@article {1135, title = {Antidiabetic Potential and Chronic Toxicity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Echeveria subrigida Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {315-327}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Background: Echeveria subrigida extracts have biological activities of human health importance. However, the in vivo effects on glucose levels and chronic toxicity are unknown. Objectives: To analyse the in vivo hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w.) and chronic toxicity (1000 mg/kg b.w. for 270 days) of the hydroalcoholic extract of E. subrigida (HE{\textendash}Es) in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: The HE{\textendash}Es was analysed by HPLC. Glucose levels were measured to establish the effects on glycemia. Different parameters were registered in the toxicity assay: e.g., feed consumption, appearance/behaviour, biochemical and haematological parameters and liver and kidney histologies. Results: Quercetin{\textendash}3-O-β-glucoside and isorhamnetin{\textendash}3-O-β-glucoside were the main flavonoids in the HE{\textendash}Es. Glycemia was reduced by the HE{\textendash}Es (200 mg/kg b.w., 49.1\%) and glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.w., 52\%) treatments. Comparing the antihyperglycemic activities, similar reductions were found between HE{\textendash}Es (100 mg/kg b.w., 29.32\%; 200 mg/kg, 28.99\%) and acarbose (10 mg/kg b.w., 19.87\%) treatments. On the other hand, the HE{\textendash}Es was innocuous in mice (LD50 \> 1000 mg/kg b.w.), and the results suggested that HE{\textendash}Es had adaptogenic, and immunostimulant activities. The hepatic and renal histologies were normal; however, male mice showed level zero steatosis that disappeared in the HE{\textendash}Es satellite after treatment withdrawal. Conclusion: This study reports for the first time the in vivo effects on blood glucose levels of HE{\textendash}Es and chronic toxicity of a Crassulaceae plant, supporting the antidiabetic potential and safety of HE{\textendash}Es. Future studies must corroborate the effects of HE{\textendash}Es in humans, allowing its use in high-value formulations.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemia, Crassulaceae family, Hypoglycemia, Plant natural extract, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.034}, author = {Belinda Heredia-Mercado and Francisco Delgado-Vargas and Lorenzo Ulises Osuna-Mart{\'\i}nez and Elvic Noguera-Corona and Jos{\'e} {\'A}ngel L{\'o}pez-Valenzuela and Rosalio Ramos-Pay{\'a}n and Gabriela L{\'o}pez-Angulo} } @article {437, title = {The Study of Safety and Skin Whitening Efficacy of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seed Extract-Loaded Lipid Particle Gel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {432-436}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Background: Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract (MSE) is potential as skin-whitening agent because it contains trans-resveratrol and its derivatives, to inhibit tyrosinase in melanogenesis process. Using MSE in cosmetic products will be challenging due to resveratrol chemical instability and bioavailability in the skin. Many cosmetic products have been developed using lipid particle technology to improve their limitation. The objective of this research was to examine the skin safety and whitening efficacy of MSE-loaded lipid particle gel in healthy human subjects. Materials and Methods: Single occlusive closed patch test for 24 h was used as the skin irritation analysis. Irritation responses were graded after patch removal and compared to the control for evaluation. The efficacy study was performed using Mexameter to measure skin melanin index on 25 female volunteers. Results: The result showed the test product did not induce skin irritation effect. The skin melanin index was statistically significant decreased (P \< 0.05) after 28 days of application the test product, with the averaged by 3.50\%, and skin melanin index changed by increase 0.75\% in the control group. Conclusion: Application MSE-loaded lipid particle gel can brighten the skin, without cause irritation under normal conditions of use.

}, keywords = {Gel, Gnetum gnemon, Melinjo seed extract, Resveratrol, Safety, Skin whitening}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_17_18}, author = {Imalia Nurrachma Ayuningtyas and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Sutriyo Sutriyo} } @article {807, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus Against Plasmodium Berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {August,2014}, pages = {280-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

Context: Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasitic protozoa from the genus of Plasmodium. The protozoans have developed resistance against many of current drugs. It is urgent to find an alternative source of new antimalarial agent. In the effort to discover new antimalarial agents, this research has been conducted on Plectranthus amboinicus. Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity and antiplasmodial properties of P. amboinicus. Materials and Methods: Acute oral toxicity dose at 5000 mg/kg was conducted to evaluate the safety of this extract. Twenty mice were divided into control and experimental group. All the mice were observed for signs of toxicity, mortality, weight changes and histopathological changes. Antimalarial activity of different extract doses of 50, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg were tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei infections in mice (five mice for each group) during early, established and residual infections. Results: The acute oral toxicity test revealed that no mortality or evidence of adverse effects was seen in the treated mice. The extract significantly reduced the parasitemia by the 50 (P = 0.000), 200 (P = 0.000) and 400 mg/kg doses (P = 0.000) in the in vivo prophylactic assay. The percentage chemo-suppression was calculated as 83.33\% for 50 mg/kg dose, 75.62\% for 200 mg/kg dose and 90.74\% for 400 mg/kg dose. Body weight of all treated groups; T1, T2, T3 and T4 also showed enhancement after 7 days posttreatment. Statistically no reduction of parasitemia calculated for curative and suppressive test. Conclusion: Thus, this extract may give a promising agent to be used as a prophylactic agent of P. berghei infection.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Phytochemicals, Plectranthus amboinicus, Safety, Toxicity}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.138248}, author = {Norazsida Ramli and Pakeer Oothuman Syed Ahamed and Hassan Mohamed Elhady and Muhammad Taher} }