@article {1269, title = {HPTLC, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) Seeds with Special Reference to its Ethnopharmacological Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {581-587}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

Background: Kodo millet, botanically (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) is one among the minor millets cultivated mostly in Asian and African continents. Dr. M.S Swaminathan, father of Indian green revolution called all millets as orphan{\textquoteright}s food. Moreover, most of these millets including Kodo millets have been in use since antiquity by the indigenous communities across the globe for medicinal purpose also. Ayurvedic science also indicates Kodo millet in the management of conditions like diarrhoeal disorders, wound, poison, bleeding disorders, Obesity, Ascitis. In the scenario of escalating significance of millets in light of the United Nations General Assembly{\textquoteright}s declaration of 2023 as "The International Year of Millets," a scientific analysis of Kodo millet is urgently needed in order to standardize and ensure its quality. Objectives: For the purpose of standardizing Kodo Millet seeds, HPTLC, physico-chemical and phytochemical analyses were carried out. Review of literature of its ethnopharmacological uses was also done, because its documentation is essential for creating awareness among the public and scientific community. Materials and Methods: HPTLC and physico-chemical analysis of Kodo millet seed were conducted. Alcoholic extraction (reflux) of seed powder was done for phytochemical analysis. The best fingerprint for HPTLC analysis was obtained using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid as the mobile phase (5:7:3:0.1). Review of literature of its ethnopharmacology was conducted by searching indexed journals and books. Results and Conclusion: Physicochemical analysis revealed identity and purity of Kodo millet grains. Proteins, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids were found to be the phytochemicals present in it. The peaks in the HPTLC fingerprint profile correlate to its different phytoconstituents and can be utilized to standardize the drug. Ethnopharmacological review revealed its use in many conditions like Diabetes mellitus, wound healing, bowel cleansing and inflammation. Moreover, it is even used in treating veterinary diseases like Ranikhet disease in poultry and Tympanic disease of cattle.

}, keywords = {Ethnopharmacology, HPTLC, Kodo Millet, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.69}, author = {Sinimol Thekkekkoottumughath Peethambaran and Sree Deepthi GN and Soumya MC and Sreenidhi Varma and Natarajan M} } @article {1293, title = {Investigating Dioscorea polystachya Starch as a Pharmaceutical Excipient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {784-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {784}, abstract = {

Background: Dioscorea polystachya (DP) starch, a low-cost, abundant, renewable and degradable starch, is being explored as a potential pharmaceutical excipient for drug formulation. Objectives: This study aimed to explore and isolate starch from Dioscorea polystachya and evaluate the excipients{\textquoteright} properties.Materials and Methods: To study the phytochemical, physicochemical, morphological, rheological and emulsifying properties.Results: The isolated matter yields 40.5\% starch from its dry weight of tubers and contains carbohydrates, moisture, lipids, nitrogen and various minerals. DP starch has 22.58{\textpm}0.22\% amylose and exhibits a non-Newtonian flow behaviour. The emulsifying capacity improved with the increasing starch concentration and provided significant emulsion stability through different oil ratios to polysaccharide solution. It showed an excellent foaming ability; however, foam stability gradually reduced over time .Conclusion: These findings indicate that Dioscorea polystachya starch provides significant excipient properties so that it could be used as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry.

}, keywords = {Dioscorea polystachya, Excipient, Pharmaceutical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Starch}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.90}, author = {Vijayan Venugopal and Jaiganesh Krishnan and Lim Hui Feng and Ang Li Ni and Venkates Kumar and Gunasunderi Raju} } @article {1303, title = {Modification and Physicochemical Evaluation of Naque Nazla a Unani Infusion Preparation for Cold and Flu into Soluble Granules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {837-853}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {837}, abstract = {

Background: Infusions and decoctions for Nazla/Zukam (Cold and Flu) are time tested in Unani System of Medicine. Naque Nazla (NN) Infusion containing Viola odorata Linn. flower, Zizyphus jujuba Linn. fruit, Cordia dichotama Forst. fruit, Althea officinalis Linn. Seed, Malva sylvestris Linn. Seed, Borago offlclnalis Linn. leaves, Glycyrhhiza glabra Linn. root is used as an effective remedy for common cold and related symptoms. This formulation need modification for better drug compliance and portability. Attempt was made to make soluble granule in unit sachet, from NN which may retain the advantages of infusions and also address the problems of quality control, preparation, and administration of infusions/decoctions. Materials and Methods: Granules batch was selected on the basis of ease of preparation, Solubility and total solid content by Water-bath method of drying of NN (NNG 1), Granules were also prepared by different initial drying process of NN viz. NNG 2 (Freeze drying) and NNG 3 (Rota evaporator). Batch-NNG 1 was also evaluated for short term preliminary stability study. Physicochemical evaluation of all the batches was carried out with Glycyrrhizin estimation by HPLC and fingerprinting by HPTLC. Results: NN dried with 10\% maltodextrin was selected due to ease of powdering as a Non-Native Extract (NNE). Three different procedures of drying in NNG1, NNG 2 and NNG 3 batches do not reveal much difference when evaluated, except dry yield of NNE in NNG 2 was more in comparison to NNG 1 and NNG 3 batches. Granules batch with NNE powder (with 10\% maltodextrin) 63\%, fine powder of NN ingredient (filler) 10\%, liquorice powder (sweetening agent) 5\%, Starch soluble 20\%, SSG 2\%, Satte Pudina 0.25\%, and Aerosil-200 5\% of all the ingredient was selected. Physicochemical parameters of NN and formulated Granules such as organoleptic properties, pH value, total LOD at 105{\textdegree}C, Ash \& extractive values, test for mucilage, microbial contamination, HPLC (Glycyrrhizin estimation), HPTLC data etc., was set in. Short term (3 month) stability study of NNG1 predicted 1 year stability at room temperature in sachet packed condition. Conclusion: NNG1 method can be a more feasible and economical method. It displayed higher Glycyrrhizin content. Successful formulation of soluble granules was achieved.

}, keywords = {Cold flu, Evaluation, Granules, Naque-Nazla, Physicochemical, Unani medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.96}, author = {Mohammad Zaigham and Hamiduddin and Mohd Akhtar Ali and Mohammed Abdul Waheed} } @article {1240, title = {Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, and Phytochemical Evaluation of Ipomoea reniformis Choisy: An Ethnomedicinal Plant Native from Maharashtra, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {324-330}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {324}, abstract = {

Background: The genus Ipomoea consists of many climbing herbs and weeds belonging to the family Convolvulceae which are distributed all over India and are extensively important in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha medicine. Objectives: Looking into its above important activity the present research studies were carried out to investigate the Ipomoea reniformis Choisy ethnomedicinal plant for its quality, purity, and identification with the help of Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, and Phytochemicals evaluation. Materials and Methods: The selected and authenticated medicinally important plant I. reniformis is belonging to the family Convolvulceae with the help of Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical characterization of powder and Phytochemicals evaluation of various extracts for its quality, purity, and identification. Results: Macroscopic studies of the plant part{\textquoteright}s color, odor, size, taste, and arrangement of leaves, Petiole, and stem of I. reniformis were observed. Microscopy of leaves, petiole, and stem of the I. reniformis plant confirmed the presence of several significant sections. Physiochemical parameters such as \% moisture content, \% total solid content, total Ash values, water and alcohol soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, and Sulfated ash values (\% w/w) are 1.15{\textpm}0.02, 98.85{\textpm}0.04, 4.91{\textpm}0.14, 3.28{\textpm}0.27, 4.02{\textpm}0.22, 0.93{\textpm}0.37, 1.31{\textpm}0.35 respectively. Ethanol and methanol produced high extractive yields of 11.06\% and 9.86\% respectively. Phytochemical evaluation of the various herbal extracts found many significant phytochemical constituents in ethanol and methanol extracts. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic, physiochemical, and phytochemical studies were carried out for the identification and authentication of I. reniformis Choisy, and these studies will help in the differentiation of the medicinal plants from its various species.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence analysis, I. reniformis, Percent yield, Pharmacognostic studies, Physicochemical, Phytochemicals evaluation.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.41}, author = {Pathan Hujeb Afsar Khan and Aquil Ur Rahim Siddiqui} } @article {1207, title = {HPTLC, Physico-chemical, Phytochemical, Macroscopic, Microscopic Analysis of Seeds of a Nutri Cereal-Finger Millet/Ragi [(Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {118-122}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Finger Millet/Ragi [(Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.], an important nutri cereal/ millet is being cultivated in various regions across the globe. The largest cultivating continents are Asia and Africa. In this scenario of mounting importance to millets/nutri cereals as the U.N General Assembly announced {\textquoteleft}The International Year of Millets 2023{\textquoteright}, there was an urgent need for analysing this drug scientifically, for the purpose of standardisation and quality control. Objectives: HPTLC, physico-chemical, phytochemical, macroscopic, microscopic analysis of seeds of Finger Millet were conducted for standardization. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopic analysis (Anatomical and Powder Microscopy), and physico-chemical analysis of powder of seeds/grains of Finger millet were done. For, phytochemical analysis, alcoholic extraction (reflux) was performed in the powder of the drug. For HPTLC analysis, the best fingerprint was obtained in with Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5: 3: 0.1) as mobile phase. Results: In anatomical study, unique 5-layered testa, starchy endosperm, and single aleurone layer were identified. Physicochemical analysis revealed identity and purity of Ragi. Terpenoids, quinines, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins and glycosides were identified as the constituent phytochemicals. The fingerprint profile of HPTLC exhibited many peaks which correspond to the various phytoconstituents present in Ragi. Conclusion: The results of the study will be beneficial in identifying Finger millet as the whole drug or in powder form, and thus standardising the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Finger Millet, HPTLC, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.14}, author = {Sinimol Thekkekkoottumughath Peethambaran and Soumya Mohanan Chandrika and Sree Deepthi Girija Nalinakshan and Meghna Pooleriveettil Padikkal and Reena Viswam Lilly and Neethu Kannan Bhagyanathan and Ghanthikumar Subramanian} } @article {460, title = {Comparative Physicochemical Evaluation of Kharekhasak (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) Before and After Mudabbar Proc}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {384-389}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Mudabbar/Tadbeere advia is referred to the processes performed on the drugs to detoxify, purify, and enhance therapeutic action and to reduce its doses before making the formulations in Unani medicine. It improves quality of drugs either by optimizing its desirable characteristics or minimizing the undesirable ones; it makes drug effective, safe, and specific. There is a need of comparative evaluation to understand its significance. Tadbeer of Kharekhasak (KK) khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn. fruit) is described by Rabban Al-Tabari in Firdausul Hikmat, Akbar Arzani in Qarabadeene Qadri, etc., during the compounding of aphrodisiac formulations. Mudabbar Kharekhasak (MKK) used in Safoofe Kharekhasak mentioned in Al-Qarabadeene was evaluated in this work. Methods: Mudabbar/Tadbeer process was carried out by blending fresh KK. Juice with powdered dry KK and drying it under the sun. Juice used for process is thrice the weight of dry KK powder. The KK before and after the process was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol and water soluble matter, ash value, loss on drying (LOD) at 105{\textdegree}C, pH, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting, and diosgenin content. Results: Powder characterizations were set in. Increase in successive and nonsuccessive extractive values in various solvents, water/ alcohol-soluble content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, and sulfated ash of MKK was noted in comparison with KK. Decrease in LOD at 105{\textdegree}C and pH of MKK powder was observed. HPTLC fingerprinting data were developed for the identification and evaluation. Quantification of diosgenin content increased to 432.1 g/g in MKK as compared to 144.5 g/g in KK, suggesting significant increase in saponin content. Conclusion: Data obtained clearly indicated changes in MKK validating the classical Mudabbar process, probably to enhance/modify the action of drug. Standards for crude and MKK were established for future reference.

}, keywords = {Kharekhasak, Mudabbar evaluation, Physicochemical, Tribulus terrestris Linn., Unani}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_16_17}, author = {Abdullah Tauheed and Hamiduddin and Salma Khanam and Mohd Akhtar Ali and Mohammad Zaigham} } @article {492, title = {Standardization of Unani Antidiabetic Tablet - Qurse Tabasheer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {147-152}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {147}, abstract = {

Background: Quality control of Unani polyherbal formulations is the need of the day for better acceptance of Unani medicine. Qurse Tabasheer (QT) is a Unani polyherbal formulation containing six ingredients, Tabasheer (Siliceous concretions) (Bambosa arundinaceae Retz.), Gule Surkh (Rosa damascena Mill. flower), Gulnar (Punica granatum Linn. flower), Tukhme kahu (Lactuca sativa Linn. seed), Tukhme khurfa (Portulaca oleraceae Linn. seed), and Gile Armani (bole) widely used in treatment of diabetes. The present study was taken up to scientifically evaluate the various physicochemical parameters to standardize the formulation. Objective: To evaluate various physicochemical parameters including ash values, moisture content, extractive values, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance TLC (HPTLC), friability, disintegration, uniformity, and weight variation for standardization of QT. Materials and Methods: Ingredients were identified by the experts. The method mentioned in national formulary of Unani Medicine with modification was followed for preparation of the tablets. Physicochemical standards were established for ideal batch of tablets on the basis of set parameters regarding friability, hardness, and disintegration. Various parameters such as organoleptic characters, extractive values for the extract and HPTLC fingerprinting postcompression were carried out for evaluation of QT. Results: Parameters for loss of weight on drying, pH, ash values, extractive values documented. Qualitative chemical tests indicated the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, tannins, and steroids. TLC and HPTLC fingerprinting studies showing the presence of major peaks were documented. Friability, hardness, and disintegration time of ideal batch was 0.09 {\textpm} 0.0057, 4.03 {\textpm} 0.087, and 25.57 {\textpm} 0.4860 min, respectively, and it was found to be within the set limit. Weight variation was \<5\%. Total fungal and bacterial counts were found to be within the limit. Conclusion: Standards were established for poly herbal formulation QT, which may be used as reference for preparation and standardization of QT.

}, keywords = {Physicochemical, Qurse Tabasheer, Standardization, Tablet, Unani}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.175611}, author = {Waris Ali and Hamiduddin Shaikh and Abdullah Ansari and Salma Khanam1} }