {648, title = {Evaluation of Marine Brown Algae Sargassum ilicifolium Extract for Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May 2013}, pages = {146-149}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {146}, abstract = {

Background\ : The methanolic extract of\ Sargassum ilicifolium\ (Pheophyceae) was used to evaluate its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in the present study.\ Materials and Methods:\ Analgesic activity was tested using Acetic acid writhing method and Eddy hot plate method in Male albino mice and Wister rats respectively at a dose level of 1, 10, 50, 100mg/kg p.o. At the same dose, its anti-inflammatory activity was also tested using Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method Result Acetic acid writhing test and Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate episodes were significantly and dose dependently reduced. Carrageenan (a standard inflammatory agent) induced paw edema in rats was significantly reduced after intraperitonal administration of methanolic extract.\ Results:\ showed dose dependant significant activity in comparison with standard and control.\ Conclusion:\ Methanolic extracts of the brown seaweeds\ Sargassum ilicifolium\ have potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at moderate doses.

}, keywords = {Acetic acid Writhing, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Granuloma, Hot Plate, Paw edema, Sargassum Ilicifolium}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.112413 }, author = {Chandraraj C Simpi and Channabasappa V Nagathan and Santosh R Karajgi and Navanath V Kalyane} } @article {626, title = {Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivities of Albizia Anthelmintica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = {80-85}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Background:Albizia\ species are rich in phenolics and terpenes in the different plant organs. They are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. So this study investigated the phytochemical and biological activities of\ AlbiziaAnthelmintica.\ Materials and Methods:\ Column chromatography has been performed for the isolation of compounds. Bioactivity studies of\ A. anthelmintica\ leaves were carried out on aqueous ethanol extract and some pure compounds were tested for their antioxidant activities.\ Results:\ Eight compounds have been isolated for the first time from\ A. anthelmintica. The aqueous ethanol extract of\ A. anthelmintica\ showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity and significant for both analgesic and antioxidant activities. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6β-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-(6β-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) exhibited potent antioxidant scavenging activity towards diphenyl-picrylhydrazine.

}, keywords = {Albizia anthelmintica, Analgesic, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Diphenyl-picrylhydrazine, Flavonoids}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.110530}, author = {Tahia K Mohamed and Mahmoud I Nassar and Ahmed H Gaara and Walaa A El-Kashak and I{\~n}aki Brouard and Sayed A El-Toumy} } @article {785, title = {Analgesic Activity, Toxicity Study and Phytochemical Screening of Standardized Cinnomomum iners leaves Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {May 2010}, pages = {76-81}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Cinnomomum iners standardized leaves methanolic extract (CSLE) was subjected to analgesic, toxicity and phytochemical studies. The analgesic activity of CSLE was evaluated using formalin, hot plate and tail flick tests at doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg. CSLE showed significant activity (P \< 0.05) in the formalin model (late phase) on the rats at doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg. However, CSLE did not show activity in the hot plate and tail flick tests. The results obtained suggest that CSLE acts peripherally to relieve pain. For the toxicity study, CSLE was orally administered to the Swiss albino mice according to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) guideline 423. There was no lethality or toxic symptoms observed for all the tested doses throughout the 14-day period. Phytochemical screening of CSLE showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoid, polyphenol, saponin, sugar, tannin and terpenoid.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Cinnomomum iners, Toxicity}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.62952}, author = {F Mustaffa and J Indurkar and S Ismail and MN Mordi and S Ramanathan and SM Mansor} }