@article {1226, title = {Detection of HPTLC Fingerprint in Aerial Parts of Aerva lanata Linn. HPTLC Finger Print Profile and Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aerva lanata Linn. Juss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Background: Natural products enhance the standard of living, which greatly contributes to maintaining human health. Associated oxidative stress-mediated problems have been treated using Aerva lanata Linn. Juss in traditional and folkloric medicine. Objectives: The research aims to analyze the phytochemical profile using HPTLC of MEAL (methanol extracts of Aerva lanata) and AEAL (aqueous extracts of Aerva lanata) and to determine in vitro antioxidant capacity of MEAL and AEAL. The use of HPTLC fingerprint analysis will aid in identifying and monitoring drug effectiveness and ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Materials and Methods: Total phenol content, free radical scavenging efficiency of DPPH (1,1 diphenyl 2 picryl hydrazyl), ferric ion reducing antioxidant, and phosphomolybdate assays were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity at various concentrations. Results: The number of phyto-constituents in MEAL at 375 nm and 550 nm was found to be more than AEAL. MEAL had a, stronger DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, higher phenol content, lower ferric ion antioxidant potential, and lower phosphomolybdenum assay. The natural phytoconstituents present in the plant extracts are responsible for antioxidant activity. As sample concentration increases, the antioxidant activity becomes more effective. Conclusion: The outcome results of the present investigation suggested that aerial parts ofAerva lanata could provide a source of natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, DPPH, Fingerprint profile, HPTLC, in vitro antioxidant activity., Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.30}, author = {Rajesh. R} } @article {1246, title = {Phytochemical Insights into Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials Across Five Indian Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {423-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda use plant extracts; Indian medicinal plants like Alternanthera sessilis, Cassia auriculata, Murraya koenigii, Celastrus paniculatus, and Moringa concanensis are rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, known for antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, prompting scientific validation of their traditional use and understanding their pharmacological properties. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant qualities of hydroalcoholic extracts from the aforementioned Indian medicinal plants, employing Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) for enhanced extraction efficiency. The research seeks to establish connections between the phytochemical compositions and bioactivities of the extracts through comprehensive analyses. Materials and Methods: The study involves the characterization of physical properties, phytochemical screening, and quantitative assessment of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in the hydroalcoholic extracts. Antioxidant activities are evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, as well as the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. The antimicrobial potential against various pathogens is assessed using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) calculation method. Results: The study reveals a diverse array of bioactive compounds present in the hydroalcoholic extracts, including phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Cassia auriculata and Celastrus paniculatus extracts exhibit notable antioxidant activity, supported by high levels of total phenolic and tannin content. Cassia auriculata demonstrates consistent strong scavenging action in both DPPH and ABTS assays. Alternanthera sessilis, Cassia auriculata, and Celastrus paniculatus show significant efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa during antimicrobial testing. Conclusion: This investigation establishes correlations between the phytochemical compositions and the antimicrobial/antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extracts from Indian medicinal plants. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the medicinal properties of these plants and underscore the potential of Cassia auriculata and Celastrus paniculatus extracts as natural antioxidants. Such insights hold promise for future advancements in medicinal research and the development of pharmaceuticals derived from natural sources.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Cassia auriculata, DPPH, MIC.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.52}, author = {Tripathy Amrutanand S and Manoj Madanahalli Ramesh and Annegowda Hardur Venkatappa} } @article {1114, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {128-137}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Background: Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata (guaco) extracts are popularly used for the treatment of asthma and cough as well as for their anti-inflammatory activity, indistinctly, despite their different chemical composition. Both species may present these activities however, the specific components and the cellular mechanisms are not fully identified. Objectives: To determine the activity of fractions obtained by countercurrent chromatography pooled based on their TLC and UHPLC-MS chromatographic profiles. Materials and Methods: Fractions with antioxidant activity in DPPH and ORAC tests were assayed in dystrophic primary muscle cell cultures from mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), to evaluate their cellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The inflammatory process was evaluated by determining the TNF-α, NF- κB and IL-1β content by immunoblotting; content of 4-hydroxynonenal, superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx); glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione (GSH) were determined to evaluate their antioxidant activity. Results: The crude M. glomerata and M. laevigata extracts, as well as 3 selected fractions presented antioxidant capacity in the ORAC assay and only Mlet Fr13 did not present activity by DPPH. Immunoblotting revealed no significant differences between the experimental groups, so no cellular anti-inflammatory effect was observed, however, reduced levels of anti-oxidant defence system components were observed for all fractions. Conclusion: Both species contain compounds that effectively reduced anti-oxidant defense system components, but none of these fractions significantly reduced inflammatory markers, suggesting that the reported anti-inflammatory activity of these species may be mediated by oxidative stress reduction.

}, keywords = {Countercurrent chromatography, DPPH, Dystrophic primary muscle cells, Guaco, ORAC, UHPLC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/097484900264}, author = {Alexandre Augusto Borghi and Elaine Minatel and Daniela Sayuri Mizobuti and Caroline Caramano de Louren{\c c}o and Fabio Fernandes de Ara{\'u}jo and Glaucia Maria Pastore and Peter Hewitson and Svetlana Ignatova and Alexandra CHF Sawaya} } @article {1113, title = {Physicochemical, Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Terminalia catappa Kernel Oil in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {119-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia catappa Linn. is an ornamental tree belonging to the family Combretaceae. This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity profile and antioxidant activity of the oil. Materials and Methods: Oral acute and sub-acute toxicity were studied in mice using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH free radical. Results: Terminalia catappa seed oil demonstrated antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH free radical with IC50 of 1.425 mg/mL while tannic acid (standard) was 5.005 mg/mL. The oral LD50 of the oil in mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg. The sub-acute toxicity study, produced no significant difference in the weight and biochemical parameters in treated animals compared to the control. Conclusion: The oil was also non-toxic to the liver, kidney, heart and lungs on histopathological examination. Our results indicated that Terminalia catappa seed oil is not toxic and contains beneficial phytochemical that demonstrated antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Phytochemical, Terminalia catappa, Toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/097484900304}, author = {Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu and Chinenye Jane Ugwah-Oguejiofor and G{\"o}ksu Oduncuo{\u g}lu and Solomon Gamde Matthias} } @article {1064, title = {In vitro Screening for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of 3,5-Bis(E-thienylmethylene) piperidin-4-one, a Curcumin Analogue}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {276-283}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Background: Curcumin is a naturally occurring bis-chalcone derivative in the commonly used Indian spice turmeric and is well-known for its potent chemopreventive, anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer properties. 3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene] piperidin-4-one (BTMP) is the newly synthesised synthetic analogue of curcumin that is tested for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro. Objectives: This study was to determine the antioxidant activity and antibacterial potentials of newly synthesised analogues of curcumin viz., 3,5-bis[(E)- thienylmethylene] piperidin-4-one (BTMP), was examined in vitro. Materials and Methods: BTMP was evaluated for its antioxidant and antimicrobial using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH{\textbullet}) radical scavenging assay, 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS{\textbullet}+), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay (O2{\textbullet}-), hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing ability assay, metal ion chelating and phosphomolybdenum assays. Results: 40μg/ml of BTMP showed higher antioxidant activity than the other three doses due to its highest free radical scavenging ability at this particular dose. All doses of BTMP showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. 40μg/ml of BTMP showed the highest zone of inhibition against both tested pathogens. Conclusion: The introduction of basic functionality and the presence of exocyclic double bonds of BTMP has significantly contributed to the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Curcumin, DPPH, Reducing ability}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.40}, author = {Jayaseelan Nivedha and Kaliyamoorthi Kanimozhi and Subashchandrabose Olikkavi and T. Vidhyasagar and Natesan Vijayakumar and Chinnaiyan Uma and K. Rajeswari and Lakshmanan Vennila} } @article {954, title = {Influence of Sonication on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa L. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {368-373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from T. catappa leaves obtained by different intervals of sonication. Methods: Three commonly used methods were followed to evaluate phenolic content and four in vitro methods like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant potency (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity assays for measuring the antioxidant activities. Antioxidant values of these assays were expressed in terms of milligrams vitamin C equivalent (VCE) antioxidant activities. Results: This study showed that extract obtained with 40 minutes of sonication possessed significant (P \< 0.05) polyphenolic contents compared to 20 and 60 minutes sonication and control (24 hour maceration). Moreover, sonication of T. catappa leaf above 40 minutes was found to be unsuitable for extracting out phenolic contents. Even the results of antioxidant assays showed that 40 minutes of the sonicated extract exhibited significant (P \< 0.05) VCE values compared to extracts obtained at different intervals of sonication and control. Conclusions: In sonication extraction method 40 minutes is an ideal time to obtain extract enriched with high polyphenolic content with good antioxidant activity from T. catappa leaves.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, FRAP, Sonication, T. catappa, Vitamin C}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75457}, author = {HV Annegowda and LN Anwar and MN Mordix and MN Mordi and S Ramanathan and SM Mansor} } @article {975, title = {A Phytochemical Analysis and In vivo Effects of an Herbal Aphrodisiac Newtonia hildebrandtii on Male Wistar Rat Reproductive System}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {243-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {243}, abstract = {

Background: The study was aimed at screening phytochemicals and evaluating the effects of aqueous and 50\% (v/v) methanol stem bark extracts of Newtonia hildebrandtii on male rat reproductive system. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups and were given different treatments of N. hildebrandtii extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. After 8 weeks, body and right testis weight, sperm concentration, hormonal levels, and histological structure of the testis were evaluated. Calorimetric method was used for quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds, whereas gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for fingerprinting of chemical compounds. Results: Testosterone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly increased, whereas prolactin levels were significantly decreased in the treated groups compared to the control. Sperm parameters were significantly increased compared to the control. Treated animals showed significant increases in body weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelial height with the testes showing all the stages of spermatogenesis. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, steroids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of dimethylsilanediol; (R, R)-2,3-butanediol; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane; succinimide; 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid, 1-(4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-5-ethyl-, ethyl ester; l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate; cis-13,16 docasadienoic acid, methyl ester; 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; and 2-chloro-benzoic acid N{\textquoteright}-[2-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazin-2-yl)-acetyl]-hydrazide. Conclusion: N. hildebrandtii appears to possess androgenic and anabolic effects. The aforementioned phytochemicals seem to be responsible for its aphrodisiac effects. This study supports the ethno-aphrodisiac claims that have been made against it.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, Estradiol, Seminiferous tubule, Sperm concentration, Spermatogenesis, Testosterone, Total flavonoids, Total phenols}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_112_19}, author = {Thomson Msiska and Anthony Mwakikunga and David Tembo and Fanuel Lampiao} } @article {559, title = {Therapeutic Significance of Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798) Ink Extract: A Biomedical Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s105-s109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s105}, abstract = {

Background: The squid ink extract is well known for its biomedical properties. Objective: In this study, squid Loligo vulgaris was collected from Tuticorin costal water, Bay of Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: Proximate composition of the crude squid ink was studied and found to have protein as the major component over lipid and carbohydrates. Further, bioactive fractions of squid ink were extracted with ethanol, and therapeutic applications such as hemolytic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties were analyzed using standard methods. Results: In hemolytic assay, the squid ink extract exhibited a maximum hemolytic activity of 128 hemolytic unit against tested erythrocytes. In DPPH assay, the ethanolic extract of squid ink has exhibited an antioxidant activity of 83.5\%. The squid ink was found to be potent antibacterial agent against the pathogens tested. 200 {\textmu}L of L. vulgaris ink extract showed remarkable antibacterial activity as zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (28 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm). The 68.9\% inhibition of protein denaturation by the squid ink extract indicated that it has very good in vitro anti-inflammatory properties. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the squid ink indicated the presence of functional groups such as 1{\textdegree} and 2{\textdegree} amines, amides, alkynes (terminal), alkenes, aldehydes, nitriles, alkanes, aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids, and alkyl halides, which complements the biochemical background of therapeutic applications. Conclusion: Hence, results of this study concluded that the ethanolic extract of L. vulgaris has many therapeutic applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, DPPH, Hemolytic activity, Ink extracts, Loligo vulgaris}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_81_17}, author = {Sri Kumaran Nadarajah and Vijayaraj Radha and Jayaprakashvel Mani} } @article {892, title = {Screening of Radical Scavenging Activity and Polyphenol Content of Bulgarian Plant Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {November,2011}, pages = {256-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {256}, abstract = {

Background: Discovery of new plant species with antioxidant properties is a priority of many research teams. Most of the species included in this study are unstudied for antioxidant properties, but they are taxonomically related to reference plants with well-documented antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts was evaluated using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. An aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for flavonoid determination. The amount of phenolic compounds in the extracts was estimated by using the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu reagent. Results: As a result of screening, it was found that the significant antioxidant properties possess several unstudied until now plant species (Veronica bellidioides L., V. kellereri Deg. et Urm, V. vindobonensis (M. Fisher) M. Fisher, V. beccabunga L., V. rhodopaea L., V. austriaca (Velen.) Degen., Clinopodium vulgare L., Stachys recta L., Clematis vitalba L., and Xeranthemum annum L.). The antioxidant potential of the new species is comparable to that of reference medicinal plants. Conclusions: The existing data presented here provide new information for antioxidant potential of plant species that have not been traditionally used as medicinal plants.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, DPPH, Flavonoids, Phenols, Salvia, Veronica}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.89746}, author = {Milena Nikolova} } @article {795, title = {Antiarthritic and Antioxidant Effects of the Leaf extract of Ficus exasperata P. Beauv. (Moraceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {May 2010}, pages = {89-97}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Leaf extracts of Ficus exasperata P. Beauv. (Moraceae) are commonly used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathological states including inflammatory disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antiarthritic effect of an ethanolic extract of F. exasperata (FEE) in the Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats. Since free radicals and reactive oxygen species are implicated in inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, the antioxidant potential of the extract was investigated in in vitro experimental models. FEE as well as the positive controls, dexamethasone and methotrexate, showed significant dose-dependent antiarthritic properties when applied to established adjuvant arthritis. Oral administration of FEE (30-300 mg/kg p.o.) significantly reduced the arthritic edema in the ipsilateral paw of rats with a maximal inhibition of 34.46 {\textpm} 11.42\%. FEE (30-300 mg/kg p.o.) also significantly prevented the spread of the edema from the ipsilateral to the contralateral paws indicating inhibition of systemic spread. The disease-modifying antirheumatic drug methotrexate (0.1-1 mg/kg i.p.) and the steroidal anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone (0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) also reduced very significantly the total polyarthritic edema as well as the spread of the arthritis from the ipsilateral to the contralateral paws of the treated animals. The extract also exhibited reducing activity (EC 50 = 8.105 {\textpm} 18.49), scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, EC 50 = 0.499 {\textpm} 0.302) and prevented lipid peroxidation (IC 50 = 1.283 {\textpm} 0.923) in rat brain homogenates. Phenols were detected in the extract. These results suggest that ethanolic extract of the leaves of F. exasperata exerts antiarthritic activity after oral administration and also has antioxidant properties which may contribute to its activity.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Ficus exasperata, Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis, Lipid peroxidation, Total phenol}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.62958}, author = {Wonder M. K. Abotsi and Eric Woode and George K Ainooson and Ama K Amo-Barimah and Eric Boakye-Gyasi} } @article {948, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Leaves and Inflorescence of Eryngium Caucasicum Trautv at Flowering Stage}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {435-439}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Methanol extracts of leaves and inflorescence of Eryngium Caucasicum Trautv at flowering stage were investigated for their antioxidant activities employing six in vitro assay systems, i.e. DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging, reducing power, linoleic acid and iron ion chelating power. IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 0.15 {\textpm} 0.01 for leaves and 0.39 {\textpm} 0.02 mg ml-1 for inflorescence. Reducing powers of both extracts increased with the increase of their concentrations. Leaves extract showed better activity than Vitamin C (p\< 0.05). Extracts showed weak nitric oxide-scavenging activity. Leaves extract exhibited better Fe2+ chelating ability (IC50=0.25 mg ml-1) that was comparable with EDTA. (IC50=18 μg ml-1). Inflorescence extracts had shown a very weak activity. Extracts showed very good scavenging activity of H2O2. IC50 was 25.5 {\textpm} 1.3 for leaves and 177.2 {\textpm} 11.6 mg ml-1 for inflorescence, respectively. No antioxidant activity exhibited in linoleic acid test. Extracts exhibited different levels of antioxidant activity in all the models studied.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, DPPH, Eryngium caucasicum, Folin-Ciocalteau, Free radical scavenging activity}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Ebrahimzadeh Mohamamd Ali and Nabavi Seyed Fazel and Nabavi Seyed Mohammad} }