@article {1043, title = {Physicochemical Properties, GC-MS Analysis and Impact of Different Material Size on Yield of Himalayan C. deodara Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {181-187}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

Aromatic oils are called Essential Oils (EO) because of their ease of solubility in alcohol to form essence. These oils are found in the uncombined form in various parts of plants and employed for flavours, perfumes, cosmetics, beverages, disinfectants, medicines, and stabilizers. EO possess various constituents mainly sesquiterpenoids, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids etc. The demand for C. deodara plant material and its essential oil has been increasing in pharmaceutical, chemical, food and perfumery industries because of its favourable physicochemical characteristics and therapeutic efficacy. C. deodara has been used as antiseptic, insecticides, anti-inflammatory, molluscicidal and anti-fungal. Therefore, the main objective of this experimental work is to investigate the effect of different particle sizes of plant material on the yield of essential oil; to investigate the effect of processing time on C. deodara EO yield and their physicochemical characteristics and analysis of essential oil constituents using GC-MS. Different size of C. deodara material namely, grade A (large size), grade B (medium size) and grade C (small size) material has been extracted using Clevenger{\textquoteright}s apparatus to measure its physicochemical properties. The processed grade B material was extracted with n-hexane by the maceration process to analyse variation in physicochemical properties. From the results, it has been observed that medium-size material of C. deodara has a higher percentage of yield because it has an optimum surface area to release its constituents. Temperature variations have a direct impact on physical as well as chemical properties. Higher temperatures and pressures result in a {\quotesinglbase}harsh{\textquoteleft} aroma that changes the aromatic properties and decrease the oil{\textquoteleft}s therapeutic values. Distillation time has also an impact on the yield as well as on the physical and chemical properties of the material. Thin-layer chromatography showed 10 spots of different colours in essential oil. The major constituent{\textquoteleft}s percentage obtained after GC-MS analysis as α-himachlene (13.83\%), γ-himachlene (12.00\%), β-himachlene (37.34\%), Deodaron (0.43\%), α-atlantone (4.53\%), Z, γ-atlantone (2.77\%), E, γ-atlantone (3.34\%) and E, α-atlantone (10.63\%).

Key words: Cedrus deodara, Physicochemical properties, GC-MS analysis, Percentage yield, Optical rotation, Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC).

}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.2.26}, author = {Sandeep Kumar and Bedasruti Mitra and Shalu Kashyap and Suresh Kumar} } @article {298, title = {Dual Anti-cholinesterase Activity of Ajoene by In silico and In vitro Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {225-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {225}, abstract = {

The two major forms of cholinesterase enzymes found in the mammalian brain are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). BuChE usually found mainly in glial cells and neuron in normal physiological condition, whereas AChE found near nerve synapse and axons, both are involved in the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. The dual inhibition of these enzymes is considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of a neurological disorder such as Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, senile dementia, ataxia, and myasthenia gravis. The objective is to study the dual anticholinesterase activity of ajoene using in silico and in vitro methods. The anticholinesterase activity of ajoene was evaluated using Ellman{\textquoteright}s assay, and molecular docking was performed on Schr{\"o}dinger suite software. The present study demonstrated ajoene ([E, Z]-4, 5, 9-trithiadodeca-1, 6, 11-triene-9-oxide) inhibited both AChE and BuChE in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 value of ajoene was 2.34 mM for AChE and 2.09 mM for BuChE. Kinetic studies showed mixed noncompetitive inhibition of AChE and uncompetitive inhibition of BuChE. Molecular docking studies revealed that ajoene interacts hydrophobically with catalytic residues of AChE while in case of BuChE the interaction is through noncatalytic binding site residues. Ajoene exhibits dual inhibitory activity against both AChE and BuChE enzymes.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Ajoene, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s diseases, Butyrylcholinesterase, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_140_17}, author = {Shivani Kumar and Sayan Chatterjee and Suresh Kumar} }