@article {1516, title = {Medical Plants Aframomum melegueta and Xylopia aethiopica Show Low Toxicity in vitro and in vivo Highlighting their Potential for Therapeutic Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {1348-1361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1348}, abstract = {

Background: We previously demonstrated that crude Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts (HEE) of Aframomum melegueta (AM) and Xylopia aethiopica (XA) exhibited anti-helminthic and anti-inflammatory properties with low toxicity. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of HEE-derived Petroleum Ether (EF), Dichloromethane (DCMF) and Aqueous (AF) fractions of AM and XA. Materials and Methods: The HEE of each plant underwent bioguided fractionation between petroleum ether, dichloromethane and water, yielding three fractions. For the cytotoxicity test, PBMCs were co-cultured with these fractions for 72 hr and stained with Propidium Iodide. Oral acute and sub-acute toxicities were tested using Sprague-Dawley rats after 14 and 28 days, respectively. Histological analysis was performed on the kidneys and livers after staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: HEE-derived fraction showed low cytotoxicity with cell death less than 5\%. No signs of toxicity or death were recorded at concentrations of 5,000 mg/Kg and 100 μl/Kg for acute toxicity. The sub-acute toxicity studies showed that fractions do not affect the weight of the rats and no significant changes in whole blood cell composition and biochemical parameters were observed. Histological analysis reveals the presence of inflammatory cells infiltrating with DCMF and EF of AM and XA in liver and kidney sections. Conclusion: These findings highlighted the low toxicity of these fractions, indicating their safety for potential therapeutic use.

}, keywords = {A. melegueta, Fractions, Togo, Toxicity, X. aethiopica}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20250030}, author = {Essimanam Rosalie Awesso and Kathrin Arndts and Gnatoulma Katawa and Fekandine Victoire Douti and Fagd{\'e}ba David Bara and Simplice Damintoti Karou and Achim Hoerauf and Manuel Ritter} } @article {491, title = {Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {142-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

Background: Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds. Objective: This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl- 1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. Results: The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity. Conclusion: J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine. Key words:

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Jatropha multifida, wound}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.172657}, author = {Kokou Anani and Yao Adjrah and Yaovi Am{\'e}yapoh and Simplice Damintoti Karou and Amegnona Agbonon and Comlan de Souza and Messanvi Gbeassor} } @article {489, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Latex Plants in the Maritime Region of Togo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {128-134}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Background: In Togo, a little is known about latex plants of the flora used for medicinal purposes. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the latex plant species and their medicinal uses in the Maritime Region of Togo. Materials and Methods: The methodology was based on ethnobotanical semi-structural individual interviews of 220 informants. Quantitative ethnobotanical index was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 33 latex plants species were recorded, from 12 botanical families and 24 genera. The most represented families were Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae with eight species each. The relative importance (RI) value of each species and the informant consensus factor (ICF) of the ailments categories showed that Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. (RI = 2.00) and Euphorbia hirta L. (RI = 1.91) were the most versatile in relation to their uses, and infectious diseases (ICF = 0.922) were the category with the greatest consensus among 17 categories. Conclusion: These latex plants of Togolese flora are variously used in traditional medicine and it would be important to undertake further investigations in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology to validate their uses.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Folk medicine, Latex plants, Survey, Togo}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.175613}, author = {Yao Patrick Hoekou and Tchadjobo Tchacondo and Simplice Damintoti Karou and Koffi Koudouvo and Wouyo Atakpama and Passimna Pissang and Apeti Koffi Gbogbo and Agbelessessi Yawo Woegan and Komlan Batawila and Koffi Akpagana and Messanvi Gbeassor} }