@article {1314, title = {Enhanced Antifungal Efficacy of KZ-β/γ-CD Capped Silver Nanoparticles against Trichophyton rubrum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {879-886}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {879}, abstract = {

Background: The present medications are inefficient in treating fungal infections, so there is a need to develop an efficient antifungal treatment with minimal side effects and rapid healing. Ketoconazole (KZ) is frequently prescribed for managing fungi-related skin infections However, it is a poorly soluble with low absorption, making it less effective. Objectives: The study aims to enhance the absorption and effectiveness of the antifungal medication KZ by complexing it with β and γ Cyclodextrins (CD) coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNps). Materials and Methods: KZ inclusion complexes with AgNps capped β- and γ-CD (β/γ-CD-KZ-AgNp) were prepared and analysed by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM and XRD. The antifungal efficacy of these complexes against Trichophyton rubrum was assessed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Disc-Diffusion assay. Results: The drug KZ was successfully loaded into the AgNp-capped β-CD and γ-CD inclusion complexes, as indicated by a UV peak at 293 nm. The FTIR spectra of the complexes (β/γ-CD-KZ-AgNp) showed peaks for aldehyde, CH stretching and-OH stretching for AgNp, CDs and KZ. The crystalline nature and AgNp coating were confirmed by the X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that the complexes were less agglomerated, spherical and embedded with AgNps. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the complexes against Trichophyton rubrum was much higher than that of the drug alone, with 0.5 μg/mL MIC for β-CD-KZ-AgNp and 1 μg/mL for γ-CD-KZ-AgNp in comparison to the control drug KZ (2 μg/mL). The complexes also demonstrated excellent antifungal activity against T. rubrum, with inhibition zone of 29.7 mm for β-CD-KZ-AgNp and 29.1 mm for γ-CD-KZ-AgNp compared to 14.74 mm for the drug alone. Conclusion: The inclusion complexes show great potential as a treatment against fungal infections.

}, keywords = {Fungal Infection, inclusion complexes, Ketoconazole, Silver Nano-particles, β and γ Cyclodextrin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.100}, author = {Bhargavi Kumaraswamy and Sunil More and Aneesa Fasim and Raju Koneri} } @article {264, title = {Saponin of Momordica cymbalaria Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Suppressing the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {8-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammation is an intricate biological process that commonly occurs in response to pathologic stimuli, and natural products have potential in healing inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory of Momordica cymbalaria is not evaluated yet. Objectives: The anti-inflammatory mechanism of saponin of M. cymbalaria (SMC) was investigated in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxicity of SMC on RAW264.7 cells was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay at 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.625, 7.812, 3.906, and 1.953 μg/mL. For anti-inflammatory activity, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS (1 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of SMC (50 μg/ml) for 16{\textendash}24 h. Western blotting was carried to comprehend the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) whereas expressions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NO production was estimated by Griess{\textquoteright}s method. Salicylic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was used as a standard. Results: The saponin did not exert significant cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 cells. Western blot analysis revealed reduction in COX-2 and iNOS expression on SMC treatment. Production of PGE2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α was also found to be reduced when analyzed by ELISA. NO levels were also lowered. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the SMC possesses potential anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the expression of inflammatory mediators, COX-2, iNOS, PGE2, and NO, and the cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Cyclooxygenase-2, Inducible nitric oxide synthase, Interleukin-1 beta, Momordica cymbalaria, Prostaglandin E2, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_130_18}, author = {Suman Samaddar and Raju Koneri} } @article {134, title = {Saponin of Momordica cymbalaria Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Suppressing the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {May 2011}, pages = {8-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammation is an intricate biological process that commonly occurs in response to pathologic stimuli, and natural products have potential in healing inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory of Momordica cymbalaria is not evaluated yet. Objectives: The anti-inflammatory mechanism of saponin of M. cymbalaria (SMC) was investigated in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Methods: The cytotoxicity of SMC on RAW264.7 cells was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay at 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.625, 7.812, 3.906, and 1.953 μg/mL. For anti-inflammatory activity, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS (1 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of SMC (50 μg/ml) for 16{\textendash}24 h. Western blotting was carried to comprehend the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) whereas expressions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NO production was estimated by Griess{\textquoteright}s method. Salicylic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was used as a standard. Results: The saponin did not exert significant cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 cells. Western blot analysis revealed reduction in COX-2 and iNOS expression on SMC treatment. Production of PGE2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α was also found to be reduced when analyzed by ELISA. NO levels were also lowered. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the SMC possesses potential anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the expression of inflammatory mediators, COX-2, iNOS, PGE2, and NO, and the cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Cyclooxygenase-2, Inducible nitric oxide synthase, Interleukin-1 beta, Momordica cymbalaria, Prostaglandin E2, Tumor necrosis}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_130_18}, author = {Suman Samaddar and Raju Koneri} }