Histological Analysis Reveals that Red Grape Seed Extract (Vitis vinifera L.) Rejuvenates Antioxidant Enzymes in Male Albino Rats (Wistar strain) with D-Galactose-Induced Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Brain Regions

Aim: Oxidative stress is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) as it promotes lipid peroxidation and diminishes antioxidants in the nervous system. This study investigates the effect of Red Grape Seed Extract (RGSE), a bioflavonoid with medicinal properties, on antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation in specific central nervous system regions of albino rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar strain albino rats were divided into three groups: Group-I (control), Group-II (treated with D-galactose at 120 mg/kg body weight for 30 days), and Group-III (treated with D-galactose and RGSE at 120 mg/kg body weight concurrently for 30 days). The cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and pons medulla regions were analyzed. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase) as well as non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E) were measured. Results: In the brain regions of AD rats, lipid peroxidation levels increased, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of non-enzymic antioxidants significantly decreased compared to the control group. However, in the AD rats treated with RGSE, antioxidant defenses were restored, and lipid peroxidation levels normalized. Conclusion: Red Grape Seed Extract improves the antioxidant status and reduces free radical-induced lipid peroxidation in the central nervous systems of Alzheimer’s rat models, suggesting its potential therapeutic benefit in AD.