@article {530, title = {Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Triterpenes from Pluchea quitoc DC. Aerial Parts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s1-s4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Background: Pluchea quitoc DC. (Asteraceae), a medicinal plant known as {\textquotedblleft}quitoco,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}caculucage,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}tabacarana{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}madre-cravo,{\textquotedblright} is indicated for inflammatory conditions such as bronchitis, arthritis, and inflammation in the uterus and digestive system. Objective: This study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the triterpenes compounds obtained from P. quitoc aerial parts. Materials and Methods: The triterpenes compounds β-amyrin, taraxasterol and pseudo-taraxasterol in a mixture (T); β-amyrin, taraxasterol and pseudo-taraxasterol acetates in a mixture (Ta); β-amyrin, taraxasterol, pseudo-taraxasterol acetates in a mixture with β-amyrin, taraxasterol and pseudo-taraxasterol myristates (Tafe) were analyzed in the models of nociception and inflammation. The evaluation of antinociceptive activity was carried out by the acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick tests while leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity was used for anti-inflammatory profile. Results: The oral administration of T or Tafe (40 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg) and Ta (70 mg/kg) to mice reduced acetic acid-induced writhing. The tail-flick response of mice was not affected by T or Tafe (40 mg/kg). T or Tafe (40 mg/kg) and Ta (70 mg/kg) also inhibited peritoneal leukocyte infiltration following the injection of carrageenan. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and peripheral antinociceptive activity of the triterpenes β-amyrin, taraxasterol, and pseudo-taraxasterol that were decreased when these were acetylated; while the acetylated triterpenes in mixture with myristyloxy triterpenes improved this activity. These compounds seem, at least in part, to be related to the plant{\textquoteright}s reported activity.

}, keywords = {Antinociceptive, Anti-inflammatory, Pluchea quitoc, Triterpene}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_51_17}, author = {Francisco Alcione Nobre da Silva and S{\^o}nia Maria de Farias Freire and Marilene Oliveira da Rocha Borges and Francisco Erivaldo Vidal Barros and Maria da Gl{\'o}ria Teixeira de Sousa and Maria Nilce de Sousa Ribeiro and Giselle Maria Skelding Pinheiro Guilhon and Adolfo Henrique M{\"u}ller and Antonio Carlos Rom{\~a}o Borges} } @article {841, title = {The Evaluation of Antinociceptive Activity of Alkaloid, Methanolic, and Aqueous extracts of Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves in rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {181-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

Mitragyna speciosa Korth is a medicinal plant indigenous to Thailand and Malaysia and has been known for its narcotic and coca-like effects. Many studies have been performed on the antinociceptive effect of the plant extracts of Thai origin; however, limited studies have been reported till date on M. speciosa extracts of Malaysian origin. Various concentrations of alkaloid (5{\textendash}20 mg/kg), methanolic (50{\textendash}200 mg/kg), and aqueous (100{\textendash}400 mg/kg) extracts of Malaysian M. speciosa leaves were prepared and orally administered to nine groups of rats. Morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and aspirin (300 mg/kg, p.o.) were used as control. Antagonism of the antinociceptive activity was evaluated by pretreatment with naloxone at a dose of 2 mg/kg (i.p.). Results showed that oral administration of the alkaloid (20 mg/kg), methanolic (200 mg/kg), and aqueous (400 mg/kg) extracts significantly prolonged the latency of nociceptive response compared with control groups in both hot plate and tail flick tests (P \< 0.05). Antinociceptive action of the alkaloid (20 mg/kg), methanolic (200 mg/ kg), and aqueous (400 mg/kg) extracts was significantly blocked by naloxone. In conclusion, these results suggest the presence of antinociceptive effect in various extracts of Malaysian M. speciosa leaves. In addition, the antinociceptive effective doses vary depending on the type of solvents used for extraction.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, Antinociceptive, Aqueous, Extract, Methanol, Mitragyna speciosa}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65514}, author = {Azadeh Sabetghadam and Surash Ramanathan and Sharif Mahsufi Mansor} } @article {930, title = {Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivities of Myrtus communis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {325-329}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Background: Myrtus species are characterized by the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, volatile oils and fatty acids. They are remedies for variety of ailments. This study therefore investigated medicinal effects of Myrtus communis L. Methods: Bioactivity studies of Myrtus communis L. leaves were carried out on volatile oil, 7\% methanol and aqueous extracts and the isolated compounds myricetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-∝-rhamnopyranoside and gallic acid. Results: Determination of the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) revealed that the volatile oil, alcoholic and aqueous extracts were practically nontoxic and highly safe as no lethality was observed. The tested materials (volatile oil, alcoholic and aqueous extracts, myricetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-∝-rhamnopyranoside and gallic acid) showed significant antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects as compared with control groups and reference drugs. Conclusion : Administration of extracts of M. communis leaves could be safe at the dose used in this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antihyperglycemic, Antinociceptive, LD 50, Myrtus communis, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75449}, author = {Mahmoud I Nassar and El-Sayed A Aboutabl and Rania F Ahmed and Ezzel-Din A EL-Khrisy and Khaled M Ibrahim and Amany A Sleem} }