@article {1110, title = {Monitoring of Cannabis Cultivar Technological Maturity by Trichome Morphology Analysis and HPLC Phytocannabinoid Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {94-100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims at determining technological maturity (ten, seven, two days prior and at harvest day) through analyzing morphological changes of trichomes and phytocannabinoid content in samples from cultivated medical cannabis at three plot spots (southeast - SE, central - CN and northwest - NW) in greenhouse (with 3600 m2). Materials and Methods: Soil-grown medical cannabis T-492 plant flowers were sampled within a ten days{\textquoteright} timeline from three plot spots of 3600 m2 greenhouse. Morphology analysis was performed using Zeiss Stemi 508 stereomicroscope and phytocannabinoids content assessment was performed using German pharmacopoeial method for assay of cannabinoids. Results: HPLC analysis revealed that total THC (\%) in the samples was declining from SE (13.14\%), all the way through CN (12.38\%) to NW (9.14\%) spot. Regarding timeline, total THC (\%) was the highest in the southeast location, starting with the highest levels on the tenth day before harvest (SE-10- 13.14\%) and then decreasing on the seventh day prior to harvest (SE-7 -11.78\%), on the second day prior harvest (SE-2-11.56\%) and at the harvest day (SEh- 10.00\%). The presence of translucent-milky, yellow-orange and dark brown trichome heads was observed. An increment of the number of yellow-orange and dark brown colored capitate-stalked trichome heads was connected with cannabinoid content declining. Conclusion: This research gives directions for future conceptualization of correlational studies of cannabinoid content and changes in trichomes and purple coloration (probably from anthocyanins) in different Cannabis cultivars.

}, keywords = {Cannabinoid potency, Cultivation, Flowers, Harvest, Hemp, Liquid chromatography, Trichome morphology.}, doi = {10.5530/097484900306}, author = {Veronika Stoilkovska Gjorgievska and Ivana Cvetkovikj Karanfilova and Ana Trajkovska and Marija Karapandzova and Biljana Bauer Petrovska and Svetlana Kulevanova and Gjose Stefkov} } @article {415, title = {Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Juniperus excelsa Bieb. (Cupressaceae) grown in R. Macedonia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {74-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Background: There are no information of the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of berries (EOB) or leaves (EOL) of Juniperus excelsa Bieb. (Cupressaceae) growing wild in R. Macedonia. Materials and Methods: Plant material was collected from two localities during two seasons. Essential oil composition was analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass spectrometry (GC/FID/MS) and antimicrobial screening was made by disc diffusion and broth dilution method. Results and Discussion: EOB yield ranged from 1.6-9.4 ml/kg and from 8.9-13.9 ml/kg for EOL. Two chemotypes of essential oil were differentiated, α-pinene-type (with 70.81\% α-pinene in EOB and 33.83\% in EOL), also containing limonene, β-pinene and β-myrcene while the sabinene-type (with 58.85-62.58\% sabinene in EOB and 28.52-29.49\% in EOL), was rich in α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, cis-thujone, terpinolene and α-thujene. The most sensitive bacteria to the antimicrobial activity of EOB was Haemophilus influenzae (MIC = 31 {\textmu}l/ml). EOL have showed high activity towards: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae (MIC = 125 {\textmu}l/ml). The pinene-type of essential oil showed moderate activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp. and Campylobacter jejuni (MIC \>50\%). The sabinene-type of the oil showed moderate activity to Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemopilus influenzae, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli (MIC \>50\%). No activity was observed toward Candida albicans. Conclusion: The analysis of EOB and EOL revealed two chemotypes (α-pinene and sabinene type) clearly depended on the geographical origin of the Macedonian Juniperus excelsa which also affected the antimicrobial activity of these oils.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Essential oil, Gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass spectrometry analysis, Juniper berries and leaves, Juniperus excelsa.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147212}, author = {Floresha Sela and Marija Karapandzova and Gjose Stefkov and Ivana Cvetkovikj and Svetlana Kulevanova} }