@article {184, title = {In vitro 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme: A Reductase Inhibition Assay of Triphala Ayurvedic Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {337-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {337}, abstract = {

Background: Triphala, the Ayurvedic herbal formulation composed of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), Terminalia bellirica Roxb. (Combretaceae), and Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae) fruits. It has been reported the cholesterol-lowering effect that the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity was proposed as a key mechanism of action. Since, triphala formulations in equal proportion (1:1:1) and different ratios of its three fruit constituents (vata, pitta, and kapha) have been prescribed by the traditional practitioners due to the patient{\textquoteright}s body conditions. The biological activities of each formulation are needed to evaluate. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate phytochemicals, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory effect, and HMG-CoA reductase molecular modeling of triphala extracts. Materials and Methods: Four triphala extracts were prepared by decoction and determined the contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid as markers using high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. The in vitro HMG CoA reductase assay was performed based on ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and molecular modeling was simulated using Autodock 1.5.6 to characterize the binding energy, ligand efficacy, and H-bond interaction. Results: All extracts contained gallic acid and chebulagic acid in the high contents, whereas ellagic acid and chebulinic acid were found in a small amount. The enzyme assay revealed pitta extract (at 10 μg/mL) was the most potent enzyme inhibition of 58.4\% {\textpm} 0.40\% (P <= 0.05). Moreover, the modeling results indicated that these four markers can interact the enzyme with different configurations and binding affinities. Conclusion: Pitta extract appeared to be a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. It was a potential natural product as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia.

}, keywords = {Chebulagic acid, Gallic acid, Kapha, Pitta, Vata}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_68_20}, author = {Chawannuch Mudjupa and Prasob-Orn Rinthong} } @article {91, title = {Inhibitory Actions of Lupinifolin Isolated from Derris reticulata Stem against Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Background: Postprandial hyperglycemia is linked with the development of diabetic complications. Inhibition against the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, specifically pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase, delays carbohydrate digestion and subsides postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of lupinifolin, purified from Derris reticulata stem, a medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, on in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities and enzyme kinetics. Subjects and Methods: The identification of the isolated phytochemical was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance{\textendash}mass spectrometry (NMR-MS) spectrometry. In vitro pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities and enzyme kinetics were determined using the enzymatic colorimetric methods. Results: The purified phytochemical was identified as lupinifolin from the NMR-MS spectrometry. The isolated lupinifolin produced a significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory actions with the median inhibitory concentrations of 3.43 {\textpm} 0.77 and 56.29 {\textpm} 11.64 μg/mL, respectively. The study of enzyme kinetics showed that lupinifolin exhibited the mode of non-competitive and mixed enzyme inhibitions against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Conclusion: The potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory actions of lupinifolin derived from D. reticulata stem evidently suggest its potential use as an alternative for the control of PPG.

}, keywords = {Derris reticulate, Diabetes mellitus, Lupinifolin, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_117_19}, author = {Pawitra Pulbutr and Pichnatcha Nantana and Surabot Suksabai and Chawannuch Mudjupa and Rattazart Denchai and Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Taweesak Dhammaraj} } @article {196, title = {Inhibitory Activity of Lupinifolin Isolated from Derris reticulata Stem against Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {403-408}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {403}, abstract = {

Background: Biofilm formation activity of pathogenic bacteria plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases caused by bacterial infections. It has been reported that lupinifolin, a major phytochemical isolated from Derris reticulata stem, possesses an antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. Nonetheless, its actions on biofilm formation properties of S. mutans and S. aureus have not been clearly established. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm formation activities of lupinifolin derived from D. reticulata stem against S. mutans and S. aureus. Subjects and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated using the microbroth dilution method. The antibiofilm formation activity of lupinifolin was conducted at various incubation periods using the crystal violet biofilm formation assay. Results: The MICs of lupinifolin against S. mutans and S. aureus were 4 and 8 {\textmu}g/mL, respectively. Lupinifolin at the concentrations of sub-MICs had significant inhibitory actions against both sucrose-dependent and sucrose-independent biofilm formations of S. mutans. The lowest median inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) were found at the incubation periods of 12 h (0.57 {\textpm} 0.08 {\textmu}g/mL) and 20 h (0.21 {\textpm} 0.04 {\textmu}g/mL) against sucrose-dependent and sucrose-independent S. mutans biofilm formations, respectively. In addition, at its sub-MICs, lupinifolin also produced a significant inhibition against S. aureus biofilm formation with the lowest IC50 of 0.22 {\textpm} 0.03 {\textmu}g/mL observed at 6-h incubation. Conclusion: These results evidently indicated that lupinifolin can potentially be developed further as a natural product-derived antibiofilm-forming agent for the prevention and/or treatment of biofilm-associated bacterial infections.

}, keywords = {Biofilm, Derris reticulata, Lupinifolin, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_57_20}, author = {Pawitra Pulbutr and Kaewkallaya Thongrak and Apichart Thitprapai and Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Chawannuch Mudjupa and Achida Jaruchotikamol} }