@article {1108, title = {Relative Influence of Ageratum conyzoides L. Plant Extracts on Testosterone Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {75-83}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Purpose: The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoide L. (AC, Family asteraceae) on testosterone induced BPH in male mice. Materials and Methods: Mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=6): negative control group received corn oil, BPH model group receive testosterone (5mg/kg/day, S.C) dissolved in corn oil. Another group received standard BPH drug finasteride (5 mg/Kg/day, I.P) along with testosterone injection (5mg/kg/day, S.C). The other two group of animals received either aqueous or ethanolic AC plant extracts (100, 500. 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, I.P) along with testosterone (5mg/kg/day, S.C) consecutively for 28 days. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the study period and prostate weight and prostatic index were determined, followed by histolopathological examination of the prostate gland. Results: The result of the present study indicated that treatment with either plant extracts caused significant reduction in prostate weight and prostatic index when compared to only testosterone treated animal group. The percentage of inhibition of prostate growth was found to be correlated in a dose dependent manner in plant extract treated groups. Histopathological examination of prostate gland revealed AC plant extracts treatment significantly reduced the glandular hyperplasia, epithelial thickness and stromal hyperplasia in the prostate gland of the treated animals. No significant elevation in serum ALT and creatinine level was recorded in any groups during the study period. Conclusion: This study hence indicate the therapeutic potential in Ageratum conyzoides L. plant extract in testosterone induced BPH model in mice.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Inhibition, Plant extracts, Prostate, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/097484900266}, author = {Tongchen Jomba and Manuj Kumar Bharali} } @article {1090, title = {An HPLC Method to Determine Phenolic Compounds of Plant Extracts: Application to Byrsonima crassifolia and Senna alata Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {395-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Background: The Amazonian Region has a variety of medicinal plants with bioactive compounds, whose characterization could present the potential for sustainable development. Objectives: A method for separating, identifying, and quantifying a mixture of nine phenolic compounds (gallic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and cyanidin) was developed, validated, and applied to analyze aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth and Senna alata (L.) leaves. Materials and Methods: The separation was carried out by HPLC, using a Shim-pack VP-ODS C18 column (5 μm, 150 x 4.6 mm) at 40{\textdegree}C. Detection was performed at 254 nm and separation occurred in 35 min. Results: The optimized method was validated for each of the nine phenolic compounds. The calibration curve for the phenolic compound standards showed suitable linear fitting and exhibited correlation coefficients greater than 0.990. The LOD and LOQ varied between 6.2807 - 14.8851 μg mL-1 and 6.8002 - 16.0071 μg mL-1, respectively. The method was found to be robust for changes of {\textpm}2 ml in mobile phase composition. Byrsonima crassifolia aqueous extracts indicated contents of gallic acid, catechin, rutin, and cyanidin whereas hydroethanolic one did not show the first substance. Senna alata aqueous extract presented only 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin whereas myricetin, cyanidin, quercetin, and kaempferol were also identified in the hydroethanolic one. Conclusion: The HPLC method is efficient, precise, accurate, and sensitive to determining phenolic compounds in plant extracts and it is recommended for efficient assays in routine work.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Chromatographic method, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.58}, author = {Mar{\'\i}lia de A Cavalcante and Janyna dos S Oliveira and Mayra S da S Barreto and Lucas P Pinheiro and Patrick de C Cantu{\'a}ria and Wardsson L Borges and Gabriel A da Silva and Tiago Marcolino de Souza} } @article {988, title = {Antibacterial Assay of the Whole Plant Ethanolic Extract of Amaranthus viridis, Aerva sanguinolenta and Cynodon dactylon against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophillus {\textendash} An in vitro Microbiological Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {257-264}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {257}, abstract = {

Background: Dental caries, a multifactorial, microbial disease of calcified portion of tooth, can be controlled by controlling the microbial factor either by synthetically derived or naturally derived antibacterial components. Aim: Antibacterial assay of three whole plant ethanolic extracts against two cariogenic bacteria to find out a plant extract which could be used as therapeutically effective method of controlling dental caries by controlling its microbial factor. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity of 1000 μg/ml, 750 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml and 250 μg /ml concentration of Amaranthus viridis (A1), Aerva sanguinolanta (A2), Cynodon dactylon (A3) ethanolic whole plant extracts were measured by agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution method against Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, 5\% DMSO (negative control) and 30\% Vancomycin (positive control). Result: The 1000 μg/ml (100\%), ethanolic extracts of (A2) showed greatest inhibition zone (mean-11.860 mm) against Streptococcus mutans and (mean= 9.730 mm) against Lactobacillus acidophillus which were more than negative control but less than positive control. (A2) exhibited the lowest MIC of 0.02050 μg/ml and 0.02050 μg/ml against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophillus respectively. Conclusion: Aerva sanguinolenta whole plant ethanolic extract can be used to inhibit growth of cariogenic bacteria, thereby can be used for controlling microbial factor of dental caries in human being.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial assay, Cariogenic bacteria, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.19}, author = {Shabnam Zahir and Tamal Kanti Pal and Abhijit Sengupta and Shibendu Biswas and Shyamal Bar and Rehana Parveen} } @article {79, title = {Anticoagulant Activity of Crude and Phenolic Extracts of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. Dried Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {121-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Background: Ischemic diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide; therefore, the search for new compounds with safer and more effective anticoagulant and antiplatelet action becomes relevant. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. dry leaf extract, a species of the Fabaceae family that is commonly found in Brazil, on blood coagulation. Materials and Methods: A statistical design of experiments was carried out with selection of five factors and two levels, resulting in 32 different ethanolic raw extracts. The extracts were resuspended in saline and tested in a pool of human blood. The activated partially thromboplastin time (APTT) and the prothrombin time (PT) were analysed in a Thrombolyzer{\textregistered}. Results: Treatment using ethanol 70\%, a drug/solvent ratio of 5\%, pH 9 and dynamic maceration for 6 hrs resulted in the best combination for the extraction of total phenols, while ethanol 70\%, a drug/solvent ratio of 5\% and dynamic maceration for 24 hrs showed the best flavonoid extraction, with the pH being inconclusive. On average, all extracts were capable of increasing both APTT and PT, especially those in lower dilutions (1:5); however, the overall efficacy of the extracts is inconclusive. Conclusion: The species under study showed important results in the blood clotting process in vitro, increasing the mean time of APTT and PT, which suggests that Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. has some potential as a possible drug in the anticoagulant class.

}, keywords = {Anticoagulant activity, Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub., Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.3}, author = {Enrico Rogatto Rovetta and Mara Angelina Galv{\~a}o Magenta and Tha{\'\i}s Moura Gascon and Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca and Robson Miranda da Gama and Jos{\'e} Armando Jr and Hor{\'a}cio Dorigan Moya} } @article {187, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Bioactive Potential of Pod Seed Extracts of Leucaena leucocephala Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {361-367}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Free radicals generated during injury lead to the development of various diseases such as diabetes, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. Antioxidants present in plants can prevent the deleterious effect of these free radicals. Among various plants, Leucaena leucocephala is a mimosoid, fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing small tree having pods with various medicinal properties. Objective: Hence, the present study was designed to determine the bioactive potential of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of L. leucocephala pod seeds. Materials and Methods: We have assessed the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extract. In addition, the presence of various metabolites and other compounds was also evaluated though gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The results indicated that the methanol extract had relatively higher antibacterial and antioxidant properties than ethanol extract. Furthermore, GC-MS data revealed the presence of various active constituents in the methanolic extract. Conclusion: Thus, the bioactive potential of various compounds present in methanol extracts of plant parts could be responsible for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Leucaena leucocephala, Phytochemicals, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_49_20}, author = {Om Prakash and Salma Malik and Kumari Vandana Rani and Vipin Kumar Verma} } @article {833, title = {Preparation of Philippine Plant Extract Libraries for High- Throughput Screening}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {228-230}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

Various terrestrial plants were collected from different places in the Philippines. The dried samples were then soaked in methanol and partitioned using modified Kupchan method. Portions of the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were treated for the removal of polyphenols. Dried methanolic, hexane, ethyl acetate, aqueous fractions and portions treated for polyphenols were weighed and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to give a concentration of 5mg/ml. Philippine Plant Library I, with 200 wells and Philippine Plant Library II, which has 628 wells, are currently deposited at the Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology Screening Facility at Harvard Medical School are continuously being subjected to different assays.

}, keywords = {High-throughput screen, Natural Products, Plant extracts}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Chichioco-Hernandez Christine L and Villase{\~n}or Irene M} }