@article {1200, title = {Analysis of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Properties of an Ethnobotanical Herb Cotula anthemoides L. Occurring in Purulia District of West Bengal, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {51-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Since antiquity, traditional healers use herbs for the treatment of various ailments. Cotula anthemoides L., an ethnobotanical herb, widely used by traditional healers of Purulia district, West Bengal, India for the treatment of skin ailments. Plants contain broad range of bioactive constituents which is mainly responsible for its versatile properties. Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to analyze the phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the Aerial Part (AP) and underground Root Part (RT) of C. anthemoides. Materials and Methods: Total Phenol (TPC) and Flavonoid Contents (TFC) were estimated against Gallic acid and Quercetin. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antibacterial properties were examined by well-diffusion method. Secondary metabolites and fatty acids were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. Results: Both aerial and root part exhibited effective zone of inhibition against gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus and gram {\textendash}ve Escherichia coli bacteria. There is a positive correlation between total phenol and flavonoid content with free radical scavenging properties. Aerial part contains comparatively higher concentration of phenolic compounds which is verified by assessment of DPPH antioxidant properties. HPLC and LC-MS study revealed the presence of phenolic acids, phenol alcohols and flavonoids. The FA analysis identified the presence of saturated FAs in the range of C12 to C26 and unsaturated FAs of C16, C18, C20 and C22. Conclusion: Definite range of phenolic compounds beside with other bio active constituents in the herb keep up the ethnobotanical status done by local healers.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, Cotula anthemoides, Fatty acids., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.7}, author = {Ghanashyam Mahato and Rajani Kanta Mahato and Bangamoti Hansda} } @article {1118, title = {FTIR Based Metabolomics Profiling and Fingerprinting of Some Medicinal Plants: An Attempt to Develop an Approach for Quality Control and Standardization of Herbal Materials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {163-167}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

Background: The medicinal plants are used for their various therapeutic effects in treatment and prevention of various diseases. Recently herbal medicines are playing an important role in health care across the world. With increased global acceptance of the herbal drugs proper quality control of the herbal medicines have become important to ensure the safety and efficacy of the herbal products. Herbal-based FT-IR metabolomics is a suitable method for quick and reliable quality control and metabolite profiling to ensure quality and reproducibility of herbal medicine. The FT-IR analysis is relatively easy to use, reproducible, non-destructive, and can be used for quick analysis and verification of the herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In the present work FTIR fingerprint was obtained for extracts and powders of some of the selected medicinal plants. The samples were characterized by using FTIR metabolomics profiling on basis of the diagonostic peaks. Results: Various functional groups, such as phenolics (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), aldehyde (CH=O), ether (C-O-C), aromatic (C=C), and alkyl groups -CH, were identified. Various metabolites e.g. liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, glabridin, shogoal, piperine were successfully identified on basis of the diagonostic FTIR peaks. Conclusion: FTIR was found to be a simple, rapid and convenient analytical method and fingerprinting technique for quality control of herbal materials.

}, keywords = {Fingerprinting, FTIR, Medicinal plants, Metabolomics, Quality control, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/097484900288}, author = {Manas Ranjan Sahoo and Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankara} } @article {1179, title = {GC-MS, FT-IR, and ICP-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in the Methanolic Leaves Extract of Thalictrum foliolosum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {705-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: There are many therapeutic effects of medicinal plants that are used in treating and preventing a variety of diseases. Recently medicinal plants contain many bioactive compounds which are playing an important role in the health sector. The use of herbal medicine is based on the fact that herbal medicines are safe without any ill effects on human health and are easily accessible at minimum cost. However, there is an urgent need to assure the quality and efficacy of the product. Objectives: The main objective of current study directed to characterize possible the phytochemical compounds and mineral elements present in the methanolic leaves extract of the Thalictrum foliolosum plant by using GC-MS, FTIR, and ICP-MS analysis to ensure quality of this medicinally important herb and for a better understanding of its pharmacological claim. Materials and Methods: Thalictrum foliolosum was collected in July and August from the Hatu peak at an elevation of 3400 m in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The fine powder of the plant leaf was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 8 hr. The chemical analysis of bioactive compounds of Thalictrum foliolosum has been evaluated using GC-MS, FTIR and ICP-MS. Results: GC-MS analysis disclosed the presence of 48 compounds which shows various medicinal activities. The major phytoconstituents were Octacosanol (22.37\%), Diethyl Phthalate (22.32\%), Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethyl ester (6.14\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.11\%) and many more which exhibited antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The compounds found in the extract were compared with mass spectra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The crude extract was analyzed in a spectrometer Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 and characteristic peaks were recorded indicating various functional groups such as phenol, alkanes, alcohol, amides, and amines are present. The ICP-MS technique was simultaneously used to trace the mineral element and the result revealed the presence of important micronutrients including manganese (1,770.517 ppb), ferrous (22,604.753ppb), zinc (4,322.423 ppb), chromium (491.231), copper (7,048.321ppb) and potassium (450,067.837ppb). These mineral element acts as cofactors for more than 3000 enzymes that regulate various metabolic pathways in the living system. Hence our study provides a huge platform to screen out these bioactive compounds and mineral elements which are used to treat various lethal and lifestyle diseases. Conclusion: The current study reveals that the methanolic leaves extract of Thalictrum foliolosum contains various phytoconstituents which were responsible for various biological activities. The relative concentration of bioactive compounds and mineral elements is reasonable and can be considered for medical purposes.

}, keywords = {FTRI, GC-MS, ICP-MS, Medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.075}, author = {Sushila Rani and Richa Puri and Pooja Boora and Abul Qasim and Dechan Angmo and Monika Mehta} } @article {1123, title = {Role of Polyphenols and Flavonoids as Anti-Cancer Drug Candidates: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {206-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Natural drug-based chemotherapeutic have advanced at an unprecedented rate over the past decade. Owing to protective roles in vegetation, and exceptional antioxidant qualities, polyphenols and flavonoids have demonstrated promising clinical implications in malignancies amongst other plant metabolites. It is widely debated how dietary flavonoids and polyphenols can prevent cancer. Flavonoids are believed to execute a significant role in cancer prevention and treatment, as corroborated from experimental studies, epidemiological research, and human clinical trials. Carcinogen deactivation, antimutagenic, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation, suppression of vasculature, oxidative stress, and reversion of multidrug resistance are among the many mechanisms of action that have been discovered. The present review outlines the classification of various polyphenols and flavonoids and their potential as anticancer therapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Cancer, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Reactive oxygen species., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.022}, author = {Medha Mohan Hegde and K Lakshman} } @article {1124, title = {Unexploited Potentials of Endophytic Fungi: Patents Review on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Bioactive Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {217-225}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Endophytic fungi are various micro-organisms that inhabit intracellular or intercellular plant tissues in symbiotic association [at certain stages of their life cycles], without causing damage or morphological changes. The endophytes from medicinal plants are important resources for discovery of natural products and secondary bioactive metabolites having the potential biotechnological applications in agriculture, medicine, and allied sectors. The endophytic fungi such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Phomopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Pseudomassari, Quercina, Trichoderma genera have been reported from different medicinal plants with potential therapeutic activity. On the other hand, the endophytic fungi can also confer profound impacts on their host plants like improvement in growth, activation of systemic tolerances towards abiotic/biotic stresses, enhancement of nutrient solublization, biosynthesis of phytohormones and stimulating accumulation of secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi have attracted much research interest because they have provided not only novel sources of Cytotoxic compounds, Antimicrobial agents, Bio-stimulants for essential oil biosynthesis, Anticancer agents, antioxidant agents, anti-diabetic agents, immunosuppressant and insecticidal compounds. The present review reveals the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as a source of bioactive compounds as well as landscape of patents related to the production of secondary metabolites through endophytic fungi and their application in pharmaceutical sectors.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Endophytic fungi, Patents, Phytohormones., Secondary metabolites, Symbiotic association}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.023}, author = {Priyatama V. Powar and Shilpa Chaudhari} } @article {83, title = {Embryotoxicity of Yangambin Isolated from Ocotea duckei Vattimo-Gil in Gallus gallus domesticus Embryos}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {135-139}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Yangambin, a lignan predominant in the leaves of Ocotea duckei Vattimo-Gil, has several biological activities, such as anti-convulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and leishmanicidal. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the embryotoxicity of yangambin on the neurodevelopment of Gallus gallus domesticus embryos. Materials and Methods: 120 fertilized eggs were divided in three groups: G1 (PBS with 0.1 \% Tween 80), G2 (50 μg/ml yangambin) and G3 (65 μg/ml yangambin) and each egg was inoculated with 100 μL of the respective solutions. The fertilized eggs were incubated at a temperature of 37.5{\textdegree}C, with a relative humidity of 65\% to 75\%, for 48 hr and then their embryos were histologically processed. Results: In staging, carried out according to Hamburger and Hamilton (1951), variations of stages were identified. In all groups, the morphological analysis revealed the closure of the anterior neuropore and absence of malformations in the optic vesicles and in the secondary encephalic vesicles. In the caudal region, a standard development of the neural tube was observed, with well-segmented somites and regression of the primitive line. The cross sections showed that the internal structure of the somite{\textquoteright}s, composed of dermatome, myotome and sclerotome, was preserved. The statistical analysis did not show significant differences between the groups regarding the morphometry of the cephalic and caudal regions of the neural tube. Conclusion: Yangambin did not show embryotoxic effects on the neurodevelopment of Gallus gallus domesticus embryos, under the tested conditions.

}, keywords = {Chicken embryo, Lauraceae, Lignan, Neurodevelopment, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.5}, author = {Thiago Felix da Silva and Maria Isabel de Assis Lima Castro and Marta Gerusa Soares de Lucena and Camilla Vila Nova Soares Silva and Laisla Rangel Peixoto and Eliane Alves Bandeira de Carvalho and Silvania Tavares Paz and Beathryz Lethycya Almeida Guimar{\~a}es and Jos{\'e} Maria Barbosa Filho and Eliete Cavalcanti da Silva} } @article {252, title = {Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from the Locally Isolated Terrestrial Fungus, Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April,2019}, pages = {162-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide; its species are of major importance in the natural environment as decomposer of organic materials as well as food and drug production. Objective: Chromatographic isolation and identification of its bioactive secondary metabolites and their evaluation as antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: Disc agar plate method has been recognized to assess the antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was determined using phosphomolybdenum method. The fungus strain SAM16-EGY was isolated from soil and was molecularly identified as Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY using 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid technique (acc. no., KP125952). Results: Seven compounds namely 3-O-docosyl-4-benzoyloxy methyl-3-oxobicyclo (4.1.0) heptane-1,5,6,7 tetrol (3-O-docosyl-3-debenzol rotepoxide) (1), (4bE, 6Z, 8E, 9aS, 10S)-1,4-dihydroxy-9a, 10-dihydro-10,12-epoxy-5-methylbenzo[a] azulen-12-one (2), 7α,9β,15β-triacetoxy-3-β-hydroxy jatropha-5E, 11E-diene (3), sesquiterpene I diol dihexoside malonate ester (4), piperogalone (5), (5R, 8Z, 11Z)-5 β-(6{\textquoteright}-O-malonyl-β-glucopyranozyloxy-6-hyd roxy tetradeca-8, 11-dienoic acid (6), and n-trcosanyl-n-octaced-9-enoate (7) were isolated and identified from this fungus. Their structures were determined on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans only, whereas compound 3 exerted higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (9 mm), P. aeruginosa (9 mm), C. albicans (11 mm), and Aspergillus niger (13 mm) as compared to the other compounds. In the phosphomolybdenum assay, compound 5 showed high total antioxidant capacity value of 608.59 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g compound, followed by compound 2 (443.66 mg) and compound 1 (332.16 mg). Conclusion: The isolated compounds showed promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {18S Ribosomal ribonucleic acid, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY, Secondary metabolites, Vacuum liquid chromatography.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_102_18}, author = {Mosad A. Ghareeb and Manal M. Hamed and Amal M. Saad and Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz and Ahmed A. Hamed and Laila A. Refahy} }