@article {317, title = {Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction to Obtain Optimum Antioxidant Activity and Anthocyanin Concentration from Myrmecodia pendens Tubers Using Response Surface Methodology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July 2018}, pages = {253-257}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: One of the major antioxidants in Myrmecodia pendens (sarang semut) tubers is anthocyanin. Objective: To obtain antioxidant activity and anthocyanin concentration from sarang semut optimally through an appropriate method. Materials and Methods: Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was chosen because of its brief extraction time (ET), saving solvents, and being inexpensive compared to conventional extraction methods. Experiment design was prepared using response surface methodology. 1,1-diphenyl-1-2-picrylhydrazyl and reducing power method were used for the determination of the antioxidant activity, while the Association of Analytical Communities official method 2005.02 was used for the anthocyanin concentration calculation. Results: It was found that the optimum antioxidant activity was obtained at 80\% ethanol, sample-to-solvent ratio (S/S ratio) 1:12, ET 10 min, and MAE power 50\%. Meanwhile, the optimum anthocyanin extraction was obtained at 80\% ethanol, S/S ratio 1:8, ET 3 min, and MAE 10\%. Conclusion: The optimum condition of antioxidant activity and anthocyanin concentration was the same at the solvent used, yet different at the S/S ratio, ET, and power level which open further research to support this study.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Antioxidant, Microwave-assisted extraction, Myrmecodia pendens, Response surface methodology}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_114_17}, author = {Nurul Fajry Maulida and Bernita Yanuaritamala and Arry Yanuar and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {437, title = {The Study of Safety and Skin Whitening Efficacy of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seed Extract-Loaded Lipid Particle Gel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {432-436}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Background: Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract (MSE) is potential as skin-whitening agent because it contains trans-resveratrol and its derivatives, to inhibit tyrosinase in melanogenesis process. Using MSE in cosmetic products will be challenging due to resveratrol chemical instability and bioavailability in the skin. Many cosmetic products have been developed using lipid particle technology to improve their limitation. The objective of this research was to examine the skin safety and whitening efficacy of MSE-loaded lipid particle gel in healthy human subjects. Materials and Methods: Single occlusive closed patch test for 24 h was used as the skin irritation analysis. Irritation responses were graded after patch removal and compared to the control for evaluation. The efficacy study was performed using Mexameter to measure skin melanin index on 25 female volunteers. Results: The result showed the test product did not induce skin irritation effect. The skin melanin index was statistically significant decreased (P \< 0.05) after 28 days of application the test product, with the averaged by 3.50\%, and skin melanin index changed by increase 0.75\% in the control group. Conclusion: Application MSE-loaded lipid particle gel can brighten the skin, without cause irritation under normal conditions of use.

}, keywords = {Gel, Gnetum gnemon, Melinjo seed extract, Resveratrol, Safety, Skin whitening}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_17_18}, author = {Imalia Nurrachma Ayuningtyas and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Sutriyo Sutriyo} }