@article {1371, title = {Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {185-191}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammation is a complex biological response that plays a key role in the body{\textquoteright}s defence mechanisms against various injuries and infections. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions, but their long-term use is associated with adverse effects. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative therapies for pain and inflammation management. Plant extracts are an excellent source of natural compounds that possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Objectives: The study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of ethanolic extract of Oxalis dehradunensis leaf powder. Materials and Methods: The extraction of the plant part was carried out using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract was performed to check the phytoconstituents. In the in vivo study, inflammation was induced in albino Wistar rats by causing hind paw oedema using carrageenan. Hot plate and Tail flick model was used to evaluate analgesic activity. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard for inflammatory and analgesic activity. Results: The findings suggest that ethanolic leaf extract of Oxalis dehradunensis showed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and tannins. At doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the ethanolic leaf extract of Oxalis dehradunensis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema following injection. In analgesic activity (Hot plate and Tail flick model) the results showed that Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada extracts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the reaction latency time in both tests, indicating a significant antinociceptive effect. Conclusion: The ethanolic leaves extract of Oxalis dehradunensis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

}, keywords = {Analgesia, Flavonoids, Inflammation, Oxalis dehradunensis, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251985}, author = {Sudhakar Kaushik and Priyanka Bhandari and Amisha Bhandari and Bhawana Bhatt and Heena Mittal and Assem Babbar} } @article {1454, title = {Comparative Efficacy of Different Solvent Extracts of Equisetum diffusum Whole Plant in FCA-induced Arthritic Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {934-946}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {934}, abstract = {

Background: Equisetum diffusum D. Don (Family Equisetaceae, common name {\textquoteleft}Himalayan horsetail{\textquoteright}) is one such medicinally important herb that has a long history of traditional use among different tribal populations of the sub-Himalayan regions in India for treating back discomfort, bone fractures, and dislocations, as well as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Objectives: This study aims to assess the in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic characteristics of whole-plant of E. diffusum ethyl acetate (EDEAE) and n-hexane (EDHE) extracts. Materials and Methods: The adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model was utilized for assessing different arthritic parameters. The GC-MS studies was conducted for screening the bioactive phytocomponents in both solvent extracts. Results: In our study, both the EDEAE and EDHE significantly reduced the arthritic scores, normalized body weight, and restored paw-edema and hematological, biochemical, radiological, and histological states. From our GC-MS analysis, we found that EDHE and EDEAE consist of 75 and 133 unique bioactive phytocompounds, respectively. Out of which, eight (8) and seventeen (17) phytocompounds from the EDHE and EDEAE extracts showed the presence of anti-arthritic and/or anti-inflammatory characteristics, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of our study provide solid evidence for the anti-arthritic characteristics of different solvent extracts derived from E. diffusum in a chronic adjuvant-induced arthritic model. However, the EDEAE extract exhibited a more favorable outcome in comparison to the EDHE extract.

}, keywords = {Equisetum diffusum, FCA, GC-MS, Inflammation, Paw-edema, Rheumatoid Arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252179}, author = {Sourav Sarkar and Barnana Chakrabarti and Debabrata Modak and Roopsa Datta and Soumen Bhattacharjee} } @article {1428, title = {Flavonoids: A Class of Polyphenols with Diverse Anti-inflammatory Activities and Mechanisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {755-768}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {755}, abstract = {

The impact of our dietary choices on our overall well-being is widely recognized in the field of nutrition. The influence of diet on human metabolism is widely recognized, by the consumption of an abundance of fresh fruits and vegetables being universally acknowledged as highly helpful. A number of ways have been proposed to understand the potential health advantages of incorporating fruits and vegetables into the food that one consumes. Right now, flavonoids have become prominent components in various products, such as nutritional and health foods, dietary supplements, and cosmetics as well. Glycosides are often encountered in nature, which include flavonoids. The complexity of flavonoids is made easier by the presence of sugar groups in their structure, which leads to their limited absorption over the gut wall. Flavonoid glycosides have the capacity of passing through the human digestive system and are thereafter metabolized in the colon by microbes that possess the capability to break down the glycosidic link. The above process promotes the production of flavonoid aglycones, which are then taken in by the distal end of the digestive system. Different experimental studies have shown the potential anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoid compounds. This review focuses on the influence of dietary flavonoids on signaling pathways related to inflammation, which subsequently impacts the formation of inflammatory mediators. The imperative involvement of flavonoids in preventing the growth of inflammation is highlighted to provide helpful perspectives.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Inflammation, Plant secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252237}, author = {Divya Jashvantkumar Kanojiya and Maitri Mahant and Sweta Besh and Sarika Parekh and Ghanshyam Parmar} } @article {1492, title = {Hedychium spicatum (Shati): A Comprehensive Review of its Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Constituents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Ayurvedic medicine, originating from historical Indian customs, is a comprehensive and revered treatment approach that recognizes the inter-connectedness of the body, mind, and spirit. Hedychium spicatum Buch-Ham (Zingiberaceae), sometimes called spiked ginger lily, is distributed throughout the Himalayan area. The rhizome contains around 4\% essential oil, and its phytochemical analysis has revealed the existence of many terpenoids, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. The rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham are conventionally employed for treating pain, inflammation, asthma, respiratory problems, and fevers, tranquilizing, lowering blood pressure, reducing spasms, depressing the central nervous system, alleviating pain, reducing inflammation, acting as an antihistamine, fighting against microbes, acting as an antioxidant, combating fungal infections, eliminating lice, and exhibiting toxic effects on cells. Hedychium spicatum Buch-Ham is a rhizomatous plant utilized in the pharmaceutical, culinary, cosmetic, and fragrance sectors. This review article will provide a concise overview of many features of Hedychium spicatum, including its pharmacological effect and bioactive components.

}, keywords = {Anti-Histaminic, Ayurvedic medicine, Hedychium Spicatum Buch-Ham, Inflammation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252217}, author = {Krupa Joshi and Ashimkumar Sen and Dhanya B. Sen and Aarti S. Zanwar and Vatsal Gujariya} } @article {1368, title = {Synthesis and Characterization of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Infused Microspheres: An in vitro Exploration of their Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Virtues}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {244-250}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Background: Omega-3 fatty acids are vital polyunsaturated fats that are fundamental to maintaining overall health and well-being. Objectives: This research focused on the preparation of omega-3 fatty acid microspheres and evaluated their cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: Omega-3 fatty acid microspheres were developed using the water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion method. The resulting microspheres were analyzed for their surface characteristics using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Various concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) were subjected for characterization. Cytotoxicity of the synthesized microspheres was assessed using brine shrimp lethality assay. Additionally, their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties were assessed through protein denaturation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Results: Particle size analysis showed that over 90\% of the produced microspheres ranged from 32 to 55 μm. Nauplii lethality was assessed over two days. At 25 μg/mL, no mortality was observed on either day. However, on day 2, mortality was 20\% at both 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL concentrations. Additionally, protein denaturation and DPPH assays indicated a significant increase in inhibition percentages as the concentration of omega-3 fatty acid microspheres increased. Conclusion: The omega-3 fatty acid microspheres developed in this study was non-cytotoxic and exhibited outstanding anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, making them an ideal candidate for local drug delivery applications.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Fatty acid, Free radical, Inflammation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252014}, author = {Johnisha Harris John Manohar and Arvina Rajasekar} } @article {1445, title = {Thymoquinone-Loaded Zinc Nanoparticles Mitigate Inflammation and Inhibit Glioblastoma Progression: A Novel Therapeutic Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {850-858}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {850}, abstract = {

Background: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumour, characterized by rapid proliferation, high invasiveness, and resistance to conventional therapies. Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in its progression, with pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing to tumour growth and therapy resistance. Nanotechnology based approaches, such as Thymoquinone derived Zinc Nanoparticles (TQ-ZnNPs) offer a promising strategy to enhance drug bioavailability and target inflammation driven glioblastoma more effectively. Objectives: Thymoquinone, a naturally occurring substance with anti-inflammatory and anticancer qualities, has drawbacks such as low bioavailability and solubility. To overcome these, TQ-ZnNPs were synthesized using nanotechnology. Materials and Methods: TQ-ZnNPs were synthesized using a green nanotechnology approach and characterized for their physicochemical properties through techniques like, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy examination to verify their optical and structural characteristics. Glioblastoma cells were treated with Lipopolysaccharide to induce inflammation, followed by exposure to TQ-ZnNPs to assess their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. RT-PCR method was used to assess gene expression. Results: TQ-ZnNPs exhibited enhanced stability and bioavailability, significantly reducing oxidative stress and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in glioblastoma cells. They effectively inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, suggesting potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of TQ-ZnNPs in targeting inflammation driven glioblastoma. Conclusion: TQ-ZnNPs demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential, making them a promising nanotherapeutic approach for combating inflammation driven glioblastoma.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Glioblastoma, Inflammation, lipopolysaccharide, Nanotechnology, Thymoquinone, Zinc nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252143}, author = {Sofia Sebastian and Taniya Mary Martin and Meenakshi Sundaram Kishore Kumar} } @article {1173, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of Squalene Isolated from Simarouba glauca in Experimental Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {658-666}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {658}, abstract = {

Background: Most dynamic area of scientific investigation is to identify the bioactive compounds and establish their potential health effects against chronic diseases. Multi-targeted compounds with fewer side effects has shown to be potential therapeutic agents. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of isolated Squalene (SQ), a triterpenoid from Simarouba glauca in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. Materials and Methods: Squalene (SQ), a triterpenoid fraction was isolated from Simarouba glauca and characterized by FT-IR and NMR. Experimental animals were categorized into five groups, group I was control (0.5\% DMSO in normal saline), group II received Carrageenan (Carr), group III received SQ and Carr, whereas group IV received diclofenac and Carr. After 1 hr, SQ and diclofenac (20mg/kg) were administered (i.p.). Carrageenan suspension was injected into the sub-plantar tissue of the right hind paw. Paw edema was determined 3 hours post-carrageenan administration. Rats were sacrificed and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6, levels of PGE-2 and TBARS, activities of COX-2, SOD, catalase, GPx, MPO, and the level of nitrite were measured. Results: SQ at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg body weight was found to be the minimal dose for maximum edema inhibition. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, PGE-2, NO, COX-2 and levels of TBARS and MPO were significantly reduced (p \< 0.05). Antioxidant markers such as SOD, Catalse and GPx were increased significantly (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest the anti-inflammatory properties of SQ and its multi-targeted mechanism of action, meriting its potential therapeutic efficacy in various inflammatory diseases.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Inflammation, MPO, PGE2, Squalene}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.069}, author = {Svenia Periyapurath Jose and Sandya Sukumaran and Ratheesh Mohanan and Sangeeth Saji and Aditya Asish and Sajeev Martin George} } @article {1181, title = {Estimation of Ursolic Acid in Methanolic Extract of Momordica dioica by HPTLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {727-732}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {727}, abstract = {

Background: A number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications have been shown to lessen pain and inflammation. Unfortunately, there are numerous side effects connected with their use. There are, however, medicinal plants that have anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects with little to no side effects. Momordica dioica is a herb that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. There are numerous phytoconstituents in it. Ursolic acid is one of them and a pentacyclic terpenoid that is found in nature and has a number of therapeutic benefits. The current study looked at Ursolic Acid{\textquoteright}s activities (UA), a secondary plant metabolite, for its anti-inflammatory properties in the Momordica dioica plant. The current study{\textquoteright}s objective was to create and validate an HPTLC method that was quick, accurate, precise, and specific for determining ursolic acid from Momordica dioica herbal extract. Methodology/Conclusion/Significance: For quick analysis of Ursolic acid determination, The High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was established and confirmed. On an aluminium HPTLC plate (60 F254) coated with precoated silica gel with formic acid, ethyl acetate, and toluene (7:3:0,1), chromatographic separation was accomplished. The detection process was carried out at 530 nm. Ursolic acid{\textquoteright}s Rf value was discovered to be 0.795\%. In the 400ng/band concentration range, linearity for ursolic acid was detected. The limits of detection and quantitation for ursolic acid were observed to be 0.04 ng/ band and 0.14 ng/band, respectively. The mean \% recovery of rosmarinic acid was (0.54). The method{\textquoteright}s specificity, robustness, linearity, precision, and accuracy have all been validated in compliance with ICH standards. The created method can be used to evaluate the regularity of ursolic acid in herbal extracts.

}, keywords = {Chromatography, Herbal extract, HPTLC, Inflammation, Methanol, momordica dioica, Rf value, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.077}, author = {Jui Darbhe and Vrushali Neve and Vrushali Bhalchim and Ashwini Tonpe and Pritam Khandave and Suchita Mane and Rupali Yewale} } @article {1215, title = {Evaluation of the Effect of Five Colombian Propolis Extracts on the Expression of Genes Associated with Cell Cycle and Inflammation in a Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {172-182}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {172}, abstract = {

Introduction: Propolis has anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties, which is why it is suggested that it could be used as an alternative or complementary drug therapy in the treatment of various pathologies such as cancer, diseases chronic-degenerative and infectious. Materials and Methods: In this study, canine bone fibroblasts were used as control cells, and the canine Osteosarcoma cell line (OSCA-8) was acquired to evaluate the effects of ethanol extracts of propolis from five Colombian regions on these cells. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated by examining changes in cell viability and proliferation. Furthermore, the expression of some relevant and characteristic genes related to the tumor phenotype, related to the proinflammatory process and cell cycle, was assessed. Results: Thus, the evaluation of the relative expression of some genes associated with the cell cycle and inflammation could improve the understanding of the cytotoxic effect of propolis extracts on OSCA-8 cell lines. Conclusion: The first time in Colombia, the biological activity of ethanol extracts of propolis was evaluated regarding the inflammation and cell cycle pathways. After 48 hr, the Colombian EEP had an effect on the increase in both OSCA-8 cells and fibroblasts.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Cell cycle, Gene expression, Inflammation, Osteosarcoma, Propolis.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.22}, author = {Oscar Juli{\'a}n Murillo Torres and Dolly Patricia Pardo Mora and Orlando Torres Garc{\'\i}a and Mauricio Rey Buitrago} } @article {1204, title = {Exploring the Ameliorative Role of Equisetum diffusum D. Don Whole-Plant Methanolic-extract in Acute Inflammation and Molecular Docking Analysis of GC-MS-identified Phytocompounds with Few Prominent Inflammatory Markers/Cytokines for Inspecting the Potent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {82-97}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: Equisetum diffusum D. Don (Fam. Equisetaceae), an important medicinal pteridophyte species has been traditionally used in the treatment of bone fracture, bone dislocation, and arthritis by various tribal communities of India. Objectives: To validate the potent anti-inflammatory properties of the whole plant methanolic-extract (EDME) using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo strategies. Materials and Methods: The EDME was characterized through total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, saponin content and five antioxidant assays. The GC-MS analysis was done to screen the active phyto-constituents followed by in silico molecular docking studies with inflammatory markers. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring protein denaturation-inhibition test, heat-induced and hypotonicity-induced haemolysis test. Carrageenan-induced paw-edema test was used to determine the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of EDME. Results: Our results showed quite higher tannin content in EDME compared to saponin content, and showed satisfactory phenol and flavonoid contents. From the antioxidant survey, it was found that EDME has the highest activity against ABTS radical and the least against superoxide radical. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of EDME reported the presence of 47 phyto-compounds, out of which few compounds showed good inhibition against Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and IL-6 compared to standard NSAIDs, in molecular docking analysis. In vitro anti-inflammatory studies indicated that EDME inhibits protein denaturation, heat-induced, and hypotonicity-induced haemolysis significantly (p\<0.001) compared to standard drugs. The in vivo anti-inflammatory study of the plant showed 52.26\% and 73.36\% reduction in paw-edema in both protective-dose groups respectively, when compared to the carrageenan control group. Conclusion: Our findings established the anti-inflammatory roles of the whole plant methanolic extract of Equisetum diffusum on strong ground which may lead to drug development for the treatment of inflammation-related complications.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Equisetum diffusum, GC-MS, Inflammation, Molecular docking, Paw edema.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.11}, author = {Sourav Sarkar and Debabrata Modak and Md Salman Haydar and John Johnros Georrge and Soumen Bhattacharjee} } @article {1163, title = {Possible Inhibition of Renal Protein Glycation by Carnosine and Tocopherol in Diabetic Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {562-565}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {562}, abstract = {

Background: Carnosine is a biological active dipeptide in different tissue exert physiological role as buffer in muscle and cell cycle division. Tocopherol (vitamin E) is the potent antioxidant natural product. This study investigated the role of carnosine supplementation with vitamin E in protection against nephropathy in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 75 rats grouped into five groups; control and the other rats groups (II-V) were received a single dose of streptozocine i.p, at dose of (65 mg/kg/b.w) for diabetogenesis. GPI were considered as diabetic untreated. Rats in groups 3-6 were treated i.p daily with carnosine (1mg/kg b.w), vitamin E (50,00 IU/kg b.w) or combined (10 mg/kg b.w) respectively for 12 weeks. Fasting serum was subjected for assay of glucose, HbA1c, AGEs, MDA, SOD, total antioxidant activity and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). Results: Data obtained showed that, diabetic rats treated with carnosine and Vitamin E showed improvement in glucose, glycated hemoglobin, antioxidant enzymes, decreased inflammatory mediators and AGEs (p \<0.001) versus untreated diabetic. In addition, combined treatment is better than individual treatment (p \<0.05). Conclusion: Promising positive results were spot a new strategy of carnosine and Vitamin E rich food supplements for protection against diabetic complications. It can be used as complementary and alternative therapy for nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiomyopathy.

}, keywords = {AGEs, Carnosine, Diabetic nephropathy, Inflammation, Rat., Vitamin E}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.059}, author = {Etimad Huwait and Maryam A. Al-Ghamdi and Faisal S. Al-Shehri and Said S. Moselhy} } @article {1101, title = {Unravelling the Approaches to Treat Osteoarthritis: A Focus on the Potential of Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {13-25}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic rheumatic disorder, affecting more women than men. The prevalence and course of OA are increased by ageing and obesity. Numerous other risk factors for OA progression include oxidative stress, injury, mechanical stress, and metabolic problems. Interleukin{\textendash}1 is released during inflammatory responses, which destroys cartilage. Interleukin{\textendash}1 is correlated with the release of proteases, an enzyme that destroys cartilage further. Other cytokines similar to TNF{\textendash}alpha induce the enzyme matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), which causes joint injury. Collagenase is another enzyme that degrades collagen and so impacts negatively on the articular cartilage. NSAIDs, opioid analgesics, topical analgesics, and intra-articular steroids are being used to alleviate osteoarthritis pain, and symptoms. However, various adverse effects are linked with all of these medications, limiting their usage, for example, NSAIDs used to relieve OA pain. Nonetheless, they exhibit gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nephrotoxicity. Tramadol also has an effect on the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Patients were interested in herbal plants because they were worried about the safety and inadequate effectiveness of pharmaceuticals. Plants have been used to cure a variety of ailments since ancient times, and several plants have the ability to treat OA. According to several studies, the pain and progression of OA may be considerably slowed, or halted by bioactive chemicals found in plants. Conclusion: Here we analysed the current scientific literature available that revealed a rising number of research on the possible antiosteoarthritic effects of medicinal plants and their principal ingredients, indicating the possibility of a novel therapeutic use.

}, keywords = {Antiosteoarthritic, Cartilage, Chondrocytes, Collagenase., Herbal plants, Inflammation}, doi = {10.5530/097484900001}, author = {Sonali Verma and Sumeet Gupta and Rina Das and Kavita Munjal and Meenakshi Dhanawat and Dinesh Kumar Mehta and Gurudev Goyal and Anshu Gupta} } @article {1057, title = {Ayurveda: The Prominence of Herbal Medicine in Containment of COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {233-240}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

The global community is in a vulnerable and intricate state due to the COVID-19 pandemic given the lack of targeted drugs and extreme population making it an arduous journey to the public system of health care towards the extermination of the disease. The essentiality of newer compounds, novel medical instruments, and practices for diagnosis, cure, and prevention of the COVID-19 infection is the greatest concern. Since the persistent waves of COVID-19 are being observed at a variety of location across the globe, and the intensity and mutation of the virus is still possessing an inviolable threat to humanity. Along with conventional medicine, the application of traditional medicine practices using natural and herbal products has been proved effective in several disease conditions. The usage of Traditional Chinese medicine and ayurvedic medicine is used to treat COVID-19 infected patients in China and India respectively marks the contribution and effectiveness of traditional medical therapy in the restriction of the virus. The prominence of herbal products for prophylactic and symptomatic treatment for COVID-19 is notable and recommended by various organizations and governments in the world. All the pragmatic considerations and evidence to use ayurvedic practices on a large scale require further animal and robust human studies. This article reviews various practices, herbal products, effectiveness, case studies and the contribution of ayurvedic medicine, to be used to treat and restrict the viral epidemic and may further provide a forward insight into future learning, evidence compiling, and research in the respective domain.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Ayurveda, COVID-19, Immunomodulatory, Inflammation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.33}, author = {Sarasa Meenakshi and V Udaya Kumar and Reny Sara Raju and Sameer Dhingra and Nitesh Kumar and V Ravichandiran and Krishna Murti} } @article {993, title = {In-silico Molecular Docking Studies of some Isolated Phytochemicals from Biophytum veldkampii against Cyclooxygenase-II Enzyme and in vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {192-198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: The current study estimate the anti-inflammatory activity of whole plant of Biophytum veldkampii on carageenan induced inflammation on rats compiled by molecular docking studies of phytocompounds from the plants with Cyclooxygenase II (PDB ID: 3LN1). Methods: In this research Biophytum veldkampii was subjected to extraction using methanol. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using carageenan induced inflammation on rats and in-silico molecular docking studies was performed by using of Autodock 4.0. Results: The outcomes revealed that the methanolic extract has most prominenant anti-inflammatory activity at various doses. Among all the substances 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone revealed the most effective docking rating of -6.8, which is near to Diclofenac, i.e. - 6.9, ensuring that 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone has a strong binding fondness in between protein and ligand. Conclusion: From the results, a conclusion can be drawn that the anti-inflammatory activity of Biophytum veldkampii in both in vivo and in silico methods. This information sustains 2,6,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone to be a useful anti-inflammatory compound beneficial to future clinical studies.

}, keywords = {2, 3{\textquoteright}, 4{\textquoteright}-Tetrahydroxy-2 benzylcoumaranone, 6, Autodock4.0, Carageenan, Cyclooxygenase II, In-silico, Inflammation, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.11}, author = {Nagaraju Bandaru and D.S.N.B.K Prasanth and A.Rajasekhar Reddy and G.S.N Koteswara Rao and Kumar V.S Nemmani and Alla Narayana Rao} } @article {76, title = {Ulcerative Colitis Induced with Acetic Acid is Ameliorated by Antrocaryon micraster through Reduced Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin-6 in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {85-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Background: Antrocaryon micraster possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These properties are shared by medicinal plants that have demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Objectives: To assess the effect of the total ethanol stem bark of A. micraster extract (AME) on damage to the rat colon in acetic acid-induced colitis. Materials and Methods: Rats were pretreated with sulphasalazine 500 mg/kg or AME 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg daily for 3 days after which colitis was induced in test animals with acetic acid (4\% V/V). Rats were sacrificed 24 h later and blood samples were obtained for hematological and cytokine assays. Colons were dissected for assessment of macroscopic and microscopic damage. Results: AME treatment modified hematological parameters and reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. Macroscopic assessment showed that AME reduced mucosal erythema, edema, erosions, bleeding, and ulceration. Histology showed preserved mucosal architecture, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased mucosal thickening, preserved goblet cell numbers, and inhibition of mast cell proliferation and degranulation in the colons. Conclusion: Taken together, the total ethanol stem bark AME exerts ameliorative effects on damage to the rat colon in acetic acid-induced colitis.

}, keywords = {Acetic acid-induced colitis, Antrocaryon micraster, Cytokines, Inflammation, Mast cells}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_75_19}, author = {Leslie Brian Essel and David Darko Obiri and Newman Osafo and Aaron Opoku Antwi and Moses Babatunde Duduyemi} } @article {552, title = {Astaxanthin Ameliorates Hepatic Damage and Oxidative Stress in Carbon Tetrachloride-administered Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s84-s91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s84}, abstract = {

Background: Astaxanthin is of carotenoids group which possess strong antioxidant properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of astaxanthin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats. Materials and Methods: Female Long-Evans rats were administered with CCl4 orally (1 ml/kg) twice a week for 2 weeks and were treated with astaxanthin (10 mg/kg) every day for 2 weeks. Blood plasma samples were isolated from each group and were analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase activities. Oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and advanced protein oxidation product (APOP) were measured. Several enzyme functions such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the plasma and liver tissues were also analyzed. Moreover, inflammation and tissue fibrosis were also confirmed by histological staining of liver tissues. Results: This investigation revealed that CCl4 administration in rats increased plasma AST, ALT, and ALP activities which were normalized by astaxanthin treatment. Moreover, CCl4 administration increased as MDA, NO, and APOP level both in plasma and tissues compared to control rats. Astaxanthin also exhibited a significant reduction of those parameters in CCl4-administered rats. Astaxanthin treatment also restored the CAT and SOD activities and lowered MPO activity in CCl4-administered rats. Histological assessment also revealed that the astaxanthin prevented the inflammatory cells infiltration, decreased free iron deposition, and fibrosis in liver of CCl4-administered rats. Conclusion: These results suggest that astaxanthin protects liver damage induced by CCl4 by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and stimulating the cellular antioxidant system.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Fibrosis, Inflammation, Lipid peroxidation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_26_17}, author = {Md. Ariful Islam and Md. Abdullah Al Mamun and Md. Faruk and Md. Tauhid Ul Islam and Md. Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Nazmul Alam and A. F. M. Towheedur Rahman and Hasan Mahmud Reza and Md. Ashraful Alam} } @article {505, title = {Inhibition of Group IIA Secretory Phospholipase A2 and its Inflammatory Reactions in Mice by Ethanolic Extract of Andrographis paniculata, a Well-known Medicinal Food}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {213-216}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Andrographis paniculata Nees is an important medicinal plant found in the tropical regions of the world, which has been traditionally used in Indian and Chinese medicinal systems. It is also used as medicinal food. A. paniculata is found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities; however, its inhibitory potential on inflammatory Group IIA phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and its associated inflammatory reactions are not clearly understood. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the inhibitory/neutralizing potential of ethanolic extract of A. paniculata on the isolated inflammatory PLA2 (VRV-PL-VIIIa) from Daboii rusellii pulchella (belonging to Group IIA inflammatory secretory PLA2 [sPLA2]) and its associated edema-induced activities in Swiss albino mice. A. paniculata extract dose dependently inhibited the Group IIA sPLA2 enzymatic activity with an IC50 value of 10.3 {\textpm} 0.5 μg/ml. Further, the extract dose dependently inhibited the edema formation, when co-injected with enzyme indicating that a strong correlation exists between lipolytic and pro-inflammatory activities of the enzyme. In conclusion, results of this study shows that the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata effectively inhibits Group IIA sPLA2 and its associated inflammatory activities, which substantiate its anti-inflammatory properties. The results of the present study warranted further studies to develop bioactive compound (s) in ethanolic extract of A. paniculata as potent therapeutic agent (s) for inflammatory diseases.

}, keywords = {Disease, Drug, Inflammation, Inhibition, Neutralization, Plants}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.182916}, author = {V. Kishore and N. S. Yarla and F. Zameer and M. N. Nagendra Prasad and M. S. Santosh and S. S. More and D. G. Rao and Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya} } @article {561, title = {Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of a methanol extract from Vitellaria paradoxa stem bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {October 2015}, pages = {367-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Background: Vitellaria paradoxa is a traditional medicinal plant of Cameroon. Several studies on this plant have focused on the cosmetic profile of its fruits. The present study focuses on the anti-inflammatory potency of stem barks extract of this plant. Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the effect of methanolic extract of V. paradoxa (VPME) stem barks on inflammatory response in rats. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of VPME were evaluated in acute and chronic (28 days) inflammation induced in Wistar albino rats. The effects on hyperalgesia and locomotors activity were also quantified. The relative weight of lymphoid organs was obtained as well as some hematological parameters. Results: In the carrageenan-induced inflammation, VPME (75 mg/kg) exhibited a significant (66.67\%) inhibition after 1 hr. On the complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis, VPME showed a significant protective effect with 8.12\% inflammation against 25.00\% for the control group after 2 days of the treatment. The extract (75 and 150 mg/kg) significantly reduced the score of arthritis with a maximum obtained on day 19th of the experimentation. There was a significant increase in the reaction time of rats on the hot plate as well as the exploratory activities of the animals in the open field. This extract significantly prevented weight, hemoglobin and red blood cells losses, and spleen hypertrophy. A protective action against skin destruction and cartilage erosion was evident. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the extract revealed the presence of catechins. Conclusion: These findings suggested that V. paradoxa may contribute to the reduction of the inflammatory response.

}, keywords = {Arthritis, Catechin, Hematological parameters, Hyperalgesia, Inflammation, Vitellaria paradoxa.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.159569}, author = {Harquin Simplice Foyet and David Emery Tsala and Zogo Essono Bodo J.C and Azanfack Name Carine and Lissia Toussoumna Heroyne and Eyong Kenneth Oben} } @article {461, title = {Chemopreventive effect of methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica on experimental Trypanosoma brucei induced oxidative stress in dogs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June,2015}, pages = {249-258}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction: The medicinal properties of Azadirachta indica have been harnessed for many years in the treatment of many diseases in both humans and animals. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five apparently healthy dogs weighing between 3 and 8 kg were randomly divided into five groups with five dogs in each group. Ameliorative effect of A. indica on erythrocyte antioxidant status and markers of oxidative stress were assessed. Liver and kidney function tests were also performed. Results: Pre-treatment with methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (MEAI) at different doses did not significantly alter the values of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in Trypanosoma brucei infection. Although, serum creatinine significantly (P \< 0.05) decreased with pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg A. indica, after 2 weeks of T. brucei infection. However, the reduced glutathione (GSH) content of the erythrocyte increased significantly in animals pre-treated with 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of A. indica respectively. Markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide generated were higher in animals infected with T. brucei with no significant (P \>0.05) difference compared to the values obtained in pre-treated animals. Pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of A. indica significantly (P \< 0.05) decreased serum myeloperoxidase activity at 2 weeks post-infection with T. brucei. Conclusion: From this study, MEAI showed significant ability to attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation during experimental T. brucei infection.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Azadirachta indica, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Trypanosoma brucei.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.157972}, author = {Temidayo O. Omobowale and Ademola A. Oyagbemi and Oyefunbi A. Oyewunmi and Olumuyiwa A. Adejumobi} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Cnidoscolus quercifolius (Euphorbiaceae) in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = { 345-349}, chapter = {345}, abstract = {

Background: Cnidoscolus quercifolius is a species popularly known as "favela" and "faveleira", and belonging to the Caatinga biome (semi-arid vegetation, Brazil), where is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract from barks (Cqb-EtOH) and leaves (Cql-EtOH) of C. quercifolius in mice using experimental models of inflammation. Materials and Methods: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract was performed. The activity was evaluated by paw edema induced by carrageenan and leukocytes migration to the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan methods. Results: A preliminary analysis of Cqb-EtOH revealed that it contained coumarins, flavonoids, monoterpenes/diterpenes and naphthoquinones, while the Cql-EtOH showed positive reaction to coumarins, anthracene derivatives, flavonoids, lignans and triterpenes/steroids. Cqb-EtOH and Cql-EtOH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited significantly (P \< 0.01) the increase in the edema volume after administration of carrageenan. In the peritonitis test, acute pretreatment with Cqb-EtOH and Cql-EtOH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited the leukocyte migration. Conclusions: It can be concluded that extracts from the barks and leaves of C. quercifolius have anti-inflammatory activity, which supports the popular use of this plant to treat inflammation. Thus, extracts has significant anti-inflammatory properties, which are related probably to inhibition of release of mediators of the inflammatory process.

}, keywords = {Cnidoscolus quercifolius, Euphorbiaceae, Inflammation, Medicinal plants}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.138290}, author = {Leandra Macedo de Araujo Gomes and Leandra Macedo de Araujo Gomes and Juliane Cabral Silva and Julianeli Tolentino de Lima and Lucindo Jose Quintans-Junior and Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida} } @article {625, title = {Immune-stimulatory and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Curcuma Longa Extract and its Polysaccharide Fraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = {71-79}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Background:\ While curcuminoids have been reported to possess diverse biological activities, the anti-inflammatory activity of polar extracts (devoid of curcuminoids) of\ Curcuma longa\ (C. longa) has seldom been studied. In this study, we have investigated immune-stimulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of an aqueous based extract of\ C. longa\ (NR-INF-02) and its fractions in presence and absence of mitogens.\ Materials and Methods:\ Effects of NR-INF-02 (Turmacin\ TM\ , Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India) on proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukins (ILs) and prostaglandin (PGE\ 2\ ) levels of mouse splenocytes and mouse macrophage (RAW264.7) cells were determined.\ Results:\ NR-INF-02 increased splenocytes number in presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or concanavalin A. Treatment of NR-INF-02 showed a significant increase of NO, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon (IFN) gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and MCP-1 production in unstimulated mouse splenocytes and mouse macrophages. Interestingly, NR-INF-02 showed potent inhibitory effect towards release of PGE\ 2\ and IL-12 levels in LPS stimulated mouse splenocytes. Further, NR-INF-02 was fractionated into polysaccharide fraction (F1) and mother liquor (F2) to study their immune-modulatory effects. F1 was found to be more potent than F2 toward inhibiting PGE\ 2\ and IL-12 in LPS stimulated splenocytes.\ Conclusion:\ Present findings revealed the novel anti-inflammatory property of NR-INF-02 and its polysaccharide fraction by inhibiting the secretion of IL-12 and PGE\ 2in vitro.

}, keywords = {Curcuma longa, Immunomodulation, Inflammation, Pain, Polysaccharides, Turmacin}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.110527 }, author = {Chinampudur V Chandrasekaran and Kannan Sundarajan and Jothie R Edwin and Giligar M Gururaja and Deepak Mundkinajeddu and Amit Agarwal} } @article {645, title = {UP446, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Botanical Composition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May 2013}, pages = {139-145}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {139}, abstract = {

Background:\ Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Long-term use of currently available therapies for RA produces adverse effects that limit dosage and duration; hence there is a need for safe and effective alternatives suitable for long term chronic use. UP446, a composition consisting primarily of baicalin from\ Scutellaria baicalensis\ Georgi (Family: Lamiaceae) and (+)-catechin from the heartwoods of\ Acacia catechu\ (Family: Mimosaceae), has been previously shown to reduce production of eicosanoids and leukotrienes through dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes and to decreased mRNA and protein levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.\ Aim:\ To evaluate the likelihood of UP446 in moderating arthritis and its associated symptoms in an experimental animal model of RA.\ Materials and Methods:\ A RA rat model was induced by injecting Freund{\textquoteright}s complete adjuvant into left and right hind paw and base of the tail. Animals were administered UP446 (50 mg/kg), ibuprofen (150 mg/kg mg/kg) or vehicle by oral gavage 30 min prior to arthritis induction and each day thereafter for 14 days.\ Result:\ Animals treated with UP446 showed 23.7, 31.9, 33.4, 29.3, and 33.1\% reduction in pain sensitivity; 46.0, 36.7, 33.7, 34.8, and 33.4\% reduction in ankle diameter on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 13; respectively; compared to vehicle. Similarly paw edema was significantly reduced with an average of 30\% for the first inflammatory reaction period (day 1-8) followed by 37.1 and 33.6\% reduction on day 9 and 13.\ Conclusion:\ These data indicate potential benefit of UP446 in alleviating symptoms of RA and support human clinical evaluation of this botanical composition in patients with RA.

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu, Inflammation, Pain, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.112406 }, author = {Mesfin Yimam and Lidia Brownell and Mandee Pantier and Qi Jia} } @article {745, title = {The study of aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa Linn. on cytokine TNF-α in type 2 diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {April 2011}, pages = {30-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {30}, abstract = {

Background:\ Chronic systemic inflammation is an early process in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Hence the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of traditionally known plant\ Ficus religiosa\ on elevated glucose and inflammatory marker namely tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in type 2 diabetic rats.\ Methods:\ Type 2 diabetes was induced by administering streptozotocin (90 mg/kg, i.p.) in neonatal rat model. Aqueous extract of\ F. religiosa\ at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg was given orally to desired group of animals for a period of 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of drug treatment, parameters such as fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and TNF-α in serum were analyzed.\ Results:\ Aqueous extract of\ F. religiosa\ at both dose levels i.e., 100 and 200 mg/kg decreased the elevated glucose and TNF-α in type 2 diabetic rats. The extract at 200 mg/kg had more pronounced effect.\ Conclusion:\ Modulation of cytokine TNF-α by the aqueous extract of\ F. religiosa\ indicates that the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory property of the plant is related with its potential anti-diabetic activity.

}, keywords = {Ficus religiosa, Inflammation, TNF-α, type 2 diabetes}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.79112}, author = {H Kirana and MV Jali and BP Srinivasan} } @article {907, title = {A Comparison of Traditional Anti-inflammation and Anti-infection Medicinal Plants with Current Evidence from Biomedical Research: Results from a Regional Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {November 2010}, pages = {293-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background: In relation to pharmacognosy, an objective of many ethnobotanical studies is to identify plant species to be further investigated, for example, tested in disease models related to the ethnomedicinal application. To further warrant such testing, research evidence for medicinal applications of these plants (or of their major phytochemical constituents and metabolic derivatives) is typically analyzed in biomedical databases. Methods: As a model of this process, the current report presents novel information regarding traditional anti-inflammation and anti-infection medicinal plant use. This information was obtained from an interview-based ethnobotanical study; and was compared with current biomedical evidence using the Medline{\textregistered} database. Results: Of the 8 anti-infection plant species identified in the ethnobotanical study, 7 have related activities reported in the database; and of the 6 anti-inflammation plants, 4 have related activities in the database. Conclusion: Based on novel and complimentary results from the ethnobotanical and biomedical database analyses, it is suggested that some of these plants warrant additional investigation of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-infection activities in related disease models, and also additional studies in other population groups.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Infection, Inflammation, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.72326}, author = {A Vieira} }