@article {377, title = {Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis in experimental animal models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {18-22}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Background: Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) (family Nyctaginaceae) is said to possess hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities in experimental animals. We had set forward to examine the potential anti-inflammatory activities of BS in experimental models of inflammation. Materials and Methods: Fresh dried leaves from the flowering plant of BS were collected from the local area during the flowering season and air dried (215.00 g). Methanol was extracted, and the solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure. The extract was freeze-dried (lyophilized) and the yield was 8 g. This was used as an emulsion prepared in propylene glycol and orally administered (20 and 50 mg/kg). Acute anti-inflammatory activity of BS was evaluated using carrageenan and dextran whereas chronic anti-inflammatory (immunoregulatory) activity was evaluated by Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Results: BS (20 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) had shown significant anti-inflammatory effects 20.6\% and 67.6\%, respectively, on carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory models. In dextran-induced edema, the effect was 30\% and 66\%, respectively. The standard drug indomethacin (87.3\% and 91.5\%, respectively) showed better inhibitory response in both models. In arthritic model 50 mg/kg of BS showed significant chronic anti-inflammatory effect (38.46\%) in comparison to the standard drug dexamethasone (84.6\%). Conclusion: Our data indicate that the methanol extract of BS (50 mg/kg) leaves has significant anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activity. Further studies involving isolation of active principles will help to pinpoint the mechanisms contributing to the observed activities of BS.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Immunoregulatory.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147194}, author = {Gautam Mandal and Chandan Chatterjee and Mitali Chatterjee} } @article {677, title = {Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Decoction Shows Immunomodulatory Properties on an Experimental Animal Model and in Human Peripheral Mononuclear Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {december,2011}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background:\ Black tea (Camellia sinensis) has been used as a daily beverage for time immemorial. Immunomodulatory effects of tea are recognized as it stimulates the proliferation of cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anti-inflammatory effects of tea have also been depicted in the available literature. Therefore, we designed this study to examine the potential immunemodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of black tea in a rat model and in human peripheral mononuclear cells.\ Aims:\ The purpose of the study was to determine (1) evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects of black tea on rats, (2) evaluation of immunemodulator effects of black tea on rats, and (3) evaluation of immunemodulator effects of black tea on human peripheral mononuclear cells.\ Materials and Methods:\ Black tea decoction (10\% and 20\%) was prepared. Acute anti-inflammatory activity of tea decoction was evaluated using carrageenan and dextran whereas chronic anti-inflammatory (Immunomodulatory) effects were evaluated in a complete Freunds{\textquoteright} adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Immunostimulatory role was evaluated in cultured human (in vitro) peripheral mononuclear cells (T-lymphocytes) by using methyl thioazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Trypan blue assay.\ Study Design:\ An experimental study was designed.\ Results:\ Black tea decoction (10\% and 20\%) strength has shown significant anti-inflammatory effects (64.8\% and 77\% reduction, respectively), on carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory models (rat paw edema) which can be comparable with the standard drug indomethacin (89.1\%). In a chronic anti-inflammatory model, black tea decoction (10\% and 20\%) has shown significant suppressive effects on rat paw edema (38.56\% and 69.53\%) observed on 21\ st\ day. Lymphoproliferative action of tea was evaluated on human peripheral mononuclear cells using an MTT assay where the number of living cells were expressed in terms of optical density at 570 nm. An experiment has shown that black tea increases the maximum number of T-lymphocytes at 72 h with a maximum strength of 20\%. Maximum number of viable cells (T-lymphocytes) was observed with black tea at 20\% strength at 72 h. The results were expressed as mean {\textpm} SD, and the significance was evaluated by Student{\textquoteright}s\ t-test\ versus\ control, with\ P\ \< 0.05 implying significance.\ Conclusions:\ Taken together, our data indicate that black tea has potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action and this corroborates with the current trend of tea being promoted as a {\textquoteright}health drink{\textquoteright}.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Black tea, Immunomodulation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.91029}, author = {Chandan Chattopadhyay and Nandini Chakrabarti and Mitali Chatterjee and Sonali Mukherjee and Kajari Sarkar and A Roy Chaudhuri} }