@article {1386, title = {A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Appraisal of Cassia fistula Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {326}, abstract = {

The health of individuals living in developed and developing countries remain at risk due to the current global environmental pollution scenario, which is alarmingly leading to the rise in infectious and chronic diseases. Also, the health of living communities worldwide is seriously threatened by the rise in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Because of their adverse impacts on patients, the medications now used in the modern medical system aren{\textquoteright}t able to treat diseases, especially those that are resistant, in a way that is both economical and long-lasting. This has made it necessary to keep doing research in order to adequately address the health issues. Hence, medicinal plants are an indisputable asset in the treatment of a wide range of ailments because of its efficiency, low side effect rate and affordability. Due to their ability to alter the body{\textquoteright}s immune system and increase resistance to complicated illnesses, medicinal herbs offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to managing humanity{\textquoteright}s health issues. The Ayurvedic medical system makes considerable use of Cassia fistula Linn. as one of its therapeutic herbs to treat a wide range of diseases. It is widely practiced in India{\textquoteright}s traditional medical system. The tree, which goes by the name "Yellow Shower," is a medium-sized deciduous tree with elongated, rod-shaped fruits that are packed with pulp and vivid yellow blooms. An updated version of its botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemical constituent and pharmacological properties-such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antifertility, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, laxative, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiparasitic effects-are provided in this review. Reviews of pharmacological properties of medicinal plants will yield useful information; hence, Cassia fistula Linn. may yield significant bioactive natural product discoveries that will aid in the development of new pharmaceutical products.

}, keywords = {Cassia fistula Linn., Medicinal plants, Pharmacological properties, Phytochemicals constituents, Secondary metabolites, Traditional uses}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251970}, author = {Tanvi Jangid and Aditya Jain and Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj and Ram Niwas Jangir} } @article {1415, title = {Exploring the Male Antifertility Potential of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {462-488}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {462}, abstract = {

Population growth is one of the biggest issues facing by the globe today, particularly in developing nations where it will certainly have an impact on the environment, public health and the economy. In market numerous birth control methods available, but due to the harmful effects associated with synthetic and allopathic medicines, herbal alternatives are getting more popular due to their lower cost, easier availability and less side effects. Numerous plants have the ability to act as male contraceptives. Research on medicinal plants is being accelerated in an effort to find a male antifertility drug. This review explores the antifertility potential of medicinal plants, focusing on their effects on male reproductive health. There are several studies which highlight the ability of plant-derived compounds to modulate spermatogenesis, alter hormone levels and impact sperm function. This review reveals a concise overview of research publications of the last decade (2014 to 2024) on medicinal plants that have been shown to exhibit antifertility effects in males. This review also provides details on the botanical names, parts used, types of extracts, doses, durations and the potential antifertility effects of medicinal plant observed in males across various animal studies.

}, keywords = {Contraception, Hormone, Male Antifertility, Medicinal plants, Population}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252092}, author = {Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj and Aditya Jain and Tanvi Jangid and Ram Niwas Jangir} } @article {1403, title = {In vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Argemone mexicana and Prosopis cineraria Methanolic Extracts against Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Glioblastoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {588-596}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Objectives: The antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of Argemone mexicana and Prosopis cineraria were investigated against Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and glioblastoma (U87MG) cells. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extracts of the plants were tested for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH and FRAP assays with ascorbic acid as a positive control. The phenolic and flavonoid content of both the plant extracts were evaluated. The anti-proliferative activity of hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines were estimated by treating the cells with plant extracts by MTT assay. Results: Ascorbic acid showcased the lowest IC50 value at 32.61{\textpm}4.10 μg/mL, followed by A. mexicana (84.02{\textpm}2.46 μg/mL) and P. cineraria (212.65{\textpm}4.77 μg/ mL). Additionally, the FRAP assay revealed the presence of ascorbic acid in both plant extracts, with concentrations of 29.17{\textpm}0.30 μmol AAE/g in A.mexicana and 19.83{\textpm}0.55 μmol AAE/g in P. cineraria. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) in the stem of Argemone mexicana was determined to be 30.44{\textpm}3.73 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram, while that in the leaves of Prosopis cineraria was measured at 6.67{\textpm}0.69 mg of GAE/g. Similarly, the total flavonoid content (TFC) in the stem of A. mexicana was quantified at 16.67{\textpm}1.19 mg of Quercetin Equivalents (QE) per gram, contrasting with the TFC in the leaves of P. cineraria, which registered at 2.17{\textpm}0.59 mg of QE/g. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay, showing a significant decrease in cell viability in both cell lines. The IC50 concentrations were determined as 91.3{\textpm}3.17 μg/mL and 78.43{\textpm}4.16 μg/mL for A. mexicana and 261.43{\textpm}35.16 μg/mL and 108.03{\textpm}2.97 μg/mL for P. cineraria against HepG2 and U87MG cells, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest the capacity of both plants as source of antioxidant and carcinostatic agents against hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Argemone mexicana, Cytotoxic, Medicinal plants, Prosopis cineraria}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252073}, author = {Divya Vashishth and Sudhir Kumar Kataria} } @article {1382, title = {Phytopharmacological Insights into Ricinus communis: A Comprehensive Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {348-357}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants are used in the traditional medicinal system and in Ayurveda globally. Euphorbiaceae is a large family which contains more than 3000 species. Ricinus communis or castor bean plant is well-known plant of Ayurveda. The herbal and natural medicines are the cost-effective and they have lesser side effects than currently available medicines in the market. Ricinus communis has many phytoconstituents such as ricinine, ricin A, ricin B, ricin C, ricinoleic acid, Y-sitosterol, fucosterol, stigmasterol, ricinus agglutin etc. which are responsible for various pharmacological activities. Traditionally, it has various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant activity, antifertility activity, antiulcer activity, antidiabetic activity, antimicrobial activity, hepatoprotective activity, immunomodulatory activity, bone regeneration activity, cytotoxic activity, anti-inflammatory activity etc. They also exhibited free radical scavenging potential along with repellent properties. The main objective of this review is to reveal all updated information{\textquoteright}s like phytochemicals, pharmacological activities of Ricinus communis by scientific evidences.

}, keywords = {Herbal Medicines, Medicinal plants, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemicals, Ricinus communis}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251940}, author = {Surya Nath Pandey and Prashant Kumar and Harishchandra Verma and Sumit Durgapal and Balwan Singh} } @article {1178, title = {Is COVID-19 Related to the Recent Surge in Research on Houttuynia cordata (Thunb)?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {693-704}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {693}, abstract = {

Background of the Study: Houttuynia cordata is an herbal medicinal plant with a variety of ethnomedicinal properties. The plant extract has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may help to reduce the complications associated with diabetes. Additionally, it is used as an anti-inflammation, antidote, astringent, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral. Objectives: The present study is a scientometric analysis of Houttuynia cordata during 1992-2021 as covered in the SCOPUS database to find out the citation impact, growth rate, and research output of Houttuynia cordata research during a three-decade period. Materials and Methods: SCOPUS database was used to download data for three decades. The information gathered was quantified using bibliometrics; further, VOS viewer was used for visualizing the keyword network. Results: The study revealed that from 2005 onwards, there was an increase in Houttuynia cordata research and publication. China turns out to be at the top with the maximum number of research publications on Houttuynia cordata. Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutics were the top subject areas that constituted the leading publication. Keywords {\textquoteright}Traditional Medicine{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}Medicinal Plants{\textquoteright} were used mainly during the year 1992-2018, however, from 2019-2021 there is a tremendous shift from the keywords such as {\textquoteright}Traditional Medicine{\textquoteright}, and {\textquoteright}Medicinal Plants{\textquoteright} to keywords such as {\textquoteright}Coronavirus{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}COVID-19{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}Pandemic{\textquoteright}, indicating that research on Houttuynia cordata relating to COVID-19 and Pandemic has become an extensive area of research from 2019 onwards. Conclusion: This study concludes that research on Houttuynia cordata has been slow since the early years, with a significant surge during the COVID-19 pandemic. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has certainly reconfirmed the relevance of Houttuynia cordata as a medicinal herb. Additionally, this study will help researchers understand the current state of the Houttuynia cordata research and can act as an information road map to further explore research on its medicinal importance which may benefit humanity in the future.

}, keywords = {Coronavirus, COVID-19, Houttuynia cordata, Medicinal plants, Scientometric Analysis, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.074}, author = {Poonam Singh Deo and Sweety Angelirie Kharumnuid and Moses M. Naga and P. Hangsing} } @article {1155, title = {Documentation of Mosquito Repellant Plants from Fringe Villages of Manas National Park, Assam, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {497-503}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Background: Mosquito-borne diseases are among the common problems in developing countries. For centuries, herbal formulations have been used by tribal communities as medicines. A survey was carried out to document the insecticidal plants from fringe villages of Manas National Park. Materials and Methods: The survey was carried out from April to July 2020. The survey was conducted in a face-to-face manner with a ready-made questionnaire. Results: A total of 25 fringe villages were surveyed, and 57 informants were interviewed. Most of the informants were male (87\%) and aged (\>50 years old). A total of 24 plant species belonging to 18 families were recorded in the present study. Among the plant families, Solanaceae and Lamiaceae were the most famous families. Brassica rapa was the most popular plant with five citations, followed by Cinnamomum tamala and Nicotiana tabacum. Leaves were the most commonly used plant parts, followed by stems. The survey also reported that smokes, produced by burning plant parts, are the most commonly practised mode of use, followed by the rubbing of raw juices of plant parts to repel mosquitoes by fringe villagers of Manas National Park. Conclusion: With a solid ethnobotanical knowledge system supported by scientific evidence, the present study may be used by researchers to explore further the insecticidal and mosquitocidal activities of the plants.

}, keywords = {Fringe village, Larvicidal, Manas National Park, Medicinal plants, Mosquitocidal.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.052}, author = {Himangshu Baruah and Harmonjit Boro and Ananta Swargiary} } @article {1118, title = {FTIR Based Metabolomics Profiling and Fingerprinting of Some Medicinal Plants: An Attempt to Develop an Approach for Quality Control and Standardization of Herbal Materials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {163-167}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

Background: The medicinal plants are used for their various therapeutic effects in treatment and prevention of various diseases. Recently herbal medicines are playing an important role in health care across the world. With increased global acceptance of the herbal drugs proper quality control of the herbal medicines have become important to ensure the safety and efficacy of the herbal products. Herbal-based FT-IR metabolomics is a suitable method for quick and reliable quality control and metabolite profiling to ensure quality and reproducibility of herbal medicine. The FT-IR analysis is relatively easy to use, reproducible, non-destructive, and can be used for quick analysis and verification of the herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In the present work FTIR fingerprint was obtained for extracts and powders of some of the selected medicinal plants. The samples were characterized by using FTIR metabolomics profiling on basis of the diagonostic peaks. Results: Various functional groups, such as phenolics (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), aldehyde (CH=O), ether (C-O-C), aromatic (C=C), and alkyl groups -CH, were identified. Various metabolites e.g. liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, glabridin, shogoal, piperine were successfully identified on basis of the diagonostic FTIR peaks. Conclusion: FTIR was found to be a simple, rapid and convenient analytical method and fingerprinting technique for quality control of herbal materials.

}, keywords = {Fingerprinting, FTIR, Medicinal plants, Metabolomics, Quality control, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/097484900288}, author = {Manas Ranjan Sahoo and Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankara} } @article {1179, title = {GC-MS, FT-IR, and ICP-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in the Methanolic Leaves Extract of Thalictrum foliolosum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {705-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: There are many therapeutic effects of medicinal plants that are used in treating and preventing a variety of diseases. Recently medicinal plants contain many bioactive compounds which are playing an important role in the health sector. The use of herbal medicine is based on the fact that herbal medicines are safe without any ill effects on human health and are easily accessible at minimum cost. However, there is an urgent need to assure the quality and efficacy of the product. Objectives: The main objective of current study directed to characterize possible the phytochemical compounds and mineral elements present in the methanolic leaves extract of the Thalictrum foliolosum plant by using GC-MS, FTIR, and ICP-MS analysis to ensure quality of this medicinally important herb and for a better understanding of its pharmacological claim. Materials and Methods: Thalictrum foliolosum was collected in July and August from the Hatu peak at an elevation of 3400 m in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The fine powder of the plant leaf was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 8 hr. The chemical analysis of bioactive compounds of Thalictrum foliolosum has been evaluated using GC-MS, FTIR and ICP-MS. Results: GC-MS analysis disclosed the presence of 48 compounds which shows various medicinal activities. The major phytoconstituents were Octacosanol (22.37\%), Diethyl Phthalate (22.32\%), Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethyl ester (6.14\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.11\%) and many more which exhibited antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The compounds found in the extract were compared with mass spectra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The crude extract was analyzed in a spectrometer Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 and characteristic peaks were recorded indicating various functional groups such as phenol, alkanes, alcohol, amides, and amines are present. The ICP-MS technique was simultaneously used to trace the mineral element and the result revealed the presence of important micronutrients including manganese (1,770.517 ppb), ferrous (22,604.753ppb), zinc (4,322.423 ppb), chromium (491.231), copper (7,048.321ppb) and potassium (450,067.837ppb). These mineral element acts as cofactors for more than 3000 enzymes that regulate various metabolic pathways in the living system. Hence our study provides a huge platform to screen out these bioactive compounds and mineral elements which are used to treat various lethal and lifestyle diseases. Conclusion: The current study reveals that the methanolic leaves extract of Thalictrum foliolosum contains various phytoconstituents which were responsible for various biological activities. The relative concentration of bioactive compounds and mineral elements is reasonable and can be considered for medical purposes.

}, keywords = {FTRI, GC-MS, ICP-MS, Medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.075}, author = {Sushila Rani and Richa Puri and Pooja Boora and Abul Qasim and Dechan Angmo and Monika Mehta} } @article {1127, title = {Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {235-241}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease that caused the deaths of a total of 1.5 million people in 2020 and is one of the top causes of death globally. India is a country with the highest TB burden, and it may affect all age groups. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, an intracellular pathogen, and its multidrug and extensively drug-resistant strains, which continue to emerge and spread, resulting in the deadliest infectious disease. After a gap of more than 40 years, the FDA approvals over the past decade of three second-line anti-TB drugs, bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid, have been major forward steps in the management of drug-resistant-TB (DR-TB). Many medicinal plants such as Zanthoxylum leprieurii, Lantana camara, and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta have extensive therapeutic potential and represent a prospective option to fight against DR-TB. Some novel compounds are in the early clinical trial phases such as DprE1 inhibitors TBA-7371 and BTZ-043, and many others that are showing promising futures. This review describes DR-TB and its current chemotherapy guidelines including novel and repurposed drugs that are included in the anti-TB regimens, medicinal plants that have therapeutic potential for the development of drug-hit candidates, drugs that are currently in clinical development, host-directed therapy, and new drug delivery systems to better understand the novel therapeutic approaches that are currently being studied for the efficacious and safe management of DR-TB, a worldwide health problem.

}, keywords = {Drug-resistant tuberculosis, immunomodulators., Medicinal plants, Nanotubes, Nitroimidazoles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.025}, author = {Sonam Pushkar and Vibhav Varshney and Pushpendra Pushkar and Harish Kumar Sagar} } @article {1139, title = {Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Trace Element Analysis of Hypericum japonicum Thunb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {338-346}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: Plants possess various bioactive compounds with many biological activities. Antioxidant plays vital roles in initiating deleterious free scavenging radical reactions. Objectives: The present study was done to determine the presence of phytochemical properties of the plant along with its antioxidant analysis of four solvent fractions (hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) from Hypericum japonicum. Furthermore, five heavy metals- Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr were analyzed. Materials and Methods: All the experiments for phytochemical and antioxidants of different solvent extracts were investigated following standard protocols. The heavy metal content was analyzed using spectroscopy method. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed that almost all the phytochemicals were present on one or other solvents. The carbohydrate and protein content was highest in hexane and ethyl acetate extract. Ethyl acetate showed highest phenol content while diethyl ether showed highest in flavonoid content. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract showed strongest antioxidant activity. Heavy metals were found in very negligible amounts. Conclusion: The present study suggests that H. japonicum might have the potential to be a good source of phytochemicals and antioxidants. Further studies are required to analyze the pharmacological properties of the plant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Heavy metal, Hypericum japonicum, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.036}, author = {Mritunjoy Kumar Roy and Ananta Swargiary} } @article {1170, title = {Plant-Derived Selected Bioactive Saponins and Tannins: An Overview of their Multi-Target Mechanisms and Diverse Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {623-635}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {623}, abstract = {

An extensive variety of ailments have been treated using medicinal herbs for ages. Recent research has revealed that many of these plants possess multiple therapeutic activities, rendering them interesting candidates for the creation of novel medicines. This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the multi targeted activities of medicinal plants, including their potential for treating multiple diseases like anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-cancer activities, their ability to modulate multiple pathways, enzymes, genes and proteins. Finally, the review highlights the potential of naturally derived substances from plant material, for the development of multitargeted drugs and suggests strategies for further research. The multi-target activities will be thoroughly explored in this review of ginsenosides, platycodon D, dioscin, soyasaponins and aescin were chosen as saponins, whereas methyl gallate, chebulinic acid, tannic acid, theaflavin and punicalagins were chosen as tannins. This overview gives a brief history of the isolated natural compounds, their structures, multi-target activity, and their suggested mechanisms of action.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Biological activities, Medicinal plants, Multi targets, saponins, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.066}, author = {Dudday Venkata Vyshnavi and Sunkara Sivananda Swaroop and Akkiraju Sudheer and Somasekhar Reddy Kanala and Ramavath Muralidhar Naik and Onamala Varalakshmi} } @article {1002, title = {Effects of Extraction Solvents on Phytochemical Screening, Cytotoxicity and Anti-Obesity Activities of Selected Sri Lankan Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {246-256}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {246}, abstract = {

Background: Phytoconstituents are known to have an arena of health benefits. The choice of extraction solvents for a desired pharmacological activity is poorly characterized. Objectives: The present study compared the use of different solvents to extract phytoconstituents, evaluate cytotoxicity and anti-obesity activities. Materials and Methods: Leaves, bark, flowers or tubers of fourteen commonly utilized plants in the Sri Lankan Ayurvedic system were used to prepare extracts of distilled water (DW), ethanol or n-hexane. Phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC), cytotoxicity and triglyceride assays were performed. Results: DW served as the best solvent to extract the highest yield of phytochemicals followed by ethanol marking hexane as the least efficient solvent. The water extract (WE) of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves and ethanol extract (EE) of Cassia auriculata showed the highest TPC. The TFC was lowest in the hexane extract (HE) of all plants. The WE of plants showed >=75\% cell viability below 500 μg/mL with no potential anti-adipogenic activity. The EE of Justicia adhathoda showed maximum lipid inhibition (88.31\%), followed by Aerva lanata (74.65\%), and Cyperus rotundus (74.04\%) at 100 μg/mL. The EE of Ipomoea aquatica (45.11\%), Murrya koenigii (41.04\%), and Hemidesmus indicus (32.97\%) showed the highest viable anti-adiposity activity at 50 μg/mL. Conclusion: The WE of most plants provided a greater yield of phytoconstituents enabling their safe usage in higher doses during Ayurvedic medication. Ethanol served as a better solvent to extract constituents responsible for anti-adipogenesis and no possible correlation was found between the phenolic content and anti-adiposity.

}, keywords = {3T3-L1, Anti-adipogenesis, Ayurveda, cytotoxicity, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.18}, author = {Silva Waruni Randika and Nugara Ruwani Nilushi and Manage Pathmalal and Undugoda Lanka and Udayanga Dhanushka and Liyanage Renuka Nilmini and Galhena Prasanna} } @article {84, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antidiabetic Potential and in-silico Evaluation of Some Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {140-148}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing frequency of diabetes patients and the reported side effects of commercially available anti-hyperglycemic drugs have gathered the attention of researchers towards the search for new therapeutic approaches. Inhibition of activities of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes is one of the approaches to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate phytochemicals, antioxidants, digestive enzymes inhibitory effect, and molecular docking of potent extract. Materials and Methods: In this study, we carry out the substratebased α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Asparagus racemosus, Bergenia ciliata, Calotropis gigantea, Mimosa pudica, Phyllanthus emblica, and Solanum nigrum along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoids contents. Likewise, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the scavenging of DPPH radical. Additionally, antibacterial activity was also studied by Agar well diffusion method. Molecular docking of bioactive compounds from B. ciliata was performed via AutoDock vina. Results: B. ciliata, M. pudica, and P. emblica exhibit significant inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase and α-amylase with IC50 (μg/ml) of (2.24 {\textpm} 0.01, 46.19 {\textpm} 1.06), (35.73 {\textpm} 0.65, 99.93 {\textpm} 0.9) and (8.12 {\textpm} 0.29, no significant activity) respectively indicating a good source for isolating a potential drug candidate for diabetes. These plant extracts also showed significant antioxidant activity with the IC50 ranges from 13.2 to 26.5 μg/mL along with the significant antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Conclusion: Bergenia extract appeared to be a potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor. Further research should be carried out to characterize inhibitor compounds.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Medicinal plants, Molecular docking, α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.6}, author = {Basanta Kumar Sapkota and Karan Khadayat and Bikash Adhikari and Darbin Kumar Poudel and Purushottam Niraula and Prakriti Budhathoki and Babita Aryal and Kusum Basnet and Mandira Ghimire and Rishab Marahatha and Niranjan Parajuli} } @article {1005, title = {Preventive Medicinal Plants and their Phytoconstituents against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Reviews}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {173-191}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

Pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered virus {\textquotedblleft}Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2){\textquotedblright}. Considering the present scenario of COVID-19 outbreak and its impact on humankind, holistic remedies with respect to herbal medicine validated from ethnopharmacological rationale are now targeting approaches globally as a preventive care against SARS-CoV-2. Aim: This review is primarily focused on to deliver a concise fact of the coronaviridae family, pathophysiology, mechanism of action, ethnopharmacological validated Indian herbs for inhibiting the virus with possible targets. Experimental procedure: In this study, science mapping tool Bibliometrix R-package was used to perform bibliometric analysis and building data matrices for keywords co-occurrence investigation, country-wise scientific production; collaboration between the countries worldwide, co-word analysis on topic {\textquotedblleft}keywords associated with SARS-CoV-2 and medicinal plants{\textquotedblright}. Results and Conclusion: Our findings is to deliver a concise knowledge about the coronaviridae family, pathophysiology, possible targets for managing the SARS-CoV-2, in addition to potential medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents against COVID-19. Target-specific inflammatory pathways due to post infection of SARS e.g. NLRP3, p38-MAPK, Metallopeptidase Domain 17; endocytosis pathways e.g. Clathrin, HMGB1 pathways are primarily highlighted along with relevant interleukins and cytokines, which directly/indirectly triggering to immune system and play a significant role. Based on selective pathways and potential lead, the outcome of our elaborated study put forward selected Indian medicinal plants that hold a very high probability as preventive care in this global crisis.

}, keywords = {Biblioshiny, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Medicinal plants, Phytoconstituents, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.10}, author = {Neelesh Kumar Nema and Ghouse Modin Nabeesab Mamdapur and Smitha Sarojam and Swapnil Devidas Khamborkar and Linson Cheruveettil Sajan and Sachithra Sabu and Baby Kumaranthara Chacko and Viju Jacob} } @article {997, title = {Seasonal Variation of Phytochemicals in Four Selected Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {218-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {218}, abstract = {

Background: The study aimed at assessing total alkaloids content (TAC), total flavonoids content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and predominant individual phenolic compounds in methanol extracts of M. oleifera, S.singueana, M.azedarach leaves and stem barks of L. discolor collected during different seasons of the year. Materials and Methods: TPC, TFC and TAC were analyzed using the Folin Ciocalteau assay, aluminum chloride assay and bromocresol green assay, respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) techniques were used to analyse AA. Phenolic compounds; Vanillic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin, rutin, sinapic acid, 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid and ferulic acid were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC - DAD). Results: Barks of L. discolour exhibited high levels of TPC, TFC, TAC and AA during hot-dry season (summer) as compared to S. singueana, M. oleifera and M. azedarach leaves which showed significantly (p\< 0.05) higher levels in hot-wet season (rainy). Levels of TPC, TFC and TAC were significantly (p\< 0.05) influenced by seasonal variations and correlated with levels of AA. Profiles of all phenolic compounds analyzed were not similar in terms of chemical composition and concentration during different seasons. Sinapic acid and 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid were predominant in S. singueana while sinapic acid and ferulic acid were predominant in M. oleifera. Vanillic acid and 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid were predominant in L. discolor and M. azedarach respectively. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents in medicinal plants are subject to seasonal variations which in turn influence the optimum season of harvesting.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Medicinal plants, Phenolic compounds, Seasonal variations}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.14}, author = {Bonface Mwamatope and David Tembo and Elizabeth Kampira and Cecilia Maliwichi-Nyirenda and Victoria Ndolo} } @article {985, title = {Trypanocidal Activity of Traditional Antiparasitic Medicinal Plants from the Amazon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {227-232}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Background: Neglected Infectious Diseases control is an urgent need in endemic areas, but it{\textquoteright}s not a priority in the commercial interests of the pharmaceutical industry. Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) is the parasitic disease of greatest impact in Latin America. Medicinal plants continue to be an affordable front-line option in endemic areas. Thus, we aimed to advance in the pharmacological evaluation of four medicinal plants traditionally used in the Amazon against parasitic infections. Materials and Methods: The plants were collected in the Amazon region of Colombia. The dry plant material was submitted to water percolation extraction. Extracts were tested in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi (epimastigotes), and cytotoxicity was assessed against HepG2 and MRC5 cells. Finally, the general profile of metabolites present in the extracts was studied by thin-layer chromatography. Results: In vitro, against T. cruzi, extracts of Ambelania duckei and Curarea toxicofera shows concentration- dependent inhibition (IC50 of 221+/-29 and 50+/-5 μg/mL respectively), comparable with benznidazole (IC50: 0.7 μg/mL); while Abuta grandifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum exhibited IC50{\textquoteright}s \> 500 μg/mL. All extracts showed no cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MRC5 cells. Yields of extraction were between 3.2 and 9.5\% and preliminary phytochemical profile showed flavonoids and steroids in all extracts. Conclusion: Promising plants, traditionally used to treat other protozoan infections, could be assessed against T. cruzi. C. toxicofera exhibits good activity against epimastigotes of T. cruzi, being a species that can reasonably be considered for bioassay-guided antitrypanosomal fractionation.

}, keywords = {Chagas disease, cytotoxicity, Medicinal plants, Neglected Infectious Diseases, Trypanocidal agents, Trypanosoma cruzi}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.15}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a-Helena Arias and Gustavo A. Vallejo and Giovanny Garavito} } @article {189, title = {Comparative Analysis of the Antimicrobial Potential of Stem and Fruit Extracts of Calotropis procera}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {368-374}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Background: The dramatic rise in antimicrobial resistance continues to threaten the effective management and treatment of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Medicinal plants offer excellent therapeutic alternative especially due to their plethora bioactive constituents and low resistance development to them. Purpose: The comparative analysis of the antimicrobial potential of the stem and fruit extracts of Calotropis procera was investigated. Materials and Methods: Using different extracts of the plant, the phytochemical screening was determined alongside their antimicrobial properties with agar-disc diffusion assay. The antimicrobial potency of the plant extracts (200 mg/ml) was evaluated and compared by their inhibition zone (IZ), activity index (AI), percentage specific activity (PSA), and percentage total activity (PTA) values. Results: The highest antibacterial activity (IZ = 15 {\textpm} 0.5 mm) was displayed by the stem hot aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus, while the maximum antifungal effect was exerted by both the stem cold and hot aqueous extracts (P \> 0.05). The overall antimicrobial AI (AI = 1.56) was displayed by the stem cold aqueous extract against Candida albicans. The stem{\textquoteright}s hot and ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest achievable PSA of 100\%. Furthermore, the stem extracts displayed the PTA of 83.3\% compared to 25\% by the fruit extracts, thus confirming the greater antimicrobial potency of the plant{\textquoteright}s stem extracts. Conclusion: This study suggests that while the stem extracts of C. procera could have displayed better antimicrobial activity, the overall effects elicited by the plant could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals as revealed by the result of the phytochemical screening. Further studies focusing on complete characterization and evaluation of the mechanism of antimicrobial action of bioactive constituents of the extracts is underway.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antimicrobial resistance, Calotropis procera, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_58_20}, author = {Sharafa Adegoke Bello and Tawakalt Adedayo Ayofe and Mohammed Faridat Yakub and Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu} } @article {107, title = {Molecular Identification and Next-Generation Sequence Analysis of Interspecies Genetic Variations among Three Varieties of Datura}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {158-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {158}, abstract = {

Background: Datura is a well-known plant used in Ayurveda. It is a widely growing plant from Solanaceae family, attributed to poisonous and medicinal values. It is used in the treatment of various skin diseases, fever, etc., It is also used for external application and rarely for oral administration. Objectives: The present study aims to compare three different varieties of Datura which include the species of Datura innoxia Mill., Datura metel L. and Datura arborea are used to study molecular marker and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Whole-genomic DNA was isolated from the leaves of Datura and the polymerase chain reactions amplification of DNA barcoding markers are rbcl, mat k, and internal transcribed spacer-4 and 5 were analyzed by 0.8\% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The DNA barcoding markers and next-generation sequencing are able to identify the interspecies genetic variations among these closely related plant varieties of Datura. Conclusion: The interspecies genetic variations among these closely related three species of D. innoxia, metel, and arborea was closely related with Datura stramonium isolate NN003 chloroplast genome similarity of 98\%, 99\%, and 99\%, respectively.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Datura, Internal transcribed spacer 4, Mat k, Medicinal plants, Next-generation sequencing, Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase form I gene}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_101_19}, author = {Goli Penchala Prasad and Goli Penchala Pratap and Srinivasan Marimuthu and Shyam Baboo Prasad and Gajendra Rao and Anupam Kumar Mangal and Naryanam Srikanth} } @article {208, title = {Natural Gastroprotective Remedy from the Branches of Spondias tuberosa Arruda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {455-459}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Gastric ulcers are a worldwide health problem and their poor healing is one of the most important causes for their recurrence. Several species of Spondias are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, infections, and inflammation, among other conditions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties in vitro and gastroprotective effect in mice of the methanolic extract of branches of Spondias tuberosa (MEB). MEB was screened for antioxidant activities using different methods. Materials and Methods: Measurements of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins were also evaluated. The profile of phenolic compounds of extract was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MEB was investigated for acute and chronic toxicity and gastroprotective effects against ethanol-induced lesions in Swiss mice. Results: The extract showed antioxidant activity in vitro and high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. The HPLC results identified the presence of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and t-ferulic acid. The MEB showed no acute and chronic toxicity and in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, v. o., reduced the area of ulcerative lesions induced by ethanol in 73.74, 72.02, and 72.40{\textquoteright}, respectively. Conclusion: The oral treatment with the extract of S. tuberosa branches (MEB) showed gastroprotective and antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Gastroprotective, Medicinal plants, Spondias tuberosa, Umbu}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_43_20}, author = {Amanda Dias de Araujo and George Souza Feitoza and Fernanda Granja da Silva Oliveira and Bruno Oliveira de Veras and Francinete Francis Lacerda and Nic{\'a}cio Henrique da Silva and Wolfgang Harand and Silvania T Paz and M{\'a}rio Ribeiro de Melo-J{\'u}nior and Jackson Roberto Guedes} } @article {262, title = {Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Litchi chinensis Sonn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Litchi chinensis is used in traditional Chinese medicine and by Indian medical system. Ethnopharmacological studies show anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and analgesic activities, among others. However, there are few studies of antimicrobial activity. This study evaluates antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity properties of the lychee{\textquoteright}s leaves extract (LE) and fractions. Materials and Methods: Extracts were obtained using an exhaustive extraction method with ethanol: Water (7:3 v/v). Subsequently, LE was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Finally, LE was dried via lyophilization. Fractions were obtained via the partition process. Bioactivity of the LE and fractions (hexane [Hex], ethyl acetate [EtOAc], n-butanol [BuOH], and aqueous [Aq]) from L. chinensis was evaluated through antimicrobial activity using broth microdilution, antioxidant activity via both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hidrazila assay and ferric reducing capacity and cytotoxicity through 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Furthermore, mass spectrometry technique electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry was used to identify the chemical composition of the LE and fractions. Results: Phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and condensed tannins were the main substances found. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in EtOAc (541.15 {\textpm} 2.4 mg/g and 31.06 {\textpm} 0.5 mg/g, respectively). This fraction showed the best results for antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.45 mg/mL) and ferric reducing capacity (20.27\% {\textpm} 0.11). The LE and fractions showed considerable antimicrobial activity, chiefly against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabilis, with the minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 50 to 1560 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study revealed that L. chinensis is a source of bioactive compounds potentially useful for pharmaceutical and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Medicinal plants, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemical screening.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_105_18}, author = {Marisa De Oliveira Lopes and Ana Fl{\'a}via Da Silva and Cl{\'a}udio Daniel Cerdeira and Ingridy Simone Ribeiro and Isael Aparecido Rosa and Luis Felipe Cunha Dos Reis and Marcelo Aparecido Da Silva and Marcos Jos{\'e} Marques and Jorge Kleber Chavasco} } @article {228, title = {Identification of Antidiabetic Compounds from Polyphenolic-rich Fractions of Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {72-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbine abyssinica has been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities traditionally. Previous work suggested its antidiabetic properties, but information on the antidiabetic compounds is still lacking. Objective: The present research exertion was aimed to isolate and identify biologically active polyphenols from B. abyssinica leaves and to evaluate their efficacy on carbohydrate digesting enzymes. Materials and Methods: Fractionation of the polyphenolic contents from the methanolic extract of B. abyssinica leaves was executed by the silica gel column chromatography to yield different fractions. The antioxidant activities of these fractions were carried out against 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In vitro antidiabetic experimentation was performed by evaluating the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity. The isolated polyphenols were then identified using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LC/MS). Results: Out of the eight polyphenolic fractions (BAL 1{\textendash}8), BAL-4 has the highest inhibitory activity against ABTS radicals whereas BAL-6 showed potent ferric ion-reducing capacity. BAL-5 was the most effective fraction with antidiabetic activity with IC50 of 140.0 and 68.58 {\textpm} 3.2 {\textmu}g/ml for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, respectively. All the fractions competitively inhibited α-amylase, BAL-5 and BAL-6 also inhibited α-glucosidase competitively, while BAL-4 and BAL-1 exhibited noncompetitive and near competitive inhibitions against α-glucosidase, respectively. The LC/MS analysis revealed the presence of carvone in all the fractions. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the isolated polyphenols from B. abyssinica.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetics, Antioxidants, Bulbine abyssinica, Liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy, Medicinal plants, Polyphenolics}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_55_17}, author = {Samuel Wale Odeyemi and Anthony Jide Afolayan} } @article {470, title = {Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Albaha Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {401-407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Nasser A Awadh Ali1, Saeed Salah Al Sokari2, Ahmed Gushash3, Sirajudheen Anwar4, Khalid Al-Karani5, Abdulwali Al-Khulaidi6

1Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, KSA.

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Albaha University, Baljurashi, Albaha, KSA.

3Department of Arabic Language, Faculty of Science and Arts, Albaha University, Baljurashi, Albaha, KSA.

4Department of Medicinal Chemistry {\textendash} Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, KSA.

5Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, KSA.

6Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Albaha University, Baljurashi, Albaha, KSA; Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, Taiz, Yemen.

}, keywords = {Al Bahah, Ethnopharmacology, Folk medicine, Medicinal plants, Saudi Arabia, Survey}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_11_17}, author = {Nasser A Awadh Ali and Saeed Salah Al Sokari and Ahmed Gushash and Sirajudheen Anwar and Khalid Al-Karani and Abdulwali Al-Khulaidi} } @article {445, title = {Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Sangurur, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {333-347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: Although herbal medical products are still widely used in Kenya, many of the medicinal plants used by traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) have not been documented, despite several challenges that are now threatening the sustainability of the practice. Objective: To document the medicinal plants and healing methods used by TMPs in a region of Kenya with several recognized herbalists for potential research. Materials and Methods: Semi-structured interviews, group discussions, and direct observations were used to collect ethnopharmacological information. The participant{\textquoteright}s bio-data, clinical conditions treated, methods of treatment, medicinal plants used, methods of preparation and administration, and dosage forms were recorded. Results: A total of 99 medicinal plants and 12 complementary preparations employed in the treatment of 64 medical conditions were identified. The most widely used plant was Rotala tenella which was used to treat nine medicinal conditions; seven each for Aloe tweediae and Dovyalis abyssinica; and six each for Basella alba and Euclea divinorum. The plants belonged to 55 families with Fabaceae family being the most frequently used (10), followed by Apocynaceae and Solanaceae, each with six species, respectively. We identified plants used to determine the sex of an unborn baby and those used to treat several conditions including anthrax and cerebral malaria and herbs used to detoxify meat from an animal that has died from anthrax. Of special interest was R. tenella which is used to prevent muscle injury. Conclusions: We have documented several plants with potential therapeutic effects. Further research may be conducted to determine their efficacy.

}, keywords = {Ethnopharmacology, Marakwet, Medicinal plants, Research, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_42_17}, author = {Gabriel Kigen and Wilson Kipkore and Bernard Wanjohi and Boniface Haruki and Jemutai Kemboi} } @article {472, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Malaria in the Plateau Region, Togo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: In Togo, malaria constitutes a major public health problem but, until now, the population still mostly relies on herbal medicine for healing. This study aimed to document medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in the Plateau region of the country. Methodology: Semi-structured questionnaire interviews were used to gather ethnobotanical and sociodemographic data from traditional healers of the study area. Results: A total of 61 plants species belonging to 33 families were found to be in use for malaria therapy in the Plateau region. Caesalpiniaceae were the most represented family with 7 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae with 4 species each. According to the relative frequency of citation (RFC), Newbouldia laevis Seem. (RFC =0.52), Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A. Bruce (RFC =0.48), Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (RFC =0.43), and Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby (RFC =0.40) were the most cited in the treatment of malaria in the traditional medicine in the Plateau region. The parts of plants used could either be the barks, roots, leaves, or whole plants. The recipes also could be a combination of various species of plants or plant parts. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential sources for the development of new antimalarial drugs from indigenous medicinal plants found in the Plateau region of Togo. Such results could be a starting point for in vitro antimalarial screenings.

}, keywords = {Caesalpiniaceae, Malaria, Medicinal plants, Relative frequency of citation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.178646}, author = {Kodjovi Agbodeka and Holaly E. Gbekley and Simplice D. Karou and Kokou Anani and Amegnona Agbonon and Tchadjobo Tchacondo and Komlan Batawila and Jacques Simpore and Messanvi Gbeassor} } @article {465, title = {In vivo anti-inflammatory and Antiarthritic Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Thymelaea Hirsuta,}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {213-216}, type = {Short Communication }, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Background:\ The aerial parts of\ Thymelaeahirsuta\ (TH) are used as a decoction in the treatment of different pathologies in folk medicine in Morocco.\ Objective:\ The aqueous extracts were evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity and in inhibition of adjuvant induction arthritis in male Wistar rats.\ Materials and Methods:\ The anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, and the antiarthritic activity was carried out using complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis model.\ Results:\ The plant extract (500 mg/kg body weight) exhibited significant activity in acute inflammation produced 60\% of inhibition after 4 h as compared with that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug, the diclofenac (100 mg/kg) which showed 40\% of inhibition. In arthritis model, the extract produced 85\% inhibition after 18 days when compared with the diclofenac (10 mg/kg; 72\%).\ Conclusion:\ These results indicate that the aqueous extract of TH had an anti-inflammatory activity and inhibited the induction of adjuvant arthritis in male Wistar rats.

}, keywords = {Antiarthritis, Antiinflammation, Medicinal plants, Thymelaea hirsuta, Wistar rats}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.150510 }, author = {Zora Azza and Mounia Oudghiri} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Cnidoscolus quercifolius (Euphorbiaceae) in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = { 345-349}, chapter = {345}, abstract = {

Background: Cnidoscolus quercifolius is a species popularly known as "favela" and "faveleira", and belonging to the Caatinga biome (semi-arid vegetation, Brazil), where is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract from barks (Cqb-EtOH) and leaves (Cql-EtOH) of C. quercifolius in mice using experimental models of inflammation. Materials and Methods: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract was performed. The activity was evaluated by paw edema induced by carrageenan and leukocytes migration to the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan methods. Results: A preliminary analysis of Cqb-EtOH revealed that it contained coumarins, flavonoids, monoterpenes/diterpenes and naphthoquinones, while the Cql-EtOH showed positive reaction to coumarins, anthracene derivatives, flavonoids, lignans and triterpenes/steroids. Cqb-EtOH and Cql-EtOH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited significantly (P \< 0.01) the increase in the edema volume after administration of carrageenan. In the peritonitis test, acute pretreatment with Cqb-EtOH and Cql-EtOH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited the leukocyte migration. Conclusions: It can be concluded that extracts from the barks and leaves of C. quercifolius have anti-inflammatory activity, which supports the popular use of this plant to treat inflammation. Thus, extracts has significant anti-inflammatory properties, which are related probably to inhibition of release of mediators of the inflammatory process.

}, keywords = {Cnidoscolus quercifolius, Euphorbiaceae, Inflammation, Medicinal plants}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.138290}, author = {Leandra Macedo de Araujo Gomes and Leandra Macedo de Araujo Gomes and Juliane Cabral Silva and Julianeli Tolentino de Lima and Lucindo Jose Quintans-Junior and Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida} } @article {630, title = {The Heavy Metal Contents of Some Selected Medicinal Plants Sampled from Different Geographical Locations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = { 103-108}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background:\ The levels of 5 minerals namely; lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and aluminum were assessed in 10 medicinal plants sampled from 5 different geographical locations to determine the effect of location on the plants{\textquoteright} mineral content.\ Materials and Methods:\ Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (wet digestion) was used for the analyzes, and content of the minerals per sample was expressed as μg/g. The levels of minerals were compared to their limit specification for herbs and daily total intake of these minerals. A two-way analysis of variance, which tends to look at the effect of the location and the medicinal plant itself on the plants mineral content, was used in the statistical analysis.\ Results:\ Lead (Pb) was present in all plant species examined, except\ Ocimum gratissimum. One plant exceeded the maximum safety limit for lead. Cadmium was also detected in some of the medicinal plant species (44\%) whilst majority were below the detection limit (0.002) representing 56\%. 40\% of the plant species exceeded the limit for cadmium. Mercury and arsenic in all the plant species were below the detection limit (0.001). Significant variation existed in mineral content for the various locations (\ P\ <= 0.05).\ Conclusion:\ The findings generally suggest the variation in mineral levels for the various locations. Thus, our study has shown that same species of medicinal plants, growing in different environments, accumulates different levels of heavy metals.

}, keywords = {Geographical Locations, Heavy metals, Medicinal plants, Minerals}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.110539 }, author = {Kofi Annan and Rita A Dickson and Isaac K Amponsah and Isaac K Nooni} } @article {582, title = {An Examination of the Medicinal Potential of Scaevola spinescens: Toxicity, Antibacterial, and Antiviral Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {June,2011}, pages = {85-94}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Background: Scaevola spinescens is an endemic Australian native plant with a history of use as a medicinal agent by indigenous Australians. Yet the medicinal bioactivities of this plant are poorly studied. Materials and Methods: S. spinescens solvent extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity and toxicity in vitro. Results: All extracts displayed antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay. The methanol extract proved to have the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth of 7 of the 14 bacteria tested (50\%). The water, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane extracts inhibited the growth of 6 (42.9\%), 5 (35.7\%), 5 (35.7\%), and 4 (28.6\%) of the 14 bacteria tested, respectively. S. spinescens methanolic extracts were equally effective against Gram-positive (50\%) and Gram-negative bacteria (50\%). All other extracts were more effective at inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. All extracts also displayed antiviral activity in the MS2 plaque reduction assay with the methanol, water, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane extracts inhibiting 95.2 {\textpm} 1.8\%, 72.3 {\textpm} 6.3\%, 82.6 {\textpm} 4.5\%, 100 {\textpm} 0\% and 47.7 {\textpm} 12.9\% of plaque formation, respectively. All S. spinescens extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay with no significant increase in mortality induced by any extract at 24 and 48 hr. The only increase in mortality was seen for the water extract at 72 hr, although even this extract displayed low toxicity, inducing only 41.7 {\textpm} 23.3\% mortality. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the S. spinescens extracts and their inhibitory bioactivity against bacteria and viruses validate the Australian Aboriginal usage of S. spinescens and indicates its medicinal potential.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Australian medicinal plants, Maroon bush, Medicinal plants, MS2 bacteriophage, Scaevola spinescens}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.81955}, author = {Ian E. Cock and Liisa Kukkonen} } @article {733, title = {Bioactivity of Syzygium Jambos Methanolic Extracts: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {March 2010}, pages = {4-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Methanol extracts from S. jambos leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity and toxicity. S. jambos leaf extract inhibited the growth of 4 of the 14 bacteria tested (29\%). Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial growths were inhibited by S. jambos leaf extract, although gram-positive bacteria appeared more susceptible. Two of the 10 gram-negative bacteria (20\%) and 2 of the 4 gram-positive bacteria (50\%) tested had their growths inhibited by the extract. The leaf extract also proved to be toxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with a 48-h LC 50 of 387.9 {\textpm} 38.8 {\textmu}g/mL, making it slightly more toxic than Mevinphos (505.3{\textpm} 37.7 {\textmu}g/mL) and approximately 5-fold less toxic than potassium dichromate (80.4 {\textpm} 4.3 {\textmu}g/mL). Whilst potassium dichromate{\textquoteright}s LC 50 remained constant across the 72-hour test period (24-h LC 50 , 86.3 {\textpm} 5.1; 72-h LC 50 , 77.9 {\textpm} 4.9), the extract and Mevinphos LC 50 values decreased by 72 hours (87.0 {\textpm} 11.3 {\textmu}g/mL and 103.9 {\textpm} 12.8 {\textmu}g/mL, respectively), indicating their similar levels of toxicity in the assay.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Medicinal plants, Methanolic extracts, Phytotoxicity, Rose apple, Syzygium jambos}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.60577}, author = {S Mohanty and IE Cock} } @article {907, title = {A Comparison of Traditional Anti-inflammation and Anti-infection Medicinal Plants with Current Evidence from Biomedical Research: Results from a Regional Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {November 2010}, pages = {293-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background: In relation to pharmacognosy, an objective of many ethnobotanical studies is to identify plant species to be further investigated, for example, tested in disease models related to the ethnomedicinal application. To further warrant such testing, research evidence for medicinal applications of these plants (or of their major phytochemical constituents and metabolic derivatives) is typically analyzed in biomedical databases. Methods: As a model of this process, the current report presents novel information regarding traditional anti-inflammation and anti-infection medicinal plant use. This information was obtained from an interview-based ethnobotanical study; and was compared with current biomedical evidence using the Medline{\textregistered} database. Results: Of the 8 anti-infection plant species identified in the ethnobotanical study, 7 have related activities reported in the database; and of the 6 anti-inflammation plants, 4 have related activities in the database. Conclusion: Based on novel and complimentary results from the ethnobotanical and biomedical database analyses, it is suggested that some of these plants warrant additional investigation of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-infection activities in related disease models, and also additional studies in other population groups.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Infection, Inflammation, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.72326}, author = {A Vieira} } @article {943, title = {Possible Implication of Oxidative Stress in anti Filarial Effect of Certain Traditionally used Medicinal Plants in vitro against Brugia malayi Microfilariae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {350-354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tropical disease research scheme of World Health Organization has duly recognized traditional medicine as alternative for antifilarial drug development. Polyphenolic compounds present in traditionally used herbal medicines are natural antioxidants; however, paradoxically they may exert pro-oxidant effect. Popular drug diethyl carbamazine citrate harnesses the innate inflammatory response and the consequent oxidative assault to combat invading microbes. Methods: With this perspective, extracts of Vitex negundo L. (roots), Butea monosperma L. (leaves), Aegle marmelos Corr. (leaves), and Ricinus communis L. (leaves) were selected to explore the possible role of oxidative rationale in the antifilarial effect in vitro. Results: Apart from the last, other three plant extracts were reported to have polyphenolic compounds. Dose-dependent increase was found in the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation for all the three plant extracts except Ricinus communis L. (leaves). Such increase in oxidative parameters also showed some degree of plant-specific predilection in terms of relatively higher level of particular oxidative parameter. High degree of correlation was observed between the antifilarial effect and the levels of corresponding oxidative stress parameters for these three plants. However, extracts of Ricinus communis L. (leaves) which is relatively deficient in polyphenolic ingredients recorded maximum 30\% loss of motility and also did not show any significant difference in various stress parameters from corresponding control levels. Conclusion: These results reveal that targeted oxidative stress might be crucial in the pharmacodynamics.

}, keywords = {Antifilarial effect, B. malayi, Medicinal plants, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75453}, author = {RD Sharma and AR Veerpathran and G Dakshinamoorthy and KN Sahare and K Goswami and M.V.R. Reddy} } @article {736, title = {Solanum Trilobatum in the Management of Atopy: Through Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation and Moderation of Release of Interleukins}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {March 2010}, pages = {10-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Solanum trilobatum is a widely used plant in the Indian indigenous systems of medicine. It is mainly used in the treatment of respiratory diseases like bronchial asthma. In our present study, we report that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of S. trilobatum exhibited inhibition of mast cell degranulation. Further, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of S. trilobatum significantly decreased the release of IL1α and increased the release of IL8 from the cultured keratinocytes. Oral administration of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of S. trilobatum stabilized mast cells in experimental rats.

}, keywords = {Histamine, Immunomodulation, Interleukin, Mast cell, Medicinal plants, Solanum trilobatum}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.60581}, author = {MS Ranjith and A J A Ranjitsingh and S Gokul Shankar and GS Vijayalaksmi and K Deepa and K Babu and Harcharan Singh Sidhu} } @article {890, title = {X-rays Radiation Directly Produced Favorable and Harmful Effects on the Constituents of Different Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {331-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {331}, abstract = {

The effect of ionizing radiation on the constituents of solid materials of medicinal plants was studied in few reports. The present study was performed to investigate the direct effect of 1.9Gy/min X-rays radiation on the dry leaves of Camellia sinensis (green tea), Salvia officinalis (sage), barks of Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) and tuberous of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (ginger). Three extracts (1\%) were prepared for each medicinal plant; aqueous, ethanol and methanol. The UV-Visible spectra, and biochemical constituents of each non irradiated and irradiated extract were determined. The results showed that X-rays radiation induced remarkable changes in UV-Visible spectra of irradiated compared with non irradiated medicinal plants. This effect was well observed with irradiated green tea leaves. Irradiated medicinal plants lost considerable percents of allantoin and higher percents of flavonoids as well as total polyphenols were lost from irradiated ginger and cinnamon. Irradiated medicinal plants were superior than non irradiated in releasing nitric oxide. It concludes that irradiated medicinal plants carried favorable and harmful effects on their constituents and their favorable effects can be clinically as well as experimentally applied.

}, keywords = {Medicinal plants, X-ray radiation}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Al-Nimer Marwan S.M and Abdul Lateef Zainab Wahbee} }