@article {1539, title = {Evaluation of Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Estimation of Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Potential of Amoora rohituka Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {November 2025}, pages = {184-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {184}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Amoora rohituka Roxb by assessing its phytochemical profile, total phenolic content, and DPPH radical scavenging potential. Materials and Methods: Aqueous extract from the leaves of A. rohituka was prepared by cold maceration and fractionated using different solvents i.e, petroleum ether, chloroform, n-butanol, methanol, and water fractions according to the increasing order of polarity. All these fractions were then subjected to the qualitative phytochemical tests, phenolic content estimation, and DPPH radical scavenging anti-oxidant assay. Results: Qualitative chemical tests revealed the presence of phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and phytosterols in different proportions across the fractions. Among the fractions of A. rohituka leaf extract, the order of best total phenolic content and anti-oxidant capacity was found as follows: petroleum ether fraction, chloroform fraction, methanol fraction, n-buanol fraction, aqueous fraction. Among the various fractions of A. rohituka leaf extract, the petroleum ether fraction showed maximum phenolic content 657{\textpm}0.33 GAE/mg (Gallic acid equivalent) and antioxidant capacity with the lowest IC50 value (36.08{\textpm}0.44 {\textmu}g/mL). Conclusion: A significant and linear relationship was found between the anti-oxidant activity and phenolic content among the fractions of A. rohituka leaf extract, indicating that phenolic compounds could be major contributors to the anti-oxidant activity. Since oxidative stress is one of the contributing factors for the pathophysiology of various diseases it can be concluded that the medicinal herb A. rohituka could be a potential source of evidence to evaluate the diseases related to oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {A. rohituka, Antioxidant, DPPH, Fractions, Phenolic Content.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20260042}, author = {Manjunatha Pai Chennaithody and Rajesh Kaverikana Shankar} } @article {1516, title = {Medical Plants Aframomum melegueta and Xylopia aethiopica Show Low Toxicity in vitro and in vivo Highlighting their Potential for Therapeutic Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {1348-1361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1348}, abstract = {

Background: We previously demonstrated that crude Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts (HEE) of Aframomum melegueta (AM) and Xylopia aethiopica (XA) exhibited anti-helminthic and anti-inflammatory properties with low toxicity. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of HEE-derived Petroleum Ether (EF), Dichloromethane (DCMF) and Aqueous (AF) fractions of AM and XA. Materials and Methods: The HEE of each plant underwent bioguided fractionation between petroleum ether, dichloromethane and water, yielding three fractions. For the cytotoxicity test, PBMCs were co-cultured with these fractions for 72 hr and stained with Propidium Iodide. Oral acute and sub-acute toxicities were tested using Sprague-Dawley rats after 14 and 28 days, respectively. Histological analysis was performed on the kidneys and livers after staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: HEE-derived fraction showed low cytotoxicity with cell death less than 5\%. No signs of toxicity or death were recorded at concentrations of 5,000 mg/Kg and 100 μl/Kg for acute toxicity. The sub-acute toxicity studies showed that fractions do not affect the weight of the rats and no significant changes in whole blood cell composition and biochemical parameters were observed. Histological analysis reveals the presence of inflammatory cells infiltrating with DCMF and EF of AM and XA in liver and kidney sections. Conclusion: These findings highlighted the low toxicity of these fractions, indicating their safety for potential therapeutic use.

}, keywords = {A. melegueta, Fractions, Togo, Toxicity, X. aethiopica}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20250030}, author = {Essimanam Rosalie Awesso and Kathrin Arndts and Gnatoulma Katawa and Fekandine Victoire Douti and Fagd{\'e}ba David Bara and Simplice Damintoti Karou and Achim Hoerauf and Manuel Ritter} } @article {450, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Extract and Subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {362-365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The harmful action of the free radicals which cause the oxidative stress can be blocked by antioxidant substances, and different plant extracts showed antioxidant activity. The aim of this study is was evaluation the antioxidant activity of total methanol extract (ME) and subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen. Materials and Methods: Aerial part of E. splendida was extracted by maceration with methanol and then subfractionated by liquid{\textendash}liquid fractionation using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, reduction of ferric ions and ferrous ion chelating potential. Total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were estimated with Folin-Ciocaltue and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Results: The findings revealed that E. splendida ME and subfractions showed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity. ME showed the highest antioxidant activity based on total reduction capability and ferrous ions chelating assay tests. Aqueous fraction and then ethyl acetate fraction showed the best IC50 in DPPH radical scavenging test in comparison to butylated hydroxytoluene. ME showed the highest value of TPC and TFC (270.74 {\textpm} 0.005 mg/g and 208.23 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/g, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that the extract and subfractions of E. splendida have antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the extract and fractions might be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds. More studies are needed to determine the active antioxidant compounds of this plant.

}, keywords = {1, 1-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antioxidant, Euphorbia splendida, Flavonoid, Fractions, Free radicals}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_12_17}, author = {Zahra Kefayati and Saeed Mohammadi Motamed and Asie Shojaii and Mitra Noorix and Mitra Noori and Roshanak Ghods} } @article {394, title = {Spectrophotometric Quantification of Flavonoids in Herbal Material, Crude Extract, and Fractions from Leaves of Eugenia uniflora Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {253-260}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: The traditional use of Eugenia uniflora L. ({\textquotedblleft}Pitanga{\textquotedblright}) is reported due to several properties, which have often been related to its flavonoid content. Objective: The aim was to evaluate analytical procedures for quantification of total flavonoids content (TFCs) by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry in the herbal material (HM), crude extract (CE), and fractions from leaves of E. uniflora. Materials and Methods: The method for quantification of flavonoids after complexation with aluminum chloride (AlCl3) was evaluated: amount of sample (0.25{\textendash}1.5 g); solvent (40\%{\textendash}80\% ethanol); reaction time and AlCl3concentration (2.5\%{\textendash}7.5\%). The procedures by direct dilution (DD) and after acid hydrolysis (AH) were used and validated for HM and CE and applied to the aqueous fraction (AqF), hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fractions (EAF). Results: The ideal conditions of analysis were ethanol 80\% as solvent; 0.5 g of sample; λmax of 408 (DD) and 425 nm (AH); 25 min after addition of AlCl3 5\%. The procedures validated for standards and samples showed linearity (R2 \> 0.99) with limit of detection and limit of quantification between 0.01 and 0.17 mg/mL (rutin and quercetin); and 0.03 and 0.09 mg/mL (quercetin), for DD and AH, respectively. The procedures were accurate (detect, practice, and repair \<5\% and recovery \>90\%), and stable under robustness conditions (luminosity, storage, reagents, and equipment). The TFCs in AqF and EAF were 0.65 g\% and 17.72 g\%, calculated as rutin. Conclusions: UV-Vis methods for quantification of TFC in HM, CE, and fractions from leaves of E. uniflora were suitably validated. Regarding the analysis of fractions, the EAF achieved enrichment of about nine times in the content of flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Eugenia uniflora L, Fractions, Total flavonoids content, Ultraviolet-visible, Validation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_143_16}, author = {Rhayanne T. M. Ramos and Isabelle C. F. Bezerra and Magda R. A. Ferreira and Luiz Alberto Lira Soares} } @article {901, title = {Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Green, Black, and Herbal Teas of Camellia Sinensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {November,2011}, pages = {266-272}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Background: The role of non-polymeric phenolic (NP) and polymeric tannin (PT) constituents in the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of six brands of green, black, and herbal teas of Camellia sinensis were investigated. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic content (TPC) and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Minimum inhibitory dose (MID) against Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, and Gramnegative. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed using the disc-diffusion method. Teas were extracted with hot water successively three times for one hour each time. The extracts were fractionated using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography to obtain the NP and PT constituents. Results: Extraction yields ranged from 12 to 23\%. Yields of NP fractions (70-81\%) were much higher than those of PT fractions (1-11\%), suggesting that the former are the major tea components. Ranking of antioxidant properties of extracts was green tea\>black tea\>herbal tea. For all six teas, antioxidant properties of PT fractions were significantly higher than extracts and NP fractions. Extracts and fractions of all six teas showed no activity against the three Gram-negative bacteria. Green teas inhibited all three Gram-positive bacteria with S. aureus being the least susceptible. Black and herbal teas inhibited the growth of M. luteus and B. cereus, but not S. aureus. The most potent were the PT fractions of Boh Cameron Highlands and Ho Yan Hor with MID of 0.01 and 0.03 mg/disc against M. luteus. Conclusion: Results suggested that NP constituents are major contributors to the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of teas of C. sinensis. Although PT constituents have stronger antioxidant and antibacterial properties, they constitute only a minor component of the teas.

}, keywords = {Extracts, Fractions, Minimum inhibitory dose, Non-polymeric phenolics, Polymeric tannins}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.89748}, author = {Eric W.C. Chan and Eu Ying Soh and Pei Pei Tie and Yon Peng Law} }